I.

Introduction

Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity refers to leisure pursuits engaged in the

outdoors, often in natural or semi-natural settings out of town

Outdoor recreation provides free or low-cost leisure opportunities for people to relax,
get fit, soak up Vitamin D, develop friendships, spend family time together, be
challenged and develop new skills and abilities – both physical and mental. It is a
birthright of all Australians and an important outlet for those young (and older) people
who do not identify with organised sports.

Outdoor recreation may also refer to a team sport game or practice held in an outdoor
setting. When the recreation involves excitement, physical challenge, or risk, such as
in rafting or climbing, it is sometimes referred to as adventure recreation. The two
primary purposes for outdoor recreation are beneficial use and pleasurable appreciation

Beneficial use is related to the physical and social rewards that goal-directed activity
instills in individuals or groups. Some outdoor goal-directed activities
are: backpacking, canoeing, canyoning, caving, climbing, hiking, hill
walking, hunting, kayaking, and rafting. Arguably broader groupings of goal-directed
outdoor activities would include water sports, snow sports, and horseback riding. Goal-
directed outdoor activities are predominantly physical, though they may also be
mentally, emotionally, and spiritually rewarding

The outdoors as a physical or social setting may meet the needs of physical health, self-
sufficiency, risk-taking, the building of social ties, and the needs of achievement (such as
practicing, enhancing and challenging skills, testing stamina and endurance, and seeking
adventure or excitement). The outdoors can be an environment in which people "show
what they can do

Recreation Participation

The most common motion of recreation is that it is primarily a participation in

sports and games. Recreation actually includes an extremely broad range of leisure
activities including travel and tourism, cultural entertainment, participation in the arts,
hobbies, membership in social clubs or interest groups, nature-related activities
such as hunting and fishing, attendance at parties, special events and fitness activities
Motivation for Recreational Participation
It is a form of relaxation and release from the pressure of work and other tension.
Expression of creativity Expose hidden talents Pursue excellence in various forms of
personal expression Channel for releasing hostility and aggression or for struggling against
the environment in adventurous, high risk pursuits To make new friends or cooperate
with others in group activities Exploring new environments through travel and
Tourism Seeking self-discovery Personality enrichment through continuing education or
religious activity.
 Increase in Discretionary Time – Having a free time because of the developments
occurred on different sectors and aspects of the society.
 Influence of Technology – Outdoor Recreation uses complex and expensive
devices in activities such as skydiving, hang gliding, scuba diving , boating, roller
blading, skiing and snowboarding. Home-based recreation has become dependent
on varied forms of electronic entertainment.
 Public Interest in Health and Fitness – A key trend in this century is the growth of
public interest in exercise and physical fitness programs

II. History

The 1950’s is before the war so where was a growth in traditional outdoor activities the
people took public transportation to take part in outdoor activities such as walking,
climbing, camping and wildlife observation.
The 1960’s and 1970’s was a time of a richer lifestyle were more people were
Abel to drive and it was more of an entertainment era than active with rock and roll
coming in and the world cup being hosted in 1196 and won in England by England. If
public was to do any adventurous activities they would go to a caravan park which isn’t
really adventurous.
The 1980’s the outdoor adventures activities has a growth in more adventurous motor
sports. These consist of activities such as water skiing, power boats and off road vehicles.
Also in the 1980’s outdoor military games such has paintball shooting was introduces in
England in 1981 and also clay pigeon shooting. In the 1990’s its basically the same
amount of outdoor activities as 1980’s such as paint balling and another sports bur over
the country more indoor adventures centers started opening up such as indoor rock
climbing. You also got more people intereting in cycling and rowing.
2000;s to present Outdoor adventures activities has develop even further in the
21st century as there are more budgets airlines and it is cheaper for people to travel to
place to take part in these adventurous activities such as skip trips, water skiing, cliff
diving etc.
III. Best Practices
Risk management
One must assume that outdoor recreation can never be undertaken without risk, and that
risk simply cannot be eliminated completely. Risk is inherent in outdoor activities, and
indeed, the very essence of outdoor recreation would be altered dramatically if risk
could be eliminated. While no one actually wants to be injured while participating in
outdoor activities, the chance that the unexpected might occur, and the successful
avoidance of accidents or adverse consequences of the unexpected, adds greatly to the
participant’s enjoyment of the experience

