ASME VIII Div.1 Presentation

ASME VIII Div.
1
Course
Presented by:
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This material is provided for educational uses only. Only ASME can make code
interpretations.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
 Boiler explosions were common in
the 1800’s to early 1900’s
 By early 1900’s thousands were
killed across the United States.
 Commonwealth of Mass. Enacted
the first set of rules.
 1911, ASME Recognized the need
for uniform rules regarding design
and build of pressure vessels.
Keene, NH Boiler Explosion

May 22, 1898
 1911 – ASME set up the B&PV Committee – to
formulate std rules for
 c construction of boilers and pressure vessels
 1915 – first Code issued – ASME 1 – Power Boilers
 1923 – Heating Boilers – Section IV
 1924 – Materials – Section II
 1925 – Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 1
 1941 – Welding & Brazing – Section IX
 1963 - Nuclear Codes – Section III
 1968 – Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 2
 1971 - NDE – Section V
 1997 - Pressure Vessels – Section VIII Div 3
 ASME establishes rules for new construction of pressure
vessels that will perform in a safe & reliable manner.
 ASME also interprets these rules when questions arise
regarding their intent.
 Code does not address all aspects and those not addressed
should not be considered prohibited.
 Code does not fully address tolerances.
 Code is not a design handbook, designer must use
engineering judgment consistent with Code philosophy
which do not overrule mandatory requirements of the Code.
 Editions: Every 3 years new issuance (2004, 2007,
2010...)
 Addenda: Issuance every year.
 Replacement page format (colored).
 Mandatory 6 months after issuance.
 Interpretations: Issued by ASME Code committees
upon request.
 Not part of the Code.
 Code Cases: Formulated by the ASME Code
Committee to clarify existing requirements or to
provide rules not covered by the existing Code.
 Errata: Are mandatory immediately
ASME Codes & Standards
 Section I – Power Boilers
 Section II – Materials
• Part A; Part B; Part C; Part D
 Section III – Rules for Constr. of Nuclear Power Plant Components
• Div. 1 – 5
 Section IV – Heating boilers
 Section V – Nondestructive Examination
 Section VI – Recommended rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
 Section VII – Recommended guidelines for Care of Power Boilers
 Section VIII – Pressure Vessels
• Div 1; Div 2; Div 3
 Section IX – Welding and Brazing Qualifications
 Section X – FRP Pressure vessels
 Section XI – Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant components
 Section XII – Rules for Construction and continued Service of transport Tanks
 SECTION VIII - Pressure Vessels:
 Division 1 - Provides requirements applicable to the
design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
certification of pressure vessels operating at either
internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
 Division 2 - Alternative rules, provides requirements
to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
 Division 3 - Alternative rules for Construction of High
Pressure Vessels, provides requirements applicable to
the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
internal or external pressures generally above 10,000
psi.
INTRODUCTION
 Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that
carry, store, or receive fluids are
called pressure vessels.
 A pressure vessel is defined as a
container with a pressure differential

between inside and outside.
Types of Pressure Vessels
(According to orientation)
1- Typical Pressure Vessel 2- Spherical Pressure Vessel 3- Horizontal
Types of Supports
NOZZLES
A
SHELL
A
HEAD
SECTION A-A
SADDLE SUPPORT SADDLE SUPPORT

(SLIDING) (FIXED)
Horizontal Drum on Saddle Supports

Vertical Vessel with Lug Support
HEAD
NOZZLE
NOZZLE
TRAYS
CONE
SHELL
NOZZLE
HEAD
SKIRT
NOZZLE
SUPPORT
BASE PLATE
Column
HEAD
NOZZLE
SHELL
HEAD
SUPPORT
LEG
Vertical Vessel with Leg Support

INLET NOZZLE
HEAD
UPPER
CATALYST
BED SHELL
CATALYST BED
SUPPORT GRID
OUTLET
COLLECTOR
LOWER
CATALYST
BED
OUTLET NOZZLE
HEAD
SUPPORT SKIRT
Reactor
Pressure Vessels Internals
• Trays.
• Inlet Distributer.
• Anti-Vortex Baffle.
• Catalyst bed grid and support beams.
• Outlet collector.
• Flow distribution grid.
• Cyclone and plenum chamber system.
Design Procedure
 U-2 GENERAL (Factors affecting Design)
 (a) The user orr his designated agent shall establish the design requirements
for pressure vessels, taking into consideration factors associated with
normal operation, such other conditions as startup and shutdown, and
abnormal conditions which may become a governing design consideration .
 Such consideration shall include but shall not be limited to the
following:
(1) the need for corrosion allowances;

