THE ROLE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROWTH IN

TABORA MUNICIPALITY.

BY

MALEMA IGNAS AMANDO

A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of

Bachelor of Arts in education of the Archbishop Mihayo University College of Tabora

2016
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by Archbishop
Mihayo University College of Tabora a research titled “The role of railway transport to socio-
economic growth in Tabora municipality” in partial fulfillment of the requirement award for
degree of Bachelor of Arts with Education of St. Augustine University of Tanzania.

Mr. MWIJAGE A.

Signature…………………………………….Date………………………………………………….
.

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 DECLARATION

I, Malema Ignas Amando declare that, this research is my own original work and it has not been
presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any degree award

Signature: …………….………..………Date……………………………………

ii
 COPYRIGHT

This research paper is copyright protected under the Berne convention for the protection of literal
and artistic work of 1886, as latest amended in Paris act of 1979, which Tanzania become part to
the convention in 1994 and other international enactments in that be half, an intellectual property it
may not be produced by any means, in full, except for short extract for research or private study,
critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgment, without written permission of the
dean faculty of Education on behalf of both the author and Archbishop Mihayo University College
of Tabora.

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 DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my parents, Mzee Amando Malema Seleu and Maliselina Mwenda,
for their inspiration advice throughout my life. Also I dedicate this report to who have influenced
me in academic ground.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thanks Almighty God for his wonderful love and mercifulness. My
special thanks go to my supervisor Mr. Alexander Mwijage who has contributed a lot the success
of this research for giving more advice, support and encouragement upon me to work hard.

I am also grateful to my lecture Fr. Aporinary Ndasi, who taught me Research Methodology course
(RM200) in second year of my study, I thanks him very much for his assistance.

Finally to my brother Mr. Vitally Amando Malema, my group members and friends for their
support, advise and criticism where I went wrong in social issues and academic issues. I have no
anymore thanks than saying Almighty God blesses them.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................................i

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ ii

COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................................ iii

DEDICATION........................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................v

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... ix

ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE .........................................................................................................................1

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY .........................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background to the problem................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................4

1.3. Research Objectives ..........................................................................................................5

1.3.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................5

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................5

1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................5

1.5 Scope of the Study .............................................................................................................5

1.6 Significant of the Study ......................................................................................................5

1.7 Limitation of the Study.......................................................................................................6

1.8 Definition of the terms .......................................................................................................7

1.9.0 The Conceptual framework..............................................................................................8

1.9.1 The theoretical Framework...........................................................................................9

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CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 11

LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................... 11

2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Review of related Literature ............................................................................................. 11

2.2.0 Role of railway transport to the socio –economic growth World wide .......................... 12

2.2.1 Research gap ............................................................................................................. 16

CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................... 17

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 17

3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 17

3.2. Research design ............................................................................................................ 17

3.3. Target Population ............................................................................................................ 18

3.4. Area of the study ............................................................................................................. 18

3.5.0 Sample Size ............................................................................................................. 19

3.5.1. Sampling Techniques ................................................................................................ 19

3.5.2. Simple random sampling ........................................................................................... 19

3.5.3. Purposive sampling ................................................................................................... 19

3.6.0 Data collection methods/instruments .............................................................................. 20

3.6.1. Questionnaire ........................................................................................................... 20

3.6.2. Interview method ...................................................................................................... 21

3.6.3. Data analysis methods ............................................................................................... 21

3.6.4. Ethical implication ................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................... 23

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS.................................................................... 23

4.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents................................................................. 23

4.3 Age of the Respondents .................................................................................................... 24

4.4 Career of the respondents .............................................................................................. 25

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 4.5 Data Presentation, Interpretation and Discussion ............................................................... 25

4.6 Research objective one.................................................................................................. 25

4.6.1 The role of railway transport to the economic growth in Tabora Region. ...................... 25

4.7.1 Problems facing railway transport............................................................................... 28

4.8 Research objective three ............................................................................................... 31

4.8.1 Solution of the Problems facing Railway transport. ..................................................... 31

CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................... 32

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................... 32

5.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................... 32

REFERENCES. ........................................................................................................................ 37

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix I: Questionnaires for rail workers ............................................................................... 40

Appendix II: Questionnaires traders ........................................................................................... 42

Appendix III: Questions for interview for traders, station workers, bodaboda. ............................. 44

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NRC Nigeria Railways Corporation

TRL Tanzania Railway Limited
GNP Growth of National Product
SUMATRA Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority
SCTRA Social Committee on Trunk Road Appraisal
TRC Tanzania Railway Transport
RAH Co Rail Assets Holding Company

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 ABSTRACT

The study focused on the investigation on the role of railway transport to socio-economic growth
in Tabora municipality. The study was three objectives; to find out the role of railway transport to
socio-economic growth, to find out problem facing railway transport and last was to find out the
solution of the problems facing railway transport.

The study area was Tabora municipal in Tabora region, regarding on the investigating the role of
railway transport to socio-economic growth. The study employed two methods of data collection:
questionnaire and interview. It was collected from 70 respondents; 14 respondents from each ward
which were Isevya, Gongoni and Mtendeni, and 28 respondents from station workers and traders
around station area. Moreover the qualitative method was used to analyse the data collection.

The findings revealed that, there is various role played by railway transport to socio-economic
growth such as employment to the people, generate income to a region due to tax gain from the
this kind of transport, growth in productivity, trade activities due agglomeration of people. Also
the researcher found that there are problems facing railway transport as financial problem, poor
government policy, poor infrastructure and low science and technology. In solving these problems
the findings revealed that, government should prepare enough budgets for company, to bring new
locomotives, to improve railway line with standard gauge.

Railway Transport, therefore, forms a key input for production processes and adequate provision
of transport infrastructure and services helps in increasing productivity and lowering production
costs. For instance Kaliuwa which is connected by rail and Nguluka are very important to trade
activities at local level. Growth in productivity is the fundamental driving force for economic
growth Productivity growth in freight transportation has long been a driving force for the growth
of region, overall productivity contributed directly to the growth of region. Moreover it led
improvement of residential areas and health services.

From a general perspective, the study recommends stronger leadership, in particular by clearer
definition of the roles of Government, clearer objectives and a greater degree of long term
planning (including better use of existing capacity).

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A further recommendation is a structure of devolved decision making, notably to allow more
freedom to respond to the market, decentralization and devolution of Network Rail, greater
degree of local decision-making by local authorities, including piloting lower-cost regional
railways. For market organization, the study recommends changes to structures and
interfaces, notably by devolution and decentralization of Network Rail and introduction of
diverse ownership of some infrastructure management concessions.

Moreover, a closer alignment of route-level infrastructure management with TRL, either by

cost and revenue sharing (and joint targets), joint ventures or alliances or full vertical integration
though a concession of infrastructure management and train operations combined is
suggested. Incentives, we need to be stronger for TRL to reduce costs and to co-operate more
effectively with Network Rail. Here, there is also need for a closer alignment of SUMATRA
and TRC incentives.

Furthermore, responsibilities for the efficient management of existing capacity need to be

clarified. In relation to comparative regulation of route-level, introducing a degree of
independent ownership of infrastructure management concessions and a consideration about
directing all subsidy for railway corporation through track access charges are other
suggestions.