This program is about risk management of one very specific sort. Perhaps the
most commonly perceived risks are those related to injury to participants and equipment.
These risks are managed by an outfitter through a number of methods, including careful
selection and training of guides, the choice, maintenance and proper use of the right
equipment, and controlling the site and timing of the particular activity. These risks are
best managed by running a top-flight operation where preparation and common sense
take precedence. You, the outfitter and guide, are the experts in how to run the safest
possible program in your particular areas of operation. Thus, one paramount area of risk
management is to minimize the occurrence of accidents and injuries.

Two different areas of risk management concern (a) the minimization of

damages to clients, guides and equipment in the event an accident occurs, and (b) the
continued viability of the outfitter’s business in the event of an accident, and the
protection of the outfitter and guides from personal economic ruin. The fact is, no matter
what precautions are taken, accidents will happen; clients will get hurt and their property
damaged. This risk management program emphasizes what can be done to minimize
injuries in the event of an accident and the ways in which you can protect yourself, your
business and your guides from financial liability for the damages suffered by your clients.

Managing visitor safety in the outdoors

Visitor Facilities
Comprehensive manuals have been produced describing the system and the
engineering standards, and further manuals on aspects of the system are being
developed. The procedures and technical engineering standards now apply to the design,
construction, inspection, maintenance and repair of all visitor facilities. Visitor facilities
are located, designed, constructed, inspected, maintained and repaired to meet
appropriate engineering standards qualified engineering input is obtained where
appropriate for the design, approval and maintenance of visitor facilities the construction
and maintenance of visitor facilities is carried out by appropriately qualified staff
visitor facilities are adequately inspected during and after construction by a suitably
qualified person and on an ongoing programmed basis the department complies with its
statutory requirements, in particular the Resource Management Act, the Building Act, the
Occupiers Liability Act and the Health and Safety in Employment Act staff responsible for
managing visitor facilities are aware of their responsibilities for ensuring that these
facilities meet appropriate standards of design, construction, inspection, maintenance and
repair staff are trained and appropriately qualified for their appointed tasks a programme
to review existing visitor facilities is implemented; this identifies whether appropriate
engineering standards are being met and if not, what action needs to be taken, (routine
maintenance, repair, upgrading or decommissioning)

Principles and standards for trail development

Trail Classifications
As a result of integrating the Off-Road Cycling strategy the category of trail types have
been expanded. The trail types in the classifi cation system are categorized accordingly:
Recreational Trails Off-Road Recreational Cycling/Mountain Biking Trails Urban
Multi-use Trail Type I
Urban Nature Trail Type II
Nature Trail Type III
Trail Connector Type IV
 Park Pathways Type V

Pedestrian Trail Difficulty Ratings:

Trails can provide a range of challenges for both pedestrians and cyclists. An
obstacle or trail feature will pose a significantly different challenge to a hiker versus a
cyclist. For example, a tight switchback with rock steps may be viewed as challenging to
a mountain bike rider traveling downhill whereas a hiker walking uphill will view the
same feature as no more diffi cult than a staircase. Therefore, hiking trails are rated
according to the BC Parks Trail Diffi culty
Change in elevation and trail type for the average user.
Trail Diffi cult Rating:
E = Easy; M = Moderate; S = Strenuous; D = Diffi cult.
Pedestrian Trail Diffi culty Ratings can be combined with Trail Type Classifi cations to
provide potential users with a clear understanding of what to expect on the trail. For
example, E – Type II will offer an easy walk on a surfaced 1.5-2.5 meter trail, whereas a S
- Type III indicates to the user that a strenuous narrow trail with grades greater than 15%
lies ahead. Recreational Off-Road Cycling/Moutain Biking Trail Type Classifi cation
Matrix Trail type classifi cation is a critical step in establishing trail construction objectives
as well as providing managers with a baseline in which to evaluate management and
maintenance requirements. In an effort to maintain consistency throughout the corridor,
this Trail Type Classifi cation System has been developed using guidelines as described in
the Whistler Trail Standards (2003) (See Appendix E for Web link) and the B.C. Ministry
of Forests, Recreation
Manual (2000).