(2) the definition of lethal services.
(3) the need for post weld heat treatment (PWHT) beyond the requirements of
this Division and dependent on service conditions;
(4) for pressure vessels in which steam is generated, or water is heated, the
need for piping, valves, instruments, and fittings to perform the
functions covered by PG‐59 through PG‐61 of Section I.
(5) the degree of nondestructive examinations(s) and the selection of
applicable acceptance standards, when such examinations are applied, are
beyond the requirements of this Division.
Parts UG, UW, and
UCS
Material
UG-4 to UG-9
 Material used for Pressure vessel Parts, attachments,
and internals specifications is given in Section II, Part
D, Subpart 1, Tables 1A, 1B, and 3.
 Pressure vessel Parts and attachments like : Plates ,
Forged, Casted, Pipes, tubes and Welding material.
DESIGN
DESIGN
UG-16 (Notes to be taken in concederation)
 (a) The design of pressure vessels and vessel parts shall
conform to the general design requirements in the following
paragraphs and in addition to the specific requirements for
Design given in the applicable Parts of Subsections B (UW)
and C (UCS).
 (b) Minimum Thickness of Pressure Retaining Components.
Except for the special provisions listed below, the minimum
thickness permitted for shells and heads, after forming and
regardless of product form and material, shall be 1/16 in.
(1.5 mm) exclusive of any corrosion allowance.
Exceptions are:
 1) the minimum thickness does not apply to heat transfer plates
of plate‐type heat exchangers;
 (2) this minimum thickness does not apply to the inner pipe of
double pipe heat exchangers nor to pipes and tubes that are
enclosed and protected from mechanical damage by a shell,
casing, or ducting, where such pipes or tubes are NPS 6 (DN 150)
and less. This exemption applies whether or not the outer pipe,
shell, or protective element is constructed to Code rules. When
the outer protective element is not provided by the Manufacturer
as part of the vessel, the Manufacturer shall note this on the
Manufacturer’s Data Report, and the owner or his designated
agent shall be responsible to assure that the required enclosures
are installed prior to operation. Where pipes and tubes are fully
enclosed, consideration shall be given to avoiding buildup of
pressure within the protective chamber due to a tube/pipe leak.
All other pressure parts of these heat exchangers that are
constructed to Code rules must meet the 1/16 in. (1.5 mm)
minimum thickness requirements.
 (3) the minimum thickness of shells and heads of unfired
steam boilers shall be 1/4 in. (6 mm) exclusive of any
corrosion allowance;
 (4) the minimum thickness of shells and heads used in
compressed air service, steam service, and water service,
made from materials listed in Table UCS-23, shall be 3/32
in. (2.5 mm) exclusive of any corrosion allowance.
5) this minimum thickness does not apply to the tubes in air
cooled and cooling tower heat exchangers if all the following
provisions are met:
 (a) the tubes shall not be used for lethal UW-2(a) service applications;
 (b) the tubes shall be protected by fins or other mechanical means.
 (c) the tube outside diameter shall be a minimum of 3/8 in. (10 mm) and
a maximum of 11/2 in. (38 mm);
 (d) the minimum thickness used shall not be less than that calculated by
the formulas given in UG-27 or 1-1 and in no case less than 0.022 in. (0.5
mm).
 (c) Mill Undertolerance. Plate material shall be ordered not thinner than
the design thickness. Vessels made of plate furnished with an
undertolerance of not more than the smaller by value of 0.01 in. (0.25
mm) or 6% of the ordered thickness may be used at the full design
pressure for the thickness ordered.
 (d) Pipe Under-tolerance. If pipe or tube is ordered by its nominal wall
thickness, the manufacturing under-tolerance on wall thickness shall be
taken into account except for nozzle wall reinforcement area requirements
in accordance with UG-37 and UG-40.
 (e) Corrosion Allowance in Design Formulas. The dimensional symbols used in all
design formulas throughout this Division represent dimensions in the corroded
condition.
 (f) Examples showing the application of the design rules of this Division are contained
in ASME PTB-4, ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Example Problem Manual.
 UG-21 DESIGN PRESSURE
 Each element of a pressure vessel shall be designed

for at least the most severe condition of coincident
pressure (including coincident static head in the
operating position) and temperature expected in
normal operation.
For this condition, the maximum difference in pressure

between the inside and outside of a vessel, or between
any two chambers of a combination unit, shall be
considered.
UG-22 LOADINGS
 The loadings to be considered in designing a vessel shall
include those from:
 (a) internal or external design pressure
 (b) weight of the vessel and normal contents under
operating or test conditions;
 (c) superimposed static reactions from weight of attached
equipment, such as motors, machinery, other vessels,
piping, linings, and insulation;
 (d) the attachment of:
 (1) internals (see Nonmandatory Appendix D);
 (2) vessel supports, such as lugs, rings, skirts, saddles,

and legs (see Nonmandatory Appendix G);
 (e) cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal
variations, or from equipment mounted on a vessel, and
mechanical loadings;
……….Continue to Loading
 f) wind, snow, and seismic reactions, where required;
 (g) impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock;
 (h) temperature gradients and differential thermal

expansion;
 (i) abnormal pressures, such as those caused by
deflagration;
 (j) test pressure and coincident static head acting during
the test (see UG-99).
UG-27 THICKNESS OF SHELLS
UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
 (a) The minimum required thickness
of shells under internal pressure shall

not be less than that computed by
the following formulas.
 (b) The symbols defined below are used in the formulas
 of this paragraph.
 E = joint efficiency for, or the efficiency of appropriate joint

in cylindrical or spherical shells, or the efficiency of
ligaments between openings, whichever is less.
For welded vessels, use the efficiency specified in UW-12.
 For ligaments between openings, use the efficiency
calculated by the rules given in UG-53.
 P = internal design pressure (see UG-21)
 R = inside radius of the shell course .
 S = maximum allowable stress value (see UG-23 and the

stress limitations specified in UG-24)
 t = minimum required thickness of shell
 (c) Cylindrical Shells and tubes.
The minimum thickness (tmin) or

maximum allowable working pressure
(MAWP) of cylindrical shells shall be
the greater thickness or lesser
pressure as given by (1) or (2) below.
 (1) Circumferential Stress
(Longitudinal Joints).
 When the thickness does not exceed
one half of the inside radius, or P
does not exceed 0.385SE, the
following formulas shall apply:
PR SEt
t= or P=
SE - 0.6 P R + 0.6 t
(2) Longitudinal Stress
(Circumferential Joints).
 When the thickness does not exceed
one half of the inside radius, or P
does not exceed 1.25SE, the
following formulas shall apply:
t=
PR or P=
2SEt
2SE - 0.2 P R + 0.2 t
(WE WILL NOT USE THIS FORMULA)