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 CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.0Introduction
This chapter introduces the background to the study, objective of the study, limitation research
question, definitions of terms, and the theoretical frame work.
The history of the railways in Tanzania dates back to the German colonial era, when in the early
1880s’ the first ever railway line in East Africa was built by the Germans from Tanga. The line
reached Mombo in 1904 and finally reached Moshi and Arusha in 1911 and 1929 respectively. The
Central Line started to be laid at Dar es Salaam in 1905, reaching Morogoro in 1907 and finally
reaching Mwanza in 1926. The branch from Tabora to Kigoma was laid in 1912, reaching Kigoma
in 1914. The need for rail transportation became obvious as commerce and economic growth
started in earnest under the German administration. The introduction of sisal, coffee, rubber trees
and cotton; and the abundance of hard wood timber available needed reliable transportation
system. The objective of building the railways was largely to transport raw materials and
agricultural produce to the coast for onward export for value addition in Europe and bring back
finished products.
RAHCO railway network can be divided into two main categories
Main Lines Brach Lines
Dar es Salaam –Tabora 840km Kilosa – Kidatu 108 km
Tabora – Kigoma 411km Kaliua - Mpanda 210 km
Tabora– Mwanza 379km Manyoni – Singida 115 km
Ruvu Junction-Mruazi Junction 188km Kahe –Taveta 18 km
Tanga-Moshi- Arusha 438km ( Tito, 2010 ).

1.1. Background to the problem

Transport facilities are generally considered to be one of the most important factors influencing the
pattern of economic activities in any area: and improvements in this field are often recommended
as one way of tackling the problems of underdeveloped countries of the world.

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One such country is Uganda, where the period from 1950 to 1970 is witnessing much new railway
construction in addition to substantial expenditure on the road system. The material development
of Africa may be summed up in the word transport, that the development of Africa continent is
impossible without railways, and has awaited their advent, and that any railway built reasonably
cheaply through a populous country is bound to be remunerative (O’Connor 1965).

At that time construction was through by many to be the key to prosperity for tropical Africa.
Today views have generally been modified, but in 1956 lord Hailey could still say of transport:
There seems to be no other type of development which can effect so speedy a change in the
economic and social conditions of a backward country, although he observed that road building
may now be of greater value than rail construction. Current the number of Lorries (long vehicle),
small cars and buses have increased more compared to previous time (Banister, 2005).

The Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) was one of the public enterprises that the Nigerian
government inherited as the independence in 1960. NRC was one of the oldest public enterprises
in Nigeria. The Railways services stated in 1901 and was legalize officially with the passage of
NRC Act of 1955 for the purpose of carriage of passengers and foreign in a cost effective
manner. It was the cheapest mode of transportation in Nigerian up till the 70s.Its establishment was
seen as a way of opening up the interiors of the country (Ankara, 2014).

In addition, in the case Latin America , and opposite to what happened in the industrialized
economic, which had already developed relatively and competitive market structures at the
advent of the railways, these were essential to create or to strengthen the links between previously
fragmented local markets, and also between them and market. In this regard, they had a much
more “developmental” character in Latin in the core economies (Coats worth, 1981, pp. 77- 78).

The railroad on Brazil benefits that probably exceeded, by far those stemming from the other
major changes in economic organization in this period, and railways may be considered to have
laid the ground for Brazil’s transition to rapid economic growth after1900. In the case of
Argentina, “the aggregate, railroad technology accounted for an appreciable portion of the
productivity growth enjoyed by the Argentine economy between 1890 and 1913 (Summer hill
2003).

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Railroads were certain not the sole determinant of overall in productivity in the economy but they
were no doubt among the most important. And in Mexico, the railways were on of the most
powerful factors of transition to countries. In those countries, the railways not only generated large
increases in aggregate productivity, thanks to the reduction in transport costs, but also encouraged
market integration, labor (Summer hill, 2003, 2006, P. 297).

In summer hill’s words it now seems unlikely that any other technological or institutional
innovation was more important in the transition to economic growth in Latin America before 1930.
This is similar to any country all over the world like Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, if they develop in
science technology the growth of socio – economy is inevitable. Then, railway transport as
technology emerged may have important role to socio – economic of specific country.

Transport was primary factor of economic development. This was the case in New Zealand’s early
development and it remains in many developing countries the transmission from a rudimentary,
fragmented transport system to even a poorly - developed network is of great importance (Hilling,
1996 cited in SACTRA 1999; Owen, 1987).

In this sense, the complete absence of a well – developed transport system acts as a serious
constraint on growth. Technological progress in transport, and consequent capital investment, was
essential to New Zealand’s early economic development. The key new technologies involved were
the steam engine (hence steamship and railways) and refrigerated shipping. Much of New Zealand,
and its agriculture potential were opened up through the development of railways in the 1870s
(associated with the Premier Sir Vogel and financed by overseas borrowing).Before that only some
coastal and riverside areas were readily accessible. Steamship lowered the cost and improved the
reality of links with the main overseas markets, improving the economics of agriculture exports
and reducing the coast of manufacture imports. Refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to
export more than wool, in particular meat and dairy products. In a more recent era, the Auckland
Harbor Bridge opened up locations for economic activities and land uses that would not otherwise
have occurred. This means railways played the great role in connecting region of New Zealand that
were not connected be for. Due to this connection of regions by railway line it opened people
integration from interior part to the center of the country (Hilling citing Owen 1987).

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Railway system plays as significant role in the development and overall growth of any economy it
is often regarded as the wheels of economic activity because of the crucial role it play in providing
the bulwark up on which production and distribution stand. It opens up regions, hinterlands and
rural areas. Rail transport is seen as the mainframe around which an integrated national transport is
seen as the mainframe around which an integrated national transport system is built. Its capacity,
which is farther accentuated by its safety and security factors, coupled with its ability to travel
distance with ease and lower unit costs, places it in good stead to serve as the hub of a transport
system of nation (Nwanze, 2002).

The railways constructed in Tanzania opened locked land of regions and become connected
together. Now there is accessibility of one village, district and region with another where road not
reached for instance Ugala, Katumba, found Tabora region to Mpanda (Katavi region) that having
a distance of 210 kilometers (Tito, 2010).

Tabora region is a regional hub in western Tanzania located on the main railway line connecting
Dar es Salaam on the within Lake Tanganyika and Victoria in the interior and Kaliua Mpanda. The
city of Tabora region, one of the Tanzania’s largest geographical regions. Also is the one of the
most productive region. It is a major center of a trade and transport connected by railway with Dar
es Salaam on the Indian Ocean, kigoma or Lake Tanganyika and Mwanza in Lake Victoria. At
the turn of last century, the railway assisted to open up the interior of Tanzania and many other
Africa countries (Briggs and McIntyre, 2013).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The Tanzania railway system has been in the existence 1880 and its existence was given a legal
backing through an Act 2002, this created an enabling environment for the entry of private railway
operators for the first time. Tanzania Railway Cooperation (TRC) was conceded to TRL. The
railway assisted to open up the interior patterns of Tanzania in Katavi region.
Railway line has capacity to transport huge traffic with safety and speed and turnaround time.
Tabora, Kigoma and Rukwa region in Tanzania with a population about 4876267 have vast
reserves of natural resources like diamond which are not fully exploited. More over there is
bumper production of maize, and tobacco (Census 2012, Tito, 2010).
In fact Tanzanian government is trying to improve rail line and train machine that brought by
colonial government for better effective and transport, for example rail from Dar es salaam to
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Tabora to Kigoma has got new machine that transport goods and passengers. Although there is
road transport but people still using railway transport transferring goods and raw materials in large
amount like cows, fertilizers construction minerals, which become obvious as commerce and
economic fundamental. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the role of railway transport
to socio – economic growth in Tabora region. Tabora municipality as a case study.

