Problem Statement

Waste Generation

Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residences or businesses
over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.). Waste generation includes all materials discarded,
whether or not they are later recycled or disposed in a landfill. Waste generation rates for
residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new developments on
the local waste stream.

As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly

manner , the fundamental aspects and relationship involved must be identify, adjusted for
uniformity of data, and understood clearly.

Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and failure of the collection system in a populated
community would soon cause health problems. The activities involved with the management of
solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal have been grouped into six functional
element :-

1. Waste Generation
2. Onsite handling and storage and processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer and transport
5. Processing and recovery
6. Disposal

Determination of the generation rate of solid waste is important to obtain data in order to
determine waste volume and for subsequent solid waste management. In addition to knowing the
source and composition of solid waste, it is equally important to have uniform units of
expression such as for commercial waste (kg/x/day where x can be m2 of floor area of
commercial establishment, unit volume, the number of employees etc ). For Institutional waste
( kg/x/day where x can be the number of students, m2 of the area of park or public place, visitor
etc ).

Waste management aims to minimize the amount of waste generated, recover the waste materials
and recycle them and dispose the waste safely and effectively.
Waste handling

Waste handling and sorting involves the activities associated with management of wastes until
they are placed in storage containers for collection.

Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection.

Sorting of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at
source. For example, we separated the waste materials according to their type such as plastic,
bottle, paper and food waste at the source of the waste generation.

In addition, we handle the waste with some protection such as we use masks to cover ourselves
from smell and use glove while picking the garbage and separate in different plastic bag or
container. The waste need to handle and kept properly to prevent the nuisance, bad smell, flies
and other hazards.

Waste Collected

Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid waste
from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. Waste collection
considerations include type and size of bins, positioning of the bins, and how often bins are to be
serviced. Overfilled bins result in rubbish falling out while being tipped. Bins may be locked or
stored in secure areas to avoid having non-paying parties placing rubbish in the bin.

Firstly we stored the waste in the plastic bag or container at source of waste generation and then
collected the waste at the different time that has been set such as in the morning and afternoon.
Futhermore, we use plastic bag or container to collect and separate the waste according to their
type and weighing the waste by using weight balance in laboratory.

The Simple Emptying Method is used for the removal of small-scale commercial waste with
different size of plastic bag were used from the consumer. A lot of different standardized plastic
bag are used. The plastic bags are picked up by hand.
Transfer and Transport

The functional transfer and transport refers to the means,facilities and appurtenances used that
effect the transfer of waste from relatively small vehicles to large vehicles and to transport them
over extended distance.

For any urban location, there is likely to be a number of transfer stations distributed around the
town. The waste will need collecting from all these stations as well as directly from businesses,
institutions and some households. In most locations, there is only one site for final treatment and
disposal, to which the waste must be transported. Transfer stations should be located
conveniently close to all the communities they serve, but not too close to people’s homes or
factories, schools, hospitals, etc. so that they cause a nuisance. They should also have access to
major roads leading to the treatment or disposal sites.

Transfer stations have many advantages:

1. They reduce the overall traffic levels by using fewer but larger-capacity vehicles, which
reduces traffic congestion and pollution.
2. If primary collection vehicles have to drive longer distances to the disposal site they are
more likely to be tempted to save time by illegally dumping the waste at the side of the
road. Transfer stations prevent this happening.
3. In areas with a low population density it is cheaper to have a transfer station that
incorporates short-term storage of the waste. Small carts can deposit their waste here
daily and a larger vehicle can transport the stored waste to the disposal site every few
days.
4. Consolidating the waste into fewer vehicles reduces vehicle wear, the need for
maintenance and fuel consumption.
5. Waste can be screened so that recyclable items or inappropriate waste (like tyres and
vehicle batteries, which should not go to a landfill) can be taken out.
6. Transfer stations reduce traffic at the disposal facility. Since fewer vehicles go to the final
disposal site, traffic congestion can be avoided, the cost of operation can be minimised
and public safety is improved.
Disposal

Various method of waste disposal :-

1. Landfills - This process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the
land. Landfills are commonly found in developing countries. There is a process used that
eliminates the odors and dangers of waste before it is placed into the ground.
2. Incineration - ncineration or combustion is a type disposal method in which municipal
solid wastes are burned at high temperatures so as as to convert them into residue and
gaseous products.
3. Recovery and recycling - Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded
items for a specific next use. These discarded items are then processed to extract or
recover materials and resources or convert them to energy in the form of useable heat,
electricity or fuel. Recycling is the process of converting waste products into new
products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh raw materials.
4. Composting - Composting is a easy and natural bio-degradation process that takes
organic wastes i.e. remains of plants and garden and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient
rich food for the plants. Composting, normally used for organic farming, occurs by
allowing organic materials to sit in one place for months until microbes decompose it.