 (d) Spherical Shells. When the
thickness of the shell of a wholly
spherical vessel does not exceed
0.356R, or P does not exceed
0.665SE, the following formulas shall
apply:
Appendix 1 Supplementary Design
Formulas
External Formula
 (1) For cylindrical shells (circumferential
stress),
SEt
t=
PRo OR P=
SE  0.4 P Ro - 0.4 t
Where Ro is outside Diameter.

 (e) When necessary, vessels shall be provided with
stiffeners or other additional means of support to
prevent overstress or large distortions under the
external loadings listed in UG-22 other than pressure
and temperature.
 (f) A stayed jacket shell that extends completely
around a cylindrical or spherical vessel shall also meet
the requirements of UG-47(c).
 (g) Any reduction in thickness within a shell course or
spherical shell shall be in accordance with UW-9
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS.
Comparing Internal and External
Formulae
 Example: Given a cylindrical shell with the following variables,
solve for the MAWP of the cylinder using both formulas.
 P=? * The question mark defines what is being solved for.
 t = 0.500"
 S = 15,000 psi
 E = 1.0
 R = 18.0“ and Routside = 18.5"
SEt 15,000 x 1.0 x 0.500 7500

App 1 (1 - 1) P =    409.8 psi
Ro - 0.4t 18.5 - (0.4 x 0.500) 18.3
UG-31 TUBES, AND PIPE WHEN USED AS TUBES OR
SHELLS
 (a) Internal Pressure. The required wall thickness for tubes
and pipe under internal pressure shall be determined in

accordance with the rules for shells in UG-27.
 (b) External Pressure. The required wall thickness for tubes
and pipe under external pressure shall be determined in

accordance with the rules in UG-28.
 (c) The thickness as determined under (a) or (b) above shall
be increased when necessary to meet the following
requirements:
 (1) Additional wall thickness should be provided when
corrosion, erosion, or wear due to cleaning operations is
expected.
 (2)Where ends are threaded, additional wall thickness is to
be provided in the amount of 0.8/n in. (20/n mm) [where
n equals the number of threads per inch (25.4 mm)].
UG-32 Formed Heads, and sections,
pressure on concave side
 (a) The minimum required thickness at the
thinnest point after forming of ellipsoidal, tori-
spherical, hemispherical, conical, and tori-conical
heads under pressure on the concave side (plus
heads) shall be computed by the appropriate
formulas in this paragraph.
 There are three types of calculations for formed heads listed in the
Body of Knowledge:
Ellipsoidal, Torispherical and Hemispherical. A sketch and the
formulae for thickness of each kind are below.
PD 0.885PL PL
t= t= t=
2SE - 0.2 P SE - 0.1P 2SE - 0.2P
Efficiency “E” Definition
E is joint efficiency ,
or
The efficiency of appropriate joint in
cylindrical or spherical shells “UW-12”,
or
The efficiency of ligaments “UG-53”
between openings, whichever is less.
What we need to Get the
Efficiency “E”
1. Review and understand the terms joint "category“ and

"type".

2. Determine the correct "E" value based on joint type
and degree of radiography.

3. Review ASME stamping requirements when
radiography is performed.
UG-27 Shells under internal under pressure.
UG-32 Formed heads, pressure on the concave
side.
UW-3 Welded joint category.
Figure UW-3 Illustration of Welded Joint
Location.
UW-12 Joint efficiencies
Table UW-12 Maximum allowable joint
efficiencies
UG-116(e) Required marking (nameplates or
direct stamping)
UW-3 Welded Joint Category
 The term Category as used herein
defines the location of a joint in a
vessel, but not the type of joint.
 Categories are assigned based on the
type and degree of stresses imposed at
various locations within a vessel.
 Joints included in each category are
designated as A, B, C or D.
 (a) Category A
 Longitudinal joints within the main shell,
communicating chambers (eg. sumps), transitions in
diameter, or nozzles,
 any joint in a sphere, formed or flat head or side plates
in flat sided vessels,
 circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical
heads to shells, nozzles, or to communicating chambers.
 (b) Category B
 Circumferential welded joints within the main shell,
communicating chambers or transitions in diameter,
 circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads
other than hemispherical to main shells, transitions in
diameter, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers.
(c) Category C
 Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone laps, tube
sheets, or flat heads to:
 main shells, to formed heads,
 to transitions in diameter, to nozzles or to
communicating chambers,
 Any welded joint connecting one side plate to another
side plate of a flat sided vessel.
(d) Category D
 Welded joints connecting communicating chambers or
nozzles to: main shells, spheres, transitions in diameter,
to heads, flat sided vessels, and nozzles to communicating
chambers
Joints Categories
UW-2 Service Restrictions
 UW-2 Service Restrictions is a very important section for lethal
service vessels and must be read in its entirety.
 A few brief points from UW-2:
 UW-2(a) and UW-11(a)(1) - All butt welds shall be 100%
radiographed.
 UW-2(a) - Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe (like some grades
of SA-53) is not permitted but interpretation VIII-1-01-118 says it is
acceptable if the long seam is fully radiographed.
 UW-2(a) - Post weld heat treatment is required for CS and Low Alloy
 UW-2(a)(1)(a) - Category A welds shall be type 1 only (butt welded
with no permanent backing strip)
 UW-2(a)(1)(b&c) &Interpretation VIII-1 92-211 -
Category B & C welds shall be type 1 or 2 only (butt
welded). No slip on flanges! No Figure UW-13.2 Flange or
Head to Shell attachments.
 Interpretation VIII-I-98-23 - Category D welds
(typically nozzles) shall be full penetration.
 UW-2(a)(1)(c) - Category C joints for stub ends have a
long list of requirements
 UW-2(a)(2 and 3) - Heat exchangers have a long list of
requirements
Read all of UW-2 for more restrictions...
 Note : Visit also the following page :