1.3. Research Objectives

1.3.1. General Objective

The main purpose of the study was to investigate on the role of railway transport to the socio
economic growth in Tabora region.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i. To investigate the role of railway transport to the economic growth in Tabora region.
ii. Problems facing TRL in Tanzania
iii. To find out the possible solution of the problems facing Railway transport in Tanzania.

1.4Research Questions
This study was guided by the following questions
(i) What are role of railway transport to the socio-economic growth in Tabora region.
(ii) What are the problems facing TRL in Tanzania
(iii)To find out the possible solution of the challenges facing in Tanzania.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The research was based on finding out the role of railway, transport in Tabora region. Mostly
looking at how railway transport that connecting from Tabora to Dar es Salaam Tanga with
Zambia and from to Mwanza to Kigoma and from Tabora to Kaliwa, Mpanda contribute socio-
economic growth of Tabora region. The socio-economic indexes to be considered include
employment, trade, agriculture and development of infrastructure facilities and National income
within Tabora municipal.

1.6 Significant of the Study

At the end of this research that focus on the role of railway transport in socio-economic growth in
Tabora region was very help to the government in understanding how railway transport contribute

5
to the growth of socio-economic to the people of Tabora region and hence to improve railway
transport.
The information that was to find out probably will act as a key to opening doors far government
organization and non-government organization to find solution for challenges facing railway
transport in Tabora region.
It might be that, the research will motivate the community of Tabora region to use railway
transport in transporting in their goods and raw materials as well as themselves after realizing its
importance.

It was believed that the research will assist and guides the Government in taking appropriate
measure in term of policy making to resuscitate TRL and to ensure its efficiency not only in the
transport of goods but also passengers.
The study will also assist the management of TRL to adopt new policy measure through
knowledge gain in this research study to administered or manage the corporation effectively and
efficient.

Generally study was enabling me to fulfill the requirement for award degree of Arts with
education. This research it help me to use the problems which were observed in this study to
improve teaching and learning process as well as looking for solutions in terms of improving my
teaching profession.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

There was financial problem to carry out the research because enough money was needed for
transporting the field and stationary, this led the researcher to borrow money in order to solve that
problem, which was not enough to meet all the requirements for this research.

Language barrier was another problem, since some of the respondents were not able to speak
English language. Therefore, it was difficult for the researcher to translate the findings from
Swahili to English language.

There also a limited time monitor the whole exercise of collecting, analyzing, interpreting the data,
and writing report. This is due to the limited time table which does not offer extra time for research
to be conducted.
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1.8 Definition of the terms
Rail is a bar of metal fixed horizontally (Cambridge Dictionary 2006).
Railway Isa bar of metal fixed horizontally which wheeled vehicle (train) running on it
(Cambridge Dictionary 2006).
Railway transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicle
running on rail (Tito, 2010).
Growth is a positive change in size, often over a period of time. Involve change in structure,
attitude the reduction of inequality and eradication of poverty (Clarke and Thomas 1988).
Socio – economic growth is the change in both social and economic sphere of people or nation.
Major indicators include employment, heath education GNP, communication, power water and
sanitation (Beretechman 2003).

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1.9.0 The Conceptual framework

Transport

➢ The role of Railway transport

Accessibility and mobility

effect

Social impact Economic impact

Social wellbeing Economic wellbeing

Socio-economic growth

Figure, 1.Source: My concept of the role of railway transport to socio-economic growth.

The conceptual framework is basing on the role of railway transport to economic and social
development. This model above shows the role of railway transport; It illustrate that, formulation
of accessibility and mobility in the society that caused by railway transport has impact for both
social and economic growth.

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1.9.1The theoretical Framework
Sekaran and Bogie, (2010: 80-81) defines theoretical framework as the foundation on which the
entire research project is based. Theoretical framework is logically developed, described and
elaborated in such a way that is relevant to the problem situation.

The study will be guided by the theory of transportation. The theory formulated by Cooley C. H. in
1894. In regard to role of transport to social economic growth he stated that, “We think
transportation as a movement of things, masses of any sort from one place to another; From this
standpoint that transportation is the best which accomplishes the movement of things with the least
forces and in the shortest time; speed, then is the one fundamental test while economy of force
translated in the light of actual condition, means cheapness. The economic idea is held to be at the
bottom, the nourishment idea, using the word nourishment in a wide sense to include the getting
and using of all material commodities whatever. These commodities come within and out of
region; Commodities that come out of region is under the use of transport.

Theoretically, therefore, the study of economics of transport covers two fields, that of the
economic structure existing within transportation itself and that of the relation of transportation to
the economic organization of society at large. Without transport mankind would necessary be
pretty uniformly distributed over the surface of the arable earth. The earth is only primary source
of food and man must stay where the food is produced unless he can have it brought to him. The
existence of the small village, town involves the movement of commodities to and from it, as the
beginning of social transport.

Side by side with this fact we have the fact, equally general that socio-economic depend upon;
economic and transport are inseparable. Railway transport is common in Tabora region that
connecting local movement and long movement as city and town as agent of human integration
and good exchange as a result of social wellbeing and economic wellbeing.

The local facilities cannot be utilized without transport, and they to supply one of the spur to its
progress. From this point of view the efficiency of transport is measured by degree in which it
enables natural resources to be exploited. The more perfect is transport the more exclusively can
people everywhere devote themselves to those pursuits for which their dwelling-place is suited. In
Tabora the rail existed early and become more applicable that could led people integrate and

9
exchange their commodities and hence some role of these rail lines to socio-economic as the
theory supported could be investigated.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter will deal with review of related literature and research gape of the research problem.

2.1 Review of related Literature

This chapter deals with the views of early studies and literature related to the current study,
especially the role of railways transport to socio – economic growth in Tabora Municipal began
with role railway transport to socio – economic growth and end up with research gap.

Rail transport has made varying degrees of impact on the growth of the countries where they exist;
Kolas and Malian, (1970) described rail transport as historically the most powerful single initiators
of economic take off, being a main force in the widening of markets and a prerequisite to
expanding the export sector.

Hilling (1996) also observed that rail transport provides the first alternative to human porter age
and brought with them some economic advantage. Early rail lines were critical to the development
of commerce, the expansion of commercial agriculture and the stimulation of settlement
expansion. The rail became the zone of economic activity, and rail heads were the focal points for
expansion of settlement and economic input and output (O’Connor, 1965).

There are handful of literature about rail transport – economic growth both in the developed and
the developing countries. For instance Attack et.al. (2009) investigated whether railroad induces or
follows economic growth in the American Midwest in the period 1850 – 1860. The results showed
that showed railroad improvement leads to economic growth in the region.

11
2.2.0Role of railway transport to the socio –economic growth World wide
Several authors have examined rail transport both in the developed and the developing countries.
The contribution of rail transport to economic growth in the Latin America before 1914. The paper

Used the growth accounting framework to provide estimates of the contribution of railways to the
region’s economic growth using four of the main Latin American economies (Argent by
facilitating agriculture development as well as the growth of cottage and large scale industries). It
also attracts residential, commercial, educational and recreational settlements and developments
around its corridor (Harran – Lankan 2011).

Due to the role it performs in growth and development process, (Tina, Brazil, Mexico and
Uruguay),the role of railways in export – led growth of Uruguayan economy between 1870 and
1913 using OLS estimation. The egret the national market while also promoting the political and
administrative unification of the country (Harran – Lankan 2011).