Trail maintenance
Why Is Trail Maintenance Important?
 Provides for a pleasant and complete hiking experience
 Makes trail safe for users
 Limits potential for lost hikers
 Minimizes impact of trails on the environment
 Minimizes or addresses erosion
  Educates hikers
 Reports trail abuse
Yearly Maintenance Cycle

Clearing the Trail

Appalachian Trail specification:

Trails with little backpacking traffic

may be narrower with less
overhead clearance--check with
supervisor Be sensitive to the
environment -- do not clear
excessively

Blowdowns
 Trail Conference policy is normally to clear all blowdowns
– Not an effective deterrent to ATV's
– Hikers will walk around blowdowns, causing trail widening and erosion
– Trail without blowdowns can provide a fire break
 Use a bow saw for trees up to 6-8 inches in diameter, depending on your ability
Clearing Blowdowns – 2
Cutting blowdowns on the ground using a bow saw
 If tree is near or on the ground, you must cut from the top
 You will often need to take action to prevent saw from binding
– Use a lever to raise the log at the point under the saw
– Pound a plastic wedge into the cut after the saw blade
 If possible, make one cut and swing the rest of the log off the trail
 Otherwise, make two or more cuts and roll the cut pieces downhill off the trail

Blazes

 Paint or tag blazing depends on landowner

– Supervisor will specify type and color of blazing for trail
 Cairns may be used where there is nothing to blaze or to emphasize an important
trail junction
 Posts may occasionally be needed in treeless areas
Blaze Patterns

Tag Blazes
 Use 2 inch galvanized roofing nails
 Do not nail tight against tree-allow at least 3/4 inch for growth
 Use 2 nails, one near top and one near bottom, never at sides (a few trails use
one nail—your supervisor will advise you)
Paint Blazes
 Scrape trees with rough bark; never scrape through the bark
 Supervisor will indicate proper color and type of paint
– Water-based paint is now preferred
 Use a template to get accurate blaze size and shape
– 2x3 inch, except 2x4 for Long Path and 2x6 for AT
 Paint using a small brush
 Avoid blazing if rainy or temperature is below 50 degrees
Water Bars
  Usually built by trail crew, but maintainer must clean

 Use shovel or your boot to remove debris behind water bar

 Place dirt on downhill side so trail level is at top of water bar

Switchbacks
 Switchbacks give a gentler slope and reduce erosion
 Block off shortcuts with branches and debris