http://pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/comments/lethal-
service-quick-guide/
If determined as lethal, ………….
(1) The joints of various categories (see UW-3) shall be as

follows.
(a) Except under the provisions of (a)(2) or (a)(3)
below, all joints of Category A shall be Type No. (1) of
Table UW-12.
(b) All joints of Categories B and C shall be Type No. (1)
or No. (2) of Table UW-12.
Applying UW-2
Weld Joints Types
Visit this page:
https://www.pinterest.com/shoaibshah77398/types-of-joints-in-
welding/
These are the only two types which are
considered acceptable for radiography
by Section VIII Div.1
Type 1
Type 2
Double Welded butt
joint or equivalent. Single welded butt
Backing if used joint with backing
must be removed. which remains in
place.
UW‐11 :RT and UT EXAMINATIONS
Full Radiography is required in following cases :

 All butt welds of vessels for lethal substances

 If thickness exceeds given in table UCS‐57, UHA ‐ 33,

 Butt welds of unfired boilers.

 For all other vessels, All cat. A welds full radiography .
Cat. B & C welds which intersect the Cat. A welds shall be
spot radiographed.

 Radiography is not required of category B and C butt
welds in nozzles less than NPS 10 or 1 1/8 in. thick.
1 Spot Radiography : Spot RT of Butt joints if design
efficiency is selected for spot radiography.

2 No Radiography : No RT of weld joints if design efficiency
is selected for no radiography or vessel is designed for
external pressure

3 Ultrasonic examination : ultrasonic examination in
accordance with UW‐53 may be substituted for radiography
for the final closure seam of a pressure vessel if the
construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable
radiographs in accordance with Code requirements. The
absence of suitable radiographic equipment shall not be
justification or such substitution.
UW-11 Radiographic and Ultrasonic
Examinations of Weld Joints
(a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints shall be
examined radiographically for their full length ….
(1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels used to
contain lethal substances [see UW-2(a)];
Remember, UW-2(a) demands that in lethal service the welds

be of Type 1 for Category A and must be of either Type1 or 2
for Categories B and C.
Type 1 Type 2
Examples: Type 1, Butt welded, both sides must be
visible
Examples: Type 2, butt welded with backing
Fig. UW-13.1
sketch (k)
backing left in place
"joggle joint"
Examples: Type 3, single welded butt
welded without backing
not viewed internally -eg. small

diameter pipe or assemblies with
space or visibility restrictions
Examples: Type 4, double full fillet lap joint
Examples: Type 5, single full
fillet lap joints with plug welds
Plug Weld
Examples: Type 6,single full

fillet lap joint without plug
welds
Joints Types
 8 Joint types are identified.
 Type 1 has the highest efficient, type 6 has the
lowest efficient. Types 7 and 8 have no assigned
efficiency.
 Types 1 through 3 are butt joints, types 4
through 6 are lap joints. Type 7 is a corner joint
and 8 is an angle joint.
Only type 1 and 2 butt joints may be
radiographed in order to improve efficiency.
Summary of weld
types:
Type 1: Full penetration welds (Typically
Double welded)
Type 2: Welds with backing strip
Type 3: Single welded partial penetration
welds
Type 4, 5 and 6: Various Lap welds
(rarely used)
Examinations of Weld Joints
Lethal Service
Full
Radiography
Examinations of Weld Joints Page 117
(a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints shall be
examined radiographically for their full length ….
(2) all butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness

[ see (g) below] at the welded joint exceeds 1-1/2 in.
(38mm), or exceeds the lesser thicknesses prescribed in UCS-
57…. * This paragraph is on the examination.
(g) For radiographic and ultrasonic examination of butt welds,

the definition of nominal thickness at the welded joint under
consideration shall be the nominal thickness of the thinner
of the two parts joined. Nominal thickness is defined in 3-2.
(3) all butt welds in the shell and heads of unfired steam
boilers ………Steam Boilers are NOT on the Exam.
(4) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating chambers, etc.,

attached to vessel sections or heads that are required
to be fully radiographed under (1) or (3) above; however,
.....Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles and
communicating chambers that **neither exceed NPS 10 (DNS
250) nor 1-1/8 in. (29mm) wall thickness do not require any
radiographic examination;
** This only applies to circumferential welds in small (NPS 10 /