The principal role of the transport system is to provide access between spatially locations, for the
movement of people and good. Improvements to the transport system commonly focus on reducing
the generalized cots of travel (in both time and money term). Such cost reductions improve the
efficiency of the business sector, thus reducing the costs of goods and supporting expansion of the
economy, and facilitate people’s access to employment opportunities education facilities, shops,
and social and recreational facilities. Improvements to the transport system help to reduce the
tyranny of distance, and hence the constraints of location of business and households. Such
improvements are location – specific, and will impact primarily on people and businesses in the
region concerned ( but also recognizing that a substantial proportion of travel is inter – regional in
nature (O’Connor 1965).

Edenton (2006) included detailed studies of the historical significance of transport developments
for economic growth and productivity. Edenton stated that, there has been a compelling link
between the transport system and economic prosperity through history and commented as follows:

History is examples of how transport networks have played a critical role in driving phases of
particularly rapid economic growth. Step changes in connectivity, often associated with new

12
transport (and more recently communications) technologies, have often been of particular
significance.
The evidence shows that some of the most significant step changes in connectivity have included:
the impact of rail transport upon the location of domestic production; routes in opening up early
phases of world trade: the role of mass transit railways in the creation of cities throughout the
world: and the impact of the completion of motorways and inter –state highway networks in the
United States on productivity growth. Such inter –urban and international connections have
permitted. It is true that transport contribute to socio – economic growth, Eddying fail to talk on
the role played by rail transport only but he mixed with other transport like canals.

Ajai (2005) with the past vital of railway transport past, it is evident that the railway has the
potential of transforming social economic growth due to the following:
It can serve as a catalyst for the development of a nation.
It is capable of generating employment to several unemployed, thus reducing the rate of
unemployment in the country.
It is capable of reducing the rate accident from the use of other mode of transportation, as it not to
accident.
It is capable of providing better environmental friendly transport services than any other mode of
transport because it has a wider and spread connectivity.
Has the capacity of bulk movement of goods over a long distance more than any other form of
overland transport. Whereas the maximums pay load weight of a truck is 30 tones, a railway
wagon carries an average load of 35 – 49 tone and about 20 – 30 of such wagons could from a train
loan. Furthermore, because of rail transport capacity for bulk movement, line haul unit cost is cost
is relatively low and cheap.
It offers very strong determinant in the implementation of inter – modality, thereby encourage
and supports the general integration of other modes of transport together.
It can also stimulate and accelerate economic and other economic activities in their area of
connectivity.
It can also foster infrastructure development of these areas. The transport related technologies and
development illustrated a very relationship between transport and economic developments
(Including land uses). The relationship was primarily based on transport’s contribution to the
economy rather than in the reverse direction. Pioneering transport technologies offered improved
access at lower cost and was a consequently catalyst for economic growth including steamships,

13
Refrigerated ships, diesel engines for trucks and train, shipping containers, and modern truck
technology.
These reduced the generalized costs of transport and increase opportunities for travel and trade.
This is true that transport could have some role to socio- economic if there is effective transport in
a country for all kind of transport but this research based on rail transport only.

Edenton (2006) said that the expansion of the railways in the second half of the nineteenth century
also delivered significant gains for developed economies. The head –star that railways (and their
associated technology) gave to the performance of the UK economy should not be under –
estimated. The welfare benefits to society from railways in 1865 been estimated to be equivalent to
some 4.1 per cent and 2.8 percent of Gross national Product ( GNP) for freight and passenger
transportation respectively. Interestingly, the returns on creating a railway network have been
estimated to be even higher in developing countries, such as Brazil, which had poor alterative
transport links, than in more developed ones, such as the UK, where a well –developed canal
network and extensive coastal shipping remained in operation. This was the outcome due to
railway transport but Edenton did not pinpoint roles of rail for Gross Domestic Product also this
research conducted out of Tabora. Hence there is need to investigate role of transport to socio –
economic growth in Tabora Municipal.

According to Banister and Brahman (2003) said the creation of transport network influenced the
UK’s economic geography, that is to say the location of its economic activity. Canals were a
primary factor in determining the location of industry, although railways, which followed, had
little impact on the location of industry, they revolutionized passenger movement and were critical
in the creation and growth of many urban areas. The subsequent development of the strategic road
network played a key role in the relocation of new, light industries, attached by market access and
new clusters. This was especially the case in the South East and is evident in the new industrial
districts created around outer London, for example, those close to the (North Circular). This review
has based on explaining the role of transport to location of industries and not a city, so it cannot
give real answer to my study.

14
According to Velma (1998) said that availability of railway transport services in a urban area like
Bombay results in benefits of residential and employment zone along the railway corridors. Also
all the local authorities as shareholders and owners of the mass transit authority at least some tax
to tap indirect benefits accreting to these units and earmark the same as annual contributions to the
transit . For example in 1990 about 294000 shops established. On an average each employs four
people. As far cost and fare determination procedure are concerned we believe that the relevant
cost can easily and less ambiguously estimated. This means that, the role of rail to develop trade
activities and hence crate personal employment to people.

Loo (2015) explained the reasons for the new expectations on the railway as sustainable transport
mode in the twenty- first century multifold; the process of globalization has meant that many
goods and services consumed at a locality are no longer produced in the vicinity.
Despite the fact the global economy has passed the stage of industrialization, people are
demanding and consuming more and more goods rather than fewer of them. Indeed these goods
are transported longer distance but what kind of these goods can be produced and consumed
locally, it is a gape that a research should investigate.

Underground system in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s reinforced the emerging
economic and geographic trends still observed in London today.
In the past few centuries developed economies around the world experienced step changes in
connectivity through new transport technologies: through widespread use of canals in the
eighteenth and early nineteenth century; to the development of affordable car travel and the
completion of the strategic (motorway and trunk) road network in the twentieth century. The
evidence is clear that in a developing economy context, establishing basic connectivity is a very
economic contributor to rapid economic growth (Edenton, 2006).

15
2.2.1 Research gap
Once a country’s transport system is more established, the emphasis tends to switch from
quantum leaps to more incremental improvements to the transport system and its operation as
made possible by ongoing technological advances, efficiency improvements and regulatory
changes. Infrastructure expansion may also be required in response to increase in demand. The
links between transport and the economy also tend to become more complex, with transport
investment having to meet multiple objectives: these may include improvements in safety, travel
conditions, accessibility, environment, integration and social inclusion. Therefore, an increased
proportion of investment may be allocated for infrastructure (and other) schemes that address
multiple objectives rather than solely maximize contributions to economic growth.

Most of the scholars such as Ajai (2005) believe that railway has great role in socio – economic
and he mentioned many of them such as it can serve as catalyst for the development of a nation ,
it is capable of generating employment to several unemployed, thus reducing the rate of
unemployment, thus reducing the rate of unemployment in the country, it is capable of reducing
the rate of accident , it is capable of providing better environment friendly transport services than
any other mode of transport because it has a more wider and spread connectivity.

Also O’ Connor (1965) explained that, the principal role of the transport system is to provide
access between spatially separated locations, for the movement of people and goods.
Improvements to the transport system commonly focus on reducing the generalized costs of (in
both time and money terms). Such cost reductions improve the efficiency of the business sector,
thus reducing the costs of goods and supporting expansion of the economy, and facilitate peoples
‘access to employment opportunities, education facilities, shops, and social and specifically Tabora
region.
Therefore this research deeply investigating the role of railway to socio – economic growth in
Tabora Municipality.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction
In this chapter a research intends to use different methodologies including the research design,
population and sample size, data collection, instruments and ethical implication. All these can help
researcher the obtained information concerned with the study.