Disability inclusion
Disabled people’s access to the outdoors has been the subject of renewed interest. This
has in part been driven by legislative developments coupled with an increasing
recognition that disabled people are under‐represented as users of the countryside.
However, very little is actually known about disabled people’s views and experiences of
the outdoors. Drawing on the concept of affordances and combining this with a social
barrier’s approach to disability, we explore disabled people’s attitudes towards and
experiences of woodland and countryside leisure. We argue that disabled people’s
reasons for being outdoors are more complex than simply seeking ‘rehabilitation’; and,
like their non‐disabled counterparts, access to the outdoors is perceived for some as an
integral aspect of wellbeing and revitalisation. Through engagement with the outdoors,
disabled people are challenging normative constructions of who they are and their
purpose in being in the countryside. The paper concludes by arguing that providers of
outdoor leisure services need to go beyond barrier removal and understand disabled
people’s uses and views of the outdoors in planning the provision of services.
A best practice in accessibility includes the provision of accessibility information to
patrons, in alternative formats, recognizing persons with visual, hearing or cognitive
impairments.
This best practice would suggest that traditionally written information is available in
audio format for persons with visual impairments; traditionally audio information is
available in written format for people who are deaf or hard of hearing; and that all
information is presented in clear and concise formats, including tactile experiences, for
persons with a range of cognitive impairments. The expert panelists gave examples of
alternative formats such as captioning on audio presentations in the park visitor center;
complimentary alternatives to written exhibit information that can also be available in
audio format; and providing a tactile relief map of the park that people can touch. The
implementation of this best practice would also suggest that information provided in
multiple modes or formats can benefit a wider range of people, and not just people with
disabilities. Large print could benefit the aging population, as well as young children
learning to read, while the same information provided in clear, concise language could
benefit people with cognitive disabilities, and individuals learning English as a second
language. The provision of the exhibit information through an audio tour would benefit
not only people with visual impairments but also those individuals that could become
preoccupied such as parents or teachers that are supervising children through the
museum.
 A best practice in accessibility includes practices that exceed the minimum
standards/guidelines for accessibility
One expert panelist gave the example and rationale, “The accessibility
standards/guidelines should be exceeded to the extent possible in all design. For instance,
whenever possible, entrance ramps should be designed to exceed the minimum 1:12
standard, making it longer, less steep and, subsequently, easier for a greater number of
people to use.“In a program context, our agency frequently exceeds the minimum Title II
requirements by regularly providing one-to-one program aides (which DOJ says isn’t
necessarily required). This summer we have hired a nurse of a boy with autism and
diabetes. In both situations, our rationale is the same: without the one-to-one aide or
nurse that person cannot enjoy the recreation [experience].” A third panelist summarized
the rationale for the best practice by stating, “To merely comply with the law means that
the total range of individuals with disabling conditions, who would not necessarily
identify themselves or be identified as "disabled" by legal definition, are cut out of
participation and inclusion. Going beyond compliance means viewing accessibility as an
asset to the institution and as basic good customer service. This is the most inclusive
approach to accessibility.” Creating accessible outdoor experiences
A best practice in accessibility includes an established set of policies which facilitate
and promote inclusive and accessible programs, and facilities, in the delivery of
recreation and leisure services.
Comments from this item suggest that an established set of policies is necessary to
serve as guidance for staff, and ultimately, to measure the agency’s success/failure to
promote inclusive and accessible programs and facilities. One panelist commented,
“Having established policies in place, taught at initial entry into a position, and referred
to often affirm the importance of accessibility, directs employees on methods of
implementation, and informs the public about Best Practices of Accessibility in Parks and
Recreation what people have the right to expect.” Another panelist commented that a
lack of established policies can lead to confusion among staff and those with accessibility
management responsibilities, which in turn can result in bad choices for the agency.
A best practice in accessibility includes the establishment of an ongoing, periodic training
program for agency personnel and volunteers regarding accessible and inclusive concepts
and practices for people with disabilities.
 Panelists believed that training was necessary to introduce new information and
reinforce relevant information for employees and volunteers. One of the expert panelists
tied the importance of this item to the previous item by stating, “It does an
agency/institution no good to have accommodations, policies and procedures if those
individuals who must implement them are unaware of the existence of the
accommodations.”
A best practice in accessibility includes the establishment of an Accessibility Advisory
Board (or similar group) which includes persons with disabilities.
This proposed best practice was the first of two items to receive 100 percent
consensus from the expert panel. The range of comments suggested that the inclusion of
people with disabilities in an advisory board capacity could bring personal experiences to
the group, new insights that could result in better decisions, credibility and greater
support from the community. A panelist suggested, “Having a group that is
knowledgeable and has experience in areas of accessibility related to the agency is
important when making changes to program structures, adding new programs, entering
into joint ventures with other agencies, creating new facilities, updating facilities,
purchasing adapted equipment, generating policies and procedures, developing
marketing strategies and materials.” Comments from the expert panelists included
whether or
A best practice in accessibility includes demonstrated support by administrators
regarding Accessible recreation programs.
Comments from this item illustrated how support by administrators can affect the
organizational philosophy, culture and approach toward accessibility and inclusion of
people with disabilities. “If the manager doesn’t fully believe in inclusion, staff won’t
either and will do it poorly,”commented one panelist. Another added, “Only when
administrators make access policy and require full integration does permanent,
dependable access occur.” Several panelists connected demonstrated support by
administrators to the financial planning and budgeting processes for inclusion support,
retrofits and accessibility improvements. One panelist commented, “The agency budget
should reflect support for accessible recreation programs through specific line item
funding of accessibility projects.” Panelists alluded to the fact that if there was no support
from administrators for accessibility and inclusion, it would not receive the necessary
budgetary and staff resources for implementation and, as a result, accessibility would not
be viewed as a priority compared to other issues, ultimately leading any accessibility
efforts to fail.
Accessibility promotes the delivery of integrated recr Best Practices of Accessibility in
Parks and Recreationvaried learning styles, different levels of understanding and
experience in different subject areas,
Usually come to recreation programs with family and friends who are at different
levels or may have different disabilities than they do. Integration is both the most
educationally sound and cost-effective approach to programming.” Panelists felt that
programming emphasis should be placed on making existing programs and experiences
accessible to the widest audience possible, without duplicating services or segregating
groups of users.