1-1/8” thick.) nozzles and chambers. Longitudinal seams are
not exempted by this rule.
UW-11
(4) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating
chambers, etc., attached to vessel sections or heads
that are required to be fully radiographed under (1) or
(3) above; however, Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers that neither
exceed NPS 10 (DNS 250) nor 1-1/8 in. (29mm) wall
thickness do not require any radiographic examination;
(5) all Category A and D butt welds in vessel sections and
heads where the design of the joint or part is based on a joint
efficiency permitted by UW - 12(a), in which case:
(a) Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections

or heads shall be of Type No. (1) or Type No. (2) of Table UW-
12; * Just means they must be radiographable.
(b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in

nozzles or communicating chambers except as required in (2)
above] which intersect the Category A butt welds in vessel
sections or heads or connect seamless vessel sections or heads
shall, as a minimum, meet the requirements for spot
radiography in accordance with UW-52 (Will be explained in
Inspection and testing part).
(5) all Category A and D butt welds in vessel
sections and heads where the design of the joint or
part is based on a joint efficiency permitted by UW -
12(a), in which case:
* This paragraph is only mandatory when it is

desired by the designer to use the highest joint
efficiency possible for calculations of thickness
required or pressure allowed.
It is a choice the designer makes when there are
no mandatory requirements based on service or
material as found in UW-11 (a) (1)*Lethal Service,
(2)*Thickness exceeded
This means that;
If the material of construction is not one of those
referenced UW-11(a)(2) then the default value for the
thinner thickness exceeded becomes 1-1/2”. Since the
API 510 examination is restricted to UCS materials
(carbon and low alloy steels) this rule will be
demonstrated using a Carbon Steel that is classified
as a P-Number 1.
From Mandatory Appendix 3
Definitions
(c) nominal thickness – …….For plate material, the
nominal thickness shall be, at the Manufacturer’s
option, either the thickness shown on the Material
Test Report {or material Certificate of Compliance
[UG-93(a)(1)]} before forming, or the measured
thickness of the plate at the joint or location under
consideration.
* Information only this is not on the exam.

(6) all butt welds joined by… electrogas welding is
not on the exam.
7) ultrasonic examination in accordance with UW-
53 may be substituted for radiography for the final
closure seam of a pressure vessel if the construction
of the vessel does not permit interpretable
radiographs in accordance with Code
requirements. The absence of suitable radiographic
equipment shall not be justification for such
substitution.
(8) exemptions from radiographic examination for certain
welds in nozzles and communicating chambers as described in
(2), (4), and (5) above take precedence over the radiographic
requirements of Subsection C of this Division.
Note: This means that even though P-No. 5 for example

requires RT in all thicknesses the small/thin nozzles are
exempt.
(b) Spot Radiography. Except as required in (a)(5)(b) above,

butt welded joints made in accordance with Type No. (1) or (2)
of Table UW-12 which are not required to be fully
radiographed by (a) above, may be examined by spot
radiography. Spot radiography shall be in accordance with UW-
52. * If full RT is not mandatory Spot Radiography done
because the the designers choose it.
If spot radiography is specified for the entire vessel,
radiographic examination is not required of Category B and C
butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers that
exceed neither NPS 10 nor 1-1/8 in. wall thickness
(c) No Radiography. Except as required in (a) above, no

radiographic examination of welded joints is required when
the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only,
or when the joint design complies with UW-12(c).
* The designer can choose not to do RT if there is no

mandatory requirement such as lethal, thickness, or desire for
a higher joint E.
UCS-57
Section VIII
From paragraph UCS-57:

In addition to the requirements of UW-11, complete
radiographic examination is required for each butt welded joint
at which the thinner of the plate or vessel wall thicknesses at
the welded joint exceeds the thickness limit above which full
radiography is required in Table UCS-57.
Section VIII
UCS-57
For P No.1 materials the thinner of the two must
exceed 1.25” The girth weld at the 1.25 to 1.5” joint
and all above it are exempt.
Class Quiz
UW-11 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Examinations
1. In the drawing below the paragraph that applies

is;
a. UW-11(a)(1) Lethal Service
b. UW-11(a)(2) Thickness limit exceeded
c. UW-11(a)(5) The desire to take E from Column A
of Table UW-12
Class Quiz
UW-11 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Examinations
2. In the drawing below the paragraph that applies
is;
a. UW-11(a)(1) Lethal Service
b. UW-11(a)(2) Thickness exceeded
c. UW-11(a)(5) Design using E from Col. A Table
UW-12
UW-12 Joint Efficiencies Page 119
Table UW-12 gives the joint efficiencies E to be used in the

formulas of this Division for joints completed by an arc or gas
welding process. Except as required by UW-11(a)(5), a joint
efficiency depends only on the type of joint and on the degree
of examination of the joint and does not depend on the degree
of examination of any other joint.
(a) A value of E not greater than that given in column (a)*

of Table UW-12 shall be used in the design calculations for
fully radiographed butt joints [seeUW-11(a)], except that when
the requirements of UW-11(a)(5) are not met, a value of E
not greater than that given in column (b) of Table UW-12 shall
be used. * Known as Full Radiography
So now we are sent back to UW-11(a)(5)…….