Pannier sylvan (2004) argued that research methodology is a system of models, procedure and
technique used to find the result of a research problem. This data enabled the researcher to
obtained relevant and accurate and facilitate more relevance conclusion from the data obtained.

Generally research methodology is a systematic way on how research is to be carried out. In other
word, this is the science of studying how research is done scientifically.

The research methodology of the study will include qualitative. This method will be used because
it is able to provide the opportunity to address the questions set or specific sub fact of the research
topic as well as making data analysis.

3.2. Research design

Research design by definition is a sequence in which a study to be carried out, constituting the
blueprint for the collection, measuring and analysis of data (Kothari, 1990). In organizing research,
the study qualitative research means the collecting, describing, analyzing, interpreting and
recording information from its origin or natural area. The research design is descriptive case study,
Case study means conducting an empirical investigation of a contemporary phenomenon within its
natural context using multiple sources of evidences. Descriptive case study is one that focused and
detailed, in which proposition and question about a phenomenon are carefully scrutinized and
articulated at the outset. This will be used because, it is the most flexible of all research designs,
allows the researcher to retain the holistic characteristics of real-life events while investigating
empirical events, it investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context when the
boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and allows multiple source of
evidence to be used (Yin, 2003).
17
3.3. Target Population
Target population refers to the total number of element of a specific population relevant to the
research project (Benhardard, 2010).

Populations refer to all people with characteristics, which the researcher wants to study with
context of a particular research problem (Rwegoshora, 2006). Under this study the population
study will be traders, business men, Tabora station workers and normal people from Isevya ward
Mtenden ward and Gongoni ward, in Tabora municipal; I have decided to use this population
because this kind of population use transport frequent to transport their goods hence they can give
teal information about railway transport.

3.4. Area of the study

The study will conduct in Tabora is found in western part of Tanzania , Tabora municipal border
Uyui district in the East, North and West and Sikonge district in South. Also,the Region shares a
border with Shinyanga in the North, Singida region in the East, Mbeya and Rukwa region in the
south and western border is shared with Kigoma region. The people of Tabora speak Nyamwezi.
The national census of 2012 Tabora has a population of 2,539714 people.
The climate of the district is generally hot with temperature ranging 20 to 30 degree. Rainfall
ranges from 650 to 850 mm per year. The main activity, focusing on maize, rice groundnuts beans,
cassava and tobacco. Tabora endowed with long green trees to some areas that make Tabora to be
a famous in beekeeping (censer,2010 )
I have decided to use this area because Tabora is the centre or railway station that connecting rail
line from Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Kigoma and Rukwa then could have some role to socio –
economic activities.

18
3.5.0 Sample Size
Kothari, (2003) define sample size as a number of items selected from the universe to constitute a
sample. The studies selected 70 people to represent the whole population of Tabora Municipality.
From each of the population study were involved 14 respondents which were Isevya traders,
Mtenden traders, Tabora station workers, Tabora station business men, passengers and Gongoni
traders. It was appropriate because through qualitative technique used 20 respondents. All samples
were participated in providing the information that needed by the researcher during data collection.
Also by dealing with small number of respondents the research expected high degree of accuracy
because it was assumed that small number of sample are easy to administer and can give more
information to represent the whole population.

3.5.1. Sampling Techniques

Sampling techniques are definite statistical plans concerned with all principal steps in the selection
of a sample and the estimation procedure. These techniques were formulated in advance of
conducting the sample (Saleemi, 1997).

The study was used both probability sampling procedures especially random sampling and non-
probability sampling procedures especially purposive sampling to obtain adequate sample from the
target population.

3.5.2. Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is a type of sampling which is also known as chance sampling or
probability sampling where each and every item in the population has equal chance of inclusion
into the sample (Kothari, 2004). This will be used to obtain the appropriate sample size from
traders and station workers, and it will be used because is suitable for collecting data from large
population and minimizing bias tendencies on the part of the researcher by giving all elements in
the population an equal chance to be selected. Though simple random sampling method, sample
obtained by distributing questionnaires randomly during the traders and worker are in their work
place and leaving them to feel when they be free.

3.5.3. Purposive sampling

Purposive sampling is where before the collection of data the researcher decides who should be the
appropriate respondents. Also alternatively called judgmental where the researcher uses his or her
knowledge to choose elements or individuals to be included into the sample (Kothari, 2004).
19
The reason of using purposive sampling was due to simple and easier in nature according to the
judgments of the researcher. Therefore purposive sampling in qualitative technique, this were used
to the rail worker when they at work place or home. In this method, the researcher will purposively
choose people who are in judgment about someone appropriate characteristics required of sample
member are relevant to his study and easily available to him. From this study the researcher
purposively was selected traders, passenger and Tabora rail workers purposively due to the nature
of their work.

3.6.0 Data collection methods/instruments

The study employed interview and questionnaires. It has been observed by different authors that,
no single method is superior to the other but all methods have shortcoming that can be overcome
by combination.

3.6.1. Questionnaire
Questionnaire are the systematic designed question for the purpose of collecting data from the
respondents, it is a set of question that the responds fill in their own convenient time and return
back the field questionnaires to the researcher ( Mugenda , 1999). Through this method the
researcher did not collect data himself rather he distributed 40 questionnaires to the 40
respondents and collected data based on the answer given by respondents, the questionnaires were
designed so as to get required information.

This technique was used in this study because; it does not exert pressure on respondent hence
respondents were free from researchers influence, answers were in respondents’ own words,
respondents had adequate time to give well thought out answer also the large number of the
respondents knows how to read and write, Also these methods helped a researcher to collect data
from respondents within the short time, thus why the method was suitable to be used for data
collection.

20
3.6.2. Interview method
An interview is method of collecting data which involves presentation of oral – verbal stimuli and
reply in terms oral – response, Kothari, (2004). Also Enron (1998:95), define interview as a
purposive conversation usually between two people by sometime involves more who are directed
by one person to share specific information together and come to a solution.

Interview method was used to 30 respondents to collect data from traders and railway workers in
Tabora municipal. Where by the questions were arranged in structure of the question was YES or
No and open question which will allow individual to explain it briefly.
This instrument was used because it allowed the researcher to clarify difficult questions or to
restructure the interview guide and study abstract factors like attitudes, reactions and emotions.
Also was very useful for respondents to express their opinions, knowledge and shared experiences
on the role of railway transport to socio- economic growth in Tabora region.

3.6.3. Data analysis methods

Rwegoshora, (2006), defined analysis as the ordering of data into constituent in order to obtain an
answer to researcher questions. Data analysis methods were used so that could enable to answer
the researcher questions to meet objectives of the study, data analysis was done through
qualitative.

3.6.4. Ethical implication

In this study the researcher considered on the ethical consideration until the study was
accomplished. The researcher ensured confidentially about what given by the respondents, the
researcher was follow all important process required for undertaking the researcher before, during
the study and before the field for data collection. The researcher was got the permission latter from
the office of researcher coordinator of Archbishop Mihayo University College of Tabora, the
letter was introduced him to the respect area of field and the researcher was patient to the
respondents in the field. During the research progress the researcher observed the following ethical
implication; the provided information was handled confidentiality by protecting their information
seriously secrete and was not disclosed, the name of respondents were not mentioned to any one,
the purposes of the study were explained to the respondents before data collection, the respondents
were given the right to participate voluntarily and right to withdraw at any time so that the
individual was coerced into participation, the procedures of the study were explained to the
21
respondents so that individuals were able to reasonably expect what happen in the research, and
the findings obtained used only for an academic purposes and not otherwise, as well as the
process of carrying the information was in a manner so that the respondents cannot fear of giving
information.