IV. Weakness, Solution and Recommendation

V. Facilities
Compatibility with surrounding areas:
Built elements of the facility:
Considerations include whether the facility requires:
• an administration building
• camping facilities
• sheltered meeting points at landmarks along tracks or trails
• water storage
• access points
• food preparation / sales facilities. If the facility is intended to host competitive activities, the site
may require:
• A clubhouse or administration building
• Grandstands or viewing areas
• Warm-up, marshalling or training areas
• Staging areas
• Storage facilities
• Areas for participants to base themselves where they can prepare for their activities or
undertake maintenance on equipment.
Utilities
Checks should be made to ensure that services required to establish and operate the
facility are available, or can be cost-effectively provided on site. Developers should consider the
need for water, sewerage, power, waste disposal, and telephone services both during
construction and when the facility is in operation.
Culturally and environmentally sensitive areas
Developers should contact the Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection to identify any culturally or environmentally significant characteristics of the
site and ensure the facility design accommodates or preserves these. Plan to: • maintain,
protect and manage culturally significant features • improve habitat linkages and
potential ecological corridors • protect sensitive or significant native plants and animals
to ensure their survival • protect native vegetation and animals from indirect impacts of
the development • buffer and restore degraded vegetation where necessary • control the
spread of weeds • identify fire risks. Provide access for fire fighting vehicles and
equipment where bushfire or other fire risks are significant. Limit any permitted burning
to a designated area and determine safe conditions for burning. Water courses: Attention
should be given to the potential impacts of water on trails as well as to the impacts of
the activities at the site on water quality. Erosion from water flows can impact the safety
of participants in activities at the site and can exacerbate maintenance costs. If not well
managed, pollution from activities on the site may impact the ecological health of
waterways or water quality in catchments, potentially bringing the facility into conflict
with environmental laws. Where possible, the creation of new water crossings should be
avoided. If a new crossing is needed, professional advice from a qualified engineer will
help to minimise impacts through appropriate design and construction of the crossing.