UW-12 Joint Efficiencies
Table UW-12 gives the joint efficiencies "E" to be
used in the formulas of this Division for joints
completed by gas or an arc welding process.
Except as required by UW-11(a)(5), a joint
efficiency depends only on the type of joint and
the degree of examination of the joint and doesn't
depend on the degree of examination of any other
joint.
 The user or his designated agent [U-2(a)] shall
establish the type of joint and the degree of
examination when the rules of this Division do not
mandate specific requirements.
Weld Joints Efficiencies
(from table UW-12)
Butt Joints as Full Spot None
Col. A Col. B Col. C
Type 1-Cat. A,B,C,&D attained by double-
welding or by other
Full RT Spot RT No RT
means which will
obtain the same E = 1.0 E = .85 E = .70
quality on the inside
and outside. Backing
strip if used must be
removed after
Type 2-Cat. A,B,C,&D welding is completed. E = .90 E = .80 E = .65
Single-welded butt
joint with backing
strip which remains in
place after welding is
completed. Limitations
apply see table UW-
12.
 UW-12(a)
A value of E not greater than that given in column (a) of
Table UW-12 shall be used in the design calculations for
fully radiographed butt joints [see UW-11(a)], except
that when the requirements of UW-11(a)(5) are not
met, a value of E not greater than that given in column
(b) of Table UW-12 shall be used.
 UW-12(b) Spot radiography
 Per column (b) of Table UW-12
 Performed per UW-52* [see UW-
11(b)]
* Minimum one film (at least 6 inches

long) per welder for each 50 foot
increment of deposited weld metal.
 UW-12(c) No Radiography
 Per column (c) of Table UW-12
 UW-12(f) Pressure Welding Processes
 A value of E not greater than 0.80 for welds
completed by any of the pressure welding
processes listed in UW-27(a).
 UW-12( a) Full Radiography

 Use the efficiency specified in column (a) of
Table UW12, except when the requirements of
UW-11(a)(5) are not met, a value not greater
than that listed in column (b) of Table UW-12
shall be used.
UW-11(a)(5) All Category A and D butt welds in the
shell and heads of vessels where the design of the joint
or part is based on a joint efficiency permitted by UW-
12(a), in which case:
 (a) Category A and B welds connecting vessel
sections or heads shall be Type 1 or 2 of Table UW-12.
 (b) Category B or C butt welds which intersect
category A butt welds in vessel sections or heads, or
connect seamless vessel sections or heads shall as a
minimum, meet the requirements for spot radiography in
accordance with UW-52.
 UW-52(b)(4) Radiographs required at specific locations
to satisfy the rules of other paragraphs, such as UW-
9(d), UW11(a)(5)(b). and UW-14(b), shall not be used
to satisfy the rules for spot radiography.
Use column (a) of Table UW-12, when UW-11(a)(5) is met
only,
use column (b) of Table UW-12.
UW 12(d) Seamless Vessel Sections and Heads

are considered equivalent to welded parts of the same
geometry, in which and all Category A welds are type 1.
Formed head
other than hemi
Hemi head
UW-12(d) can't... For calculations involving
circumferential stress in vessel sections or for
the thickness of seamless heads, E = 1.0
when the spot radiography requirements of
UW 11(a) (5)(b) are met, or 0.85 when they
are not met.
Formed head
other than hemi Hemi head
UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT performed, E= 1.0

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT not met, E= 0.85
UW-12(d) Seamless vessel …………. E= 0.85
when the spot radiography requirements of UW-
11(a)(5)(b) are not met, or when the Category A
or B welds connecting seamless vessel sections or
heads are Type No. 3, 4, 5, or 6 of Table UW-12.
* 3 to 6 are can not be radiographed by Code
rules.
UW-12(e) Welded pipe or tubing* shall be treated in the
same manner as seamless, but with the allowable tensile
stress taken from the welded product values of the stress
tables, and the requirements of UW-12(d) applied.
• Manufactured in accordance with a material
specification permitted by this Division, not fabricated
by the vessel manufacturer as a vessel part. (eg. ERW
pipe)
Welded, but
treated
like seamless
[UW-12(d)]
UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT
performed, E= 1.0
UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT not
met, E= 0.85
UW-12(e) Welded pipe or tubing shall be
treated in the same manner as seamless, but with
allowable tensile stress taken from the welded
product values of the stress tables, and the
requirements of UW-12(d) applied.
If the spot RT is applied use E = 1.0, if not E =
0.85
Remember
Remember that there only two (2) joint efficiencies
possible for Seamless Shell and Seamless Heads
they are;
1.0 or 0.85
1.0 when the rules of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have been
applied (UW-52 Spot RT applied).
0.85 when the rules have not been applied.