22
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS.

4.0. Introduction
This chapter deals with data presentation, interpretation and discussion. The researcher conducted
the research by distributing the questionnaires to the respondents who were station workers,
Bodabodas and Machingas. In fulfilling this researcher used various information obtained from the
respondents involved in the study during the data collection.

The study was based on assessing the role of railway transport to socio-economic growth in Tabora
municipality in Tanzania. The whole analysis is based on 70 respondents who are rational sample
population of the study. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a set of questionnaire and
interview are used in data collection. The specific objective includes;
To investigate the role of railway transport to the economic growth in Tabora region.
Problems facing TRL in Tanzania.
To find out the possible solution of the challenges facing Railway transport that connected to
Tabora.
In order to achieve the above motioned specific objectives the study seems to answer the following
research question.
What are role of railway transport to the socio-economic growth in Tabora region?
What are the Problems facing railway transport in Tanzania?
What are solutions of the problem facing Railway transport?

4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

In any study the demographic characteristic of population is very since they provide the
background information of the population where the study takes place. The background variables
which presented in this study are sex of respondents, the respondents’ age and the career of the
respondents.

Gender of Respondents population

The Table below of gender respondents helped the researcher to understand the gender of
respondents involved in answering the questions. The researcher observed that the gender of the

23
respondents involved in answering the questions were as follows, male were 45 respondents which
is equal to 64% of respondents while female were about 25 respondents which is equal to 36% of
respondents that makes a total of 100% respondents.

Therefore male were many in number in answering the question provided by the researcher than
female. The researcher included the sex in the questionnaire in order to know if all sex benefits
from railway transport

Table 1 Gender of respondents .

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 45 64%

Female 25 36%

Grand Total 70 100%

Source: Field data.2016

4.3 Age of the Respondents

The question on respondents’ age was asked in order to check if there was age representative to
bring representation between the samples. This is due to the fact that some time the use of
participatory method can be affected by age. The study considered also the age of respondents to
ensure that all the categories are included in the sample. The findings show 81% of respondents is
ranging from 18-39 year; 19% of respondents are ranging from 40-55years. Basing on the finding
it is clear that the study included different age categories within the traders, bodaboda and station
workers and therefore is qualified to be representatives in providing the role of transport to socio-
economic growth.

Table; 3 distributions of respondents by age

Total Sample Age category Frequency Percentage

18-40 45 64
40-55 25 36
Total 70 100
Source; Field 2016
24
4.4 Career of the respondents
The question on respondents’ career was asked in order to know if there was career representative
to bring the correct answer about the role of railway transport to socio-economic growth. This was
asked due to fact that the career of respondents helped the researcher to know if all respondents
with different careers included in the sample. Therefore, basing on the findings it was clear that the
study included different careers categories such as traders, bodaboda and station workers. 30
respondents were station workers and 40 were traders and therefore respondents were qualified to
be representatives in providing the role of transport to socio-economic growth.

4.5 Data Presentation, Interpretation and Discussion

The researcher was guided by qualitative approach only in presenting and interpreting data which
was obtained from the field study. The data have been presented, interpreted and discussed by
comparing the data from the field with those of other researchers in literature review and the
theory of study which was theory of transportation that formulated by Cooley C. H 1994.

Data was collected well in this study; the sample size of the population of this study was 70. The
data was collected from few wards namely Isevya, Gongoni, station areas and Mtendeni in Tabora
municipality.

4.6 Research objective one.

4.6.1 The role of railway transport to the economic growth in Tabora Region.
Under this objective the data from the respondents was collected through questionnaire, interview
as well as documentary review methods. Here the researcher wanted to know the role of railway
transport towards socio-economic growth and through this objective the questions to be responded
were set out. What are role of railway transport to the socio-economic growth in Tabora region.
“Is it true that railway transport has contribution to socio-economic growth? And how railways
transport contributes to your socio-economic growth?’’These questions were responded as follows,

Railway transport brings employment to the people .

Employment can be of two types: self-employment and employed by government. People has
employed to work at station as security gad, secretary, bookers, and managers which provides
income to their family level; also through railway transport people has employed themselves in

25
various activities like water selling Mama ntilie and bicycle transport which are known as
daradara who are working near railway station. From the interview workers said,

“…people have employed in different activities such as security guard, booking……and other had
employed themselves in different activities such as bodaboda, traders and mama n’ntilie….”

All these activities are due to presence of railway in Tabora. Therefore railway transport has
generating employment to boys as bodaboda and machinga in our region.

Contributes region revenue

Led to increase income to a region due to tax gain from the benefit that occurred to passenger and
freight user of the railway network from the consumption of the products and services of railway
sector. The tax gained due to goods and raw materials which are advantage to region. These can be
used for improving infrastructure. For instance with presence of railway in Tabora from ORION
hotel to station. This can be viewed as role of railway transport to socio-economic growth. This
information was obtained from questionnaire. Also during the interview said that

“…railway transport offers transportation of goods and passengers for low cost which generate
income for government and for railway transport.”

The lowering of domestic production costs through timely delivery had increased most of people
to use this kind of transport from which they gain more benefits and also at the same time provide
income to a region that are collected from railway transport users as tax.

Contributes to region integration, provides access to jobs, health, education and other
essential facilities.

The railway network from the consumption of the products and services of railway sector has
increased agglomeration benefit; these benefits are due to market that increases income for both
individual level and region level at large that get from value added tax. These incomes are used to
construct region. Also necessary for connecting villages with towns, market centers and in
bringing together remote and developing regions closer to one another. Transport, therefore, forms
a key input for production processes and adequate provision of transport infrastructure and services
helps in increasing productivity and lowering production costs. For instance Kaliuwa which is
connected by rail and Nguluka are very important to trade activities at local level. This view was
obtained from the questionnaire and also has supported by Herranz – Lankan (2011) by saying that

26
“The integrate of the national market also promoting the political and administrative unification of
the country”.

This situation is the same to Tabora region where there is agglomeration of people that promoting
trade activity.

Growth in productivity is the fundamental driving force for economic growth Productivity
growth in freight transportation has long been a driving force for the growth of region, overall
productivity and contributed directly to the growth of region. Moreover it led improvement of
residential areas and health services. This view has also explained by Herranz – Lankan (2011)
said that,

“…Railway transport attracts residential, commercial, educational and recreational settlements

and developments around its corridor”.

Most of people benefits from railway transport in different way such as low cost for transport are
charged to the passengers. Through this people are producing more and transporting their materials
and goods from one point to another. This low cost for railway transport encourage more people to
produce different goods in their local area. During the interview one of the respondents said,
people are benefit when transport goods and raw material for low cost, this encourage people to
produce more hence growth of socio-economic.

Railway transport facilitates internal or domestic trade due to promotion of trade and
export; the transport sector in Tabora has helped to integrate market- strengthening competition,
increased access to farming techniques like tobacco, promoted trade, tourism, and foreign
investment, The economic opportunities in Tabora include the ease of market access, the
strengthening of competition among bodabodas, daladalas mama n’tilie and any other small
traders. This finding has also viewed to Loo (2015) who said,

“Despite the fact the global economy has passed the stage of industrialization,
people are demanding and consuming more and more goods rather than f ewer of
them. Indeed these goods are transported longer distance but what kind of these
goods can be produced and consumed locally…”
This means that person can produce more goods by then he/she is able to transport goods for low
cost also through this one will be a center of exchange and hence domestic trade will be grew as a
result of income individual and group socially and economically.