Entrances, exits and parking areas:

Easy access should be designed to provide for the efficient arrival and departure of
all site users including emergency vehicles. If practical, locating entrances close to
neighbouring retail and accommodation facilities can enhance convenience for the
facility’s users. Access is likely to be less expensive if located on secondary roads, rather
than main roads where the costs of modifications would be high. To minimise traffic
impacts on residents, access by local roads through residential neighbourhoods should be
avoided. The relevant local government will be able to advise which agency (the local
government itself or Department of Transport and Main Roads) should be approached
for assistance. If an entrance station is required, it should be designed to deal with the
volume of traffic arriving at peak times. This means, at peak times, the entrance station
must be able to meet demand when performing its intended functions — such as
collecting entrance fees, issuing permits, assigning campsites, providing first aid, or
providing information about directions, activities, rules and regulations. Easy 24-hour
access to camping areas should be provided. Car parking should meet demand in terms
of numbers and size (keeping in mind that for activities such as horse riding or off-road
motorcycling, many cars will be towing trailers).
 Local Foreign
Hiking Hiking

 There are plenty of hiking trails around the lake, as well

as areas for snowshoeing and cross-country skiing in the
winter.

 Most of the trails on this page are "natural surfaced,"

meaning they are not paved or otherwise hardened

 Follows a standard design guidelines

 MOUNT PURRO NATURE RESERVE is a family-run nature
Ex. Apply a minimum of 1.5m width for sections
reserve tucked away in the foothills of the Sierra
using the existing footpaths with due regard to
Madre Mountain Range, in Barangay Calawis,
the natural landscape and environment
Antipolo City (1.25 hours drive from Q.C.) Sprawling
with lush greenery and teeming with wildlife, it is a
Boating
place that families, friends and organizations can visit
 Recreational boating facilities can include fixed and
to come face-to-face with nature and the great
floating facilities. Facilities can vary in size from one boat
outdoors.
slip (for example, at a small campground facility) to several
 Trails are modified in order to have easy walk through
thousand slips, and can handle boats ranging in size from
 The used of indigenous materials like bamboo in
small canoes to large sailboats and powerboats. Facilities
crafting the facilities
may be located in the same waterfront area or even in the
 Has no particular design guidelines as long as the
same site (such as a State park with a large lake) and
protection of the natural environment is concerned.
include marinas, launching facilities, piers, and docks that
are designed for recreational use.
Boating
 Boating facilities shall make use of the natural site
configuration to the greatest extent
possible.
 upgraded facilities such as boat ramps, floating
walkways and pontoons that are capable of handling
increased demand well into the future.

 Burnham Park, officially known as the Burnham Park
Reservation, is a historic urban park located in
downtown Baguio, Philippines. It was designed by
American architect and Baguio city planner, Daniel
Burnham who is also the namesake of the park.
 Burnham Lake, formerly known as the City Pond, is
about a century-old man-made lake situated at the
center portion of Burnham Park.
 Not very large boating facility and has a desired
maximum length and number of boat required
 Facilities is not as much modern in order to preserve
the historical value of the site
Yachting
Yachting
Cuba Yacht Facilities
Cuba has 5,746 km of coastline this includes islands and
cays which number around 4000 and are largely
uninhabited. As for marinas, there are few. The actual count
is 15, some facilities are little more than a wharf, some have
no docking facilities—only a few moorings but with shore
access, while others are quite extensive with many
amenities.
BOAT YARDS
 Cuba has a long history of boat building and their
workmanship is generally considered good. Although
there is some new construction, the bulk of the work
being done is repair work and most of these jobs are for
the island’s fishing and tour boat industries.
 The materials used are; steel, fiberglass and wood.
 For the most part, marinas are fixed docks and of
cement construction.
 Cuba’s south coast has far fewer marina facilities and
they tend to be small, can accommodate 4 to 6
transient vessels. This facility has floating docks
  Philippine Yacht Clubs Marinas Sailing Clubs
Philippine yacht clubs, marinas and sailing clubs are few
and far between when one considers that the Philippines
comprises 7107 islands, with a vast expanse of safe sailing
waters available in and around the Philippine archipelago.
The Philippine yacht clubs, marinas and sailing clubs that do
exist are generally determined to make every visitor feel as
welcome as possible. Some also have the capability to offer
short, medium & long term hardstand boat storage.
 The Subic Bay Yacht Club also provides hotel
accommodation and restaurant facilities, and has
two swimming pools and a bowling alley.