(UW-52 Spot RT not applied)
DO NOT GO TO TABLE UW-12 FOR THE E TO USE IN

SEAMLESS HEADS OR SEAMLESS SHELLS
Class Quiz
1. A Type 1 weld has received Spot Radiographic

Testing the resulting Joint E _______?
a. 1.0
b. 0.80
c. 0.85
2. A Type 3 weld can be spot radiographed.
___True ___False
3. A Type 2 weld has been Fully Radiographed, the
Weld Joints E is ______.
a. 0.85
b. 0.90
c. 0.80
Class Quiz

Testing the resulting Joint E _______?
c. 0.85
2. A Type 3 weld can be spot radiographed.
___False
3. A Type 2 weld has been Fully Radiographed, the
Weld Joints E is ______.
b. 0.90
Class Quiz
Testing resulting in a Joint E of 0.80, this E could be
improved to a 1.0 by _____________________.
a. applying full radiography
b. removing the backing and double welding and
then applying Spot RT.
c. removing the backing, double welding thus
creating a Type 1, and then applying Full RT.
Class Quiz
Testing resulting in a Joint E of 0.80, this E could be
improved to a 1.0 by _____________________.
c. removing the backing, double welding thus
creating a Type 1, and then applying Full RT.
UG-116(e) Required Marking
 When a vessel has been radiographed in
accordance with UW-11, marking shall be
applied under the Code symbol
as follows:
 RT-1
 RT-2
 RT-3
 RT-4
RT-l, Full radiography of all pressure retaining butt
welded joints, except Category B & C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers that neither
exceed IMPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1-1/8 in. (29mm).
RT-2, when the complete vessel satisfies the

requirements of UW 11(a)(5) and when spot RT rules
of UW 11(a)(5)(b) have been applied.
Formed
head,
Other than Hemi head
Hemi
RT-3, when the complete vessel
satisfies the spot radiography rules of
UW-11(b).
Formed
Hemi head
head,
Other than
Hemi
RT-4, when only part of the complete vessel has

satisfied the radiographic requirements of UW-11(a)
or where none of the markings RT-1, RT-2, or RT 3
are applicable
Formed
head, Hemi head
Other than
Hemi
UG-16 and UW-12
Joint Efficiencies according to Marking
For the purposes of choosing joint efficiencies when
doing vessel section or head calculations.
RT 1
Full Use 1.0 if joints are of Type 1 or 0.90 if Type 2
RT 2
Case 1: Use 1.0 with Seamless Heads and Shells
Case 2: Seamed Shells/Seamless Heads
• Shells Use 1.0 if joints are Type 1or if Type 2
Use 0.90
• Use 1.0 for seamless heads
RT 3
Use 0.85 if Joints are of Type 1 or 0.80 if of Type 2
Use 0.85 for Seamless heads
RT 4
* Special case of selective radiography *
Use Table UW-12 based on Joint Type and RT
described in the exam question.
No RT
Go to Table UW-12 and look up the E to be used for
the type of weld under consideration.
Case1: Type 1 Use 0.70
Case 2: Type 2 Use 0.65
Seamless heads use 0.85 Per UW-12(d)
ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for
Seamless Heads
Class Quiz
1. Which of the following types of welds are required if
a vessel is determined to be in lethal service?
a. Category A and B welds shall be of Type 1.
b. Category A and B welds must be of Type 1 or 2.
c. Category A shall be of Type 1 only, B and C can be
of Type 1 or Type 2.
2. Lable these welds by Type

Class Quiz
UW -3 Welded Joint Category
1. The category of a joint depends on:
a. What kind of weld was made, fillet or butt.
b. The process used to make the weld.
c. Whether it is vertical or horizontal in the vessel
d. None of the above.
2. A circumferential weld to attach a flange is what
Category?
a. D
b. C
c. E
d. A
Class Quiz
3. A circumferential weld used to attach a

seamless head is of what Category?
a. B
b. C
c. E
d. A
4. The circumferential weld to attach a

Hemispherical head to a shell is a Category
____.
Class Quiz
3. A circumferential weld used to attach a

seamless head is of what Category?
a. B
4. The circumferential weld to attach a

Hemispherical head to a shell is a Category A
.
5. Label these weld joints by
Category
A,B, C or D
5. Label these weld joints by
Category
Class Quiz
 Find the Maximum Allowable Working

Pressure (MAWP) of a 12 inch inside
diameter shell. This shell is seamless and
is stamped RT 2. It has an allowable
stress value of 16,600 psi and the wall
thickness is .406”. No corrosion is
expected.
OPENING AND
REINFORCEMENT
UG-36 OPENINGS IN PRESSURE
VESSELS
 UG-36(a) Shape of Opening
(1) Openings in cylindrical or conical portions of
vessels, or in formed heads, shall preferably be

circular, elliptical, or obround.
(2) Openings may be of other shapes than those
given in (1) above, and all corners shall be provided