27
4.7 Research objective two

4.7.1 Problems facing railway transport.

When a researcher wanted to know the challenge facing railway transport in Tabora line a question
asked that; Are there any problems facing railway transport? And if yes, list down. In responding
to this question most of the respondents said yes and they provided the following answer:

There is Poor infrastructure of railway transport.

The findings show that, most of the respondents identified the challenge of poor infrastructure of
railway line train itself that that led to delay in time. These make a railway transport not to be
effective and efficient in transporting goods and people. Most of people need to reach in right time
but they delay even to spend more time in bush, this reduce the number of train users. This finding
was given by most of respondents from the question asked by the researcher as stated above. The
same views has mentioned by Walker and Price (2013) by saying that,

“…the old fashioned technology makes railway transport to carry less cargo compared to other
railway transport with standard gauge”

The technology used to construct railway line had become old fashioned technology therefore
infrastructures of railways transport are poor, hence led to railway transport to carry less
passengers and goods. For instance the infrastructure of Mpanda from Tabora and that from
Mwanza to Tabora are very poor.

Lack of capital / financial problem to improve railway transport.

The findings showed that the railway transport under Tanzania Railway Company faced with the
problem of money which can be used to improve rail, therefore there is no enough money for
repair rail in standard gauge. This is a big challenge for railway transport in Tabora region. This
was explained by one station worker during the interview.

Walker and Price (2013) described challenges facing rail transport as

28
“... The improvement of railway becomes difficult to some rail line because of capital, Old
fashioned technology which makes the railways carry less cargo compared to modern standard
gauge.”

The problems of capital for a country Tanzania as developing country still a big problem. This
problem should be overcome by the government to strength their economic by establishing good
policy for improving our economy and not donor depending only.

Lack of good communication between passengers and rail workers.

The findings identified this problem, most of the respondents said and complained to the leaders of
railway transport they don’t respect passengers’ views on decision making. Sometime they do not
hear the needs to passengers but they segregate them and throwing their goods out while train is in
a speed. This has become a problem to passengers. From the collected data and interview most of
people claimed for this.

Embezzlement and corruption of funds among station workers .

The finding from question which was asked to respondents shows that, among the station worker
are not faithful in their work they do spend money of their own needs without of their plan. This
led the railway transport to remain under developed. During the interview one of the station
workers said,

“The working condition for railway station is poor, locally and work paper based while money
they obtain are a lot, they do not have even a computer also many of workers are not well
educated.”

From that quotation this shows that, it is easy to lost document and also easy to station worker to
engage in embezzlement. Poor administration and lack of strong leadership had accelerated to
embezzlement of funds allocated to railway maintenance and administration. Walker and Price
(2013) provided the same idea as problems by saying,

“…there is embezzlement of funds allocated to railway transp ort maintenance and

administration.”

29
Therefore it is very difficult for railway transport system to be developed because of
embezzlement and corruption which have resulted due to poor leadership management that have
been contributed by the government leaders especially the ministry of infrastructure.

There is no effective go and return of train especially that goes Mpanda. The findings indicate
that, most of people said there is no effective transport according to timetable arranged; this has
reduced the number of passenger to use this kind of transport when they want to travel themselves
and their goods or raw materials. Also the findings show that there is no rest area when they
waiting for another train from Dar es salaam, Mwanza and Mpanda. This is due to inefficient slow
services and mismanagement of fund and also due to old railway trucks. Kimei and Opat (2008)
said that,

“…inefficient slow services and old railway trucks affect the railway transport.”

During the interview one of the station workers said, there is no stead timetable; always passengers
delay to reach the place they go and to return in time.

Therefore this becomes a problem for railway user including all traders work at station and traders
who use railway transport to transport their goods.

Poor government policies.

The findings also identified this problem more respondents from traders and station workers argue
that, the government favor the development of roads instead of railway. More roads have
constructed for high quality, but interior part there is no road and some area still depending railway
transport, For example road from Tabora to Mpanda region. This finding was found from
questionnaire. Also according to Kimei and Opat (2008) said that

“There is no good policies which favour railway transport, the present policies favour much
roads.”

In fact more roads have been constructing with high quality that connecting Tabora and its
neighbour district while rail still not improved for long time. This led to ineffective of railway
transport in transporting goods, passenger, and other raw materials.

30
4.8 Research objective three

4.8.1 Solution of the Problems facing Railway transport.

In finding possible solution to the challenges facing railway transport, the question asked to
respondent as follows: What do you think are the best solutions for problems or problems facing
railway transport? Most of the respondents provided the following answers: improving the railway
lines, buying new engine of train with high speed, constructing rooms for passengers rest and their
goods and raw material, there should be meeting between managers, station workers and citizens
for discussing challenge facing this organization. In responding to the question above, one of the
station worker said that,

“Government should improve railway transport with standard gauge so as to ensure safe
travelling to the passengers and their properties.”

Also train with high speed are needed so as to ensure turn round from one place to another place,
this will increase trade flow to the people of Tabora region. This view has also provided by Loo
(2015) who said,

“Maintaining and upgrading infrastructure will led top effective and efficient transport.”

In order to ensure the efficient and effective of the railway transport should be improved well.
This will increase the user of railway transport that will bring income for people, railway company
itself and government at large.

Therefore the railway transport plays the great role to socioeconomic growth to the people of
Tabora region. More people use railway transport in traveling themselves and their goods from one
place to another for lower cost. Although this transport offers low cost for passengers and traders
in transporting their goods and to be source of employment to the people of Tabora, still having a
lot of problem facing it such as poor infrastructure which cause people to delay to reach their
centers of interest, sometimes they stay in bushes for long time. According to the importance of
railway transport, the government should improve railway transport by constructing railway with
new standard gauge also the government should prepare enough budgets for railway transport and
not basing on road construction only.

31
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions
This study intended to investigate the role of railway transport to socio-economic development in
Tabora municipality. The study specifically sought to find out the contribution of railway transport
to socio-economic growth in Tabora region. The study revealed that, railway transport has the
potential of transforming social economic growth due to the following: It serve as a catalyst for the
development of a nation, It is capable of generating employment to several unemployed, thus
reducing the rate of unemployment in the country, It is capable of reducing the rate accident from
the use of other mode of transportation, as it not to accident. Also station workers contributed that,
railway transport is the source of employment to the people and this employment can be of two
types: self-employment and employed by government. People has employed to work at station as
security guard, secretary, bookers, and managers which provides income to their family level; also
through rail transport people has employed themselves in various activities like water selling
Mamantilie and bicycle transport which are known as daladala

Who are working near railway station? All these activities are due to presence of railway in
Tabora. Therefore railway transport has generating employment to boys as bodaboda and
machinga in our region. Hence this led to trade flow to all people of Tabora. Moreover railway
system offers low cost for transport of goods which

Led to increase income to a region due to tax gain from the benefit that occurred to passenger and
freight user of the railway network from the consumption of the products and services of railway
sector. The tax gained due to goods and raw materials which are advantage to region. These can be
used for improving infrastructure. For instance with presence of railway in Tabora from ORION
hotel to station. This can be viewed as role of railway transport to socio-economic growth.

The railway network from the consumption of the products and services of railway sector has
increased agglomeration benefit; these benefits are due to markets that increase income for both
individual level and region level that get from value added tax. These incomes are used to

32
construct region. Also necessary for connecting villages with towns, market centers and in
bringing together remote and developing regions closer to one another.

Transport, therefore, forms a key input for production processes and adequate provision of
transport infrastructure and services helps in increasing productivity and lowering production
costs. For instance Kaliuwa which is connected by rail and Nguluka are very important to trade
activities at local level. Growth in productivity is the fundamental driving force for economic
growth Productivity growth in freight transportation has long been a driving force for the growth
of region, overall productivity and contributed directly to the growth of region. Moreover it led
improvement of residential areas and health services.

Regardless of the specific solutions to congestion that are considered, increasing demand is placing
unprecedented requests for investments on transport infrastructures. A major question confronting
all countries around the world is how to finance the construction and maintenance of transport
infrastructures. As economies of scale are applied to transport systems, such as larger
containerships or double stacked rail corridors, capital requirements increase in proportion.
Governments have traditionally been the primary source of funding in the transport sector, but the
costs of keeping pace with the growth in demand are making it difficult for even the richest
countries to provide public funding on the scale required to meet expectations about the mobility
of passengers and freight.

Capital requirements are particularly prevalent on both sides of the infrastructure life cycle
spectrum. Comparatively, the Tabora Interregional railway transport is nearing a phase in its life
cycle where a substantial amount of capital investment will be required to upgrade the system and
maintain its operability

However, there are still many issues about the role of the public sector in transportation and
deregulation which has prevailed could be reversed.

The growing role of the private sector over railway transport that has become global and multi-
functional has necessitated a shift in management and ownership relationships that are still
evolving. They include: Both product and labor market effects can act to increase the efficiency
and market effectiveness of existing firms, leading to an expansion of output and employment.
They can also influence the locational behavior of firms giving rise to inward investment into
regions With regard to transport and economic development; there can be little doubt that well-
judged transport investments will have a positive effect.
33
The transport investments are a ‘two way street’, so that for example linking a core to a peripheral
region might be more to the benefit of the former rather than the latter. This is an issue that the
economic geography seeks to illuminate. Benefits to Firms of Transport Investments, Cost
savings, the scale of product market effects will in part be determined by the benefits to firms of
such investments.

Generally, railway transport in Tabora regional still a major transport in Tabora and its districts
and Mpanda where road transport is very poor, sometime is not in use especially rail season.
Hence Railway systems are viewed positively by citizens and policymakers around the world
because of their impact on mobility, their potential to improve land use and development in urban
centers (i.e. less land allocated to parking and prospects for transit-oriented development around
railway stations), and because of rail’s relatively low environmental footprint when compared to
other transport modes. As a result of these perceived benefits and others, governments are often
highly involved and financially engaged stakeholders of railways. However, especially in
financially-constrained times, governments are also expected to balance their budgets and invest
public funds wisely.

Thus, governments have a genuine interest in making sure that railway systems –under any given
policy targets –deliver the best possible return on invested capital. These realities help define what
‘railway efficiency’ is from a financial perspective. In general, outputs and public benefits are of
high importance, yet minimization of costs and public funding is critical. Within this context,
efficient railways produce significant results and outputs given the money invested in operating,
maintaining and renewing the railway. This might be measured by a comparatively high utilization
of asset investment, a relatively high output (i.e. total train-km) to input (i.e. costs) ratio or a
relatively high level of productivity within the organization.

34
5.2 Recommendations

The following are the researcher`s recommendation for the way to solve challenges facing railway
transport in Tabora municipality connecting Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Kigoma and Mpanda.

From a general perspective, the study recommends stronger leadership, in particular by clearer
definition of the roles of Government, clearer objectives and a greater degree of long term
planning (including better use of existing capacity).

A further recommendation is a structure of devolved decision making, notably first to allow

more freedom to respond to the market, second decentralization and devolution of Network
Rail, third greater degree of local decision-making by local authorities, including piloting
lower-cost regional railways. For market organization, the study recommends changes to
structures and interfaces, notably by devolution and decentralization of Network Rail and
introduction of diverse ownership of some infrastructure management concessions.

Moreover, a closer alignment of route-level infrastructure management with TRL, either by

cost and revenue sharing (and joint targets), joint ventures or alliances or full vertical integration
though a concession of infrastructure management and train operations combined is
suggested. Incentives, we need to be stronger for TRL to reduce costs and to co-operate more
effectively with Network Rail. Here, there is also need for a closer alignment of SUMATRA
and TRC incentives.

Furthermore, responsibilities for the efficient management of existing capacity need to be

clarified. In relation to comparative regulation of route-level, introducing a degree of
independent ownership of infrastructure management concessions and a consideration about
directing all subsidy for railway corporation through track access charges are other
suggestions.

35
Nevertheless, this system needs a clear cut regulation, why implementing a single regulator
with a new focus on whole-system outputs and with necessary resources, skills and standing to
support an expanded role. Additionally, a clearer safety leadership at industry level by a
special agency to lead the industry in achieving technical excellence, an improved oversight and
management of cross-industry information systems and increased standardization and more
effective procurement of rolling stock are further starting points.

At operational levels, a stronger focus on partnership working from inception through to the supply
chain, identifying the optimum approaches to maintain, renew or enhance the railway, is seen as
necessary.

This will require, among others, to encourage whole system, considering of trade-offs between
infrastructure, rolling stock and operations in order to better select the optimum maintenance
approaches earlier involvement of suppliers and contractors as well as much wider use of
partnering approaches.

36
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39
 APPENDICES

Appendix I: Questionnaires for rail workers

Dear respondents my name is Malema Ignas Amando, I am third year student at the Archbishop
Mihayo University College of Tabora (AMUCTA) A constituent college of SAUT. I am
conducting a research on the role of railway transport to the socio-economic growth in Tabora
region. I kindly ask you for your comprehensive response upon the list of questions provided
below.

Put tick ( ) in the box provided

i. Sex: Male ( )
Female ( )

ii. Age: 18 – 39 ( )
40 – 55 ( )

iii. Your career: Machinga, trader, bodaboda ( )

Railway worker ( )
Any other career ( )

1. ( a) Is true that railway transport play the role to socio-economic growth?

Yes ( )
No ( )

(b) If Yes how

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
40
2. (a) Are there any problems facing railway transport?

Yes ( )
No ( )

(b) If yes, list down

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What do you think are the best solutions for challenges or problems facing railway transport?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...................

41
 Appendix II: Questionnaires traders
Dear respondents my name is Malema Ignas Amando, I am third year student at the Archbishop
Mihayo University College of Tabora (AMUCTA) A constituent college of SAUT. I am
conducting a research on the role of railway transport to the socio-economic growth in Tabora
region. I kindly ask you for your comprehensive response upon the list of questions provided
below.

Put tick ( ) in the box provided

i. Sex: Male ( )
Female ( )

ii. Age: 18 – 39 ( )
40 – 55 ( )

iii. Your career: Machinga, trader, bodaboda ( )

Railway worker ( )
Any other career ( )

1. ( a) Is true that railway transport play the role to socio-economic growth?

Yes ( )
No ( )

(b) If Yes how

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

42
3(a) Are there any problems facing railway transport?

Yes ( )
No ( )

(b) If yes, list down

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What do you think are the best solutions for problems facing railway transport?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

43
Appendix III: Questions for interview for traders, station workers, bodaboda.
1. Is it true that railway transport has contribution to socio-economic growth?
2. Howrailwaystransportscontribute to your socio-economic growth?
3. What are the challenges facing railway transport?
4. What do you think are the best solutions for challenges facing railway transport?

44