with a suitable radius. the part of the vessel
affected shall be subjected to a proof hydrostatic
test as prescribed in UG-101.
 (b) Size of Openings
 (1) Properly reinforced openings in cylindrical and
conical shells are not limited as to size except with the
following provisions for design. The rules in UG-36
through UG-43 apply to openings not exceeding the
following:
 For vessels 60 in. (1 500 mm) inside diameter
and less, onehalf the vessel diameter, but not to
exceed 20 in. (500 mm);
 for vessels over 60 in. (1 500 mm) inside
diameter, one‐third the vessel diameter, but not
to exceed 40 in.
(1 000 mm). (For conical shells, the inside shell
diameter
UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN
SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS
 Finally you need to calculate the
summation of additional areas and
check if such summation is equal or
greater than the total cut area from
shell wall at E=1.0 , if yes there is no
need for reinforcement if no you
need to add reinforcement to reach
the cut area.
FABRICATION
 UG-80 PERMISSIBLE OUT-OF-ROUNDNESS
OF CYLINDRICAL, CONICAL, AND
SPHERICAL SHELLS
 (a) Internal Pressure. The shell of a completed vessel shall
be substantially round and shall meet the following
requirements:
 (1) The difference between the maximum and
minimum inside diameters at any cross section shall
not exceed 1% of the nominal diameter at the cross
section under consideration.
 UG-82 LUGS AND FITTING ATTACHMENTS
 All lugs, brackets, saddle type nozzles, manhole frames,
reinforcement around openings, and other appurtenances
shall be formed and fitted to conform reasonably to the
curvature of the shell or surface to which they are attached.
 (a) When pressure parts, such as saddle type nozzles,

manhole frames, and reinforcement around openings,
extend over pressure retaining welds, such welds shall be
ground flush for the portion of the weld to be covered.
 (b) When nonpressure parts, such as lugs, brackets, and

support legs and saddles, extend over pressure retaining
welds, such welds shall be ground flush as described in (a)
above, or such parts shall be notched or coped to clear
those welds.
Impact Testing
UG-84 CHARPY IMPACT TESTS
 (a) General. Charpy V‐notch impact tests in
accordance with the provisions of this paragraph shall
be made on weldments and all materials for shells,
heads, nozzles, and other vessel parts subject to
stress due to pressure for which impact tests are
required by the rules in Subsection C.
This is why we impact test!

 The question becomes, is this metal in this thickness
and heat treated condition, prone to brittle fracture
at the desired MDMT ?
 So the task becomes evaluating a given material for exemptions
from testing. This a four step process, ending with a ‘yes you
must’ or ‘no you don’t’ solution.
 The four steps are;
1. The exemption given in paragraph UG-20(f).
2. The exemptions listed in UCS-66 (Table UCS-66).
3. The reduction in temperature provided by Table UCS-66.1 to
Table UCS-66
4. The reduction in temperature to Table UCS-66 given in
paragraph UCS-68(c).
 If at the end of the 4 steps, impact testing is required, then
they must be conducted in accordance with the rules
described in the paragraph UG-84.
What we need to know?


1. Are they required?

• 2. If the tests are required
 How must they be conducted and,
 What passes and what is considered to have failed the
tests?
Impact Testing Exemptions
 The search will begin in UG-20(f) and
progress through UCS 66, and 68. If no
exemption is found impact tests are
required. The best approach is to list
these by steps.
Step 1 Paragraph UG-20
 UG-20(f) lists an exemption from impact testing for
materials that meet “All” of the following requirements.
1. Material is limited to P-No.1 Gr. No.1 or 2 and the thicknesses

don't exceed the following:
• (a) 1/2 in. for materials listed in Curve A of Fig.
UCS-66;
• (b) 1 in. for materials from Curve B, C or D of Fig. UCS-66;
2. The completed vessel shall be hydrostatically tested
3. Design temperature is no warmer than 650°F nor colder than -
20°F.
4. The thermal or mechanical shock loadings are not controlling
design.
5. Cyclical loading is not a controlling design requirement.
Reminder
 All of the conditions of UG-20(f) must be

met to take this exemption from impact
testing.
Step 2
Fig. UCS-66 Material Curves
UCS-66 (a) Turn your attention to Fig. UCS-66 Impact Test Exemption Curves
and Table UCS-66. The Graph or Table are used to determine the minimum
temperature a material thickness can be operated at without mandatory
impact testing..
The graph has four curves: A, B, C and D. In Fig. UCS-66 along with the graph
is a listing of carbon and low alloy steels. This listing of materials is used to
determine the curve on the Graph or in the Table for a given material.
After finding the curve for the material, there are two choices.
 You may use the graph of Fig. UCS 66 or the Table UCS 66 to
determine the minimum temperature for a given thickness. It is
recommended to use the Table. The Table is a lot easier to use
with accuracy.
 If the material thickness is operated at or above the temperature

listed in Table UCS-66, impact tests are not required. If the
material thickness is to operate below the given minimum
temperature, impact testing is required. The temperature found in
the table is the MDMT of that material thickness without impact
testing being required.
Example
 A material that has been assigned to
Curve B which is 2 inches (51 mm) thick.

Using the table we find the column for
Curve B materials, move down until we
find the thickness row for 2 inches and
across to find the MDMT that this
material can be used without impact
testing is 63oF (17oC).
 That doesn’t seem like an acceptable
minimum design temperature for most
vessels. This makes a Curve B material a
poor choice at 2” thickness.
Class Quiz
What is the lowest temperature that a 1.5

inch thickness Curve D material can be
designed for without impact tests?
 Using the Coincident Ratio given in a problem we enter the
graph on the left side at that value. The across to intersect
the curve then down to find a temperature given. We take
that temperature back to Table UCS-66 and reduce the
temperature given there for the material of interest by the
amount we found using Table UCS-66.1.
 Example: The Coincident Ratio is given as .60. Now using our

previous Table UCS-66 2” Curve B material that has a MDMT
of 63oF we adjust and find a new MDMT. Like this!
Step 3
Reduction in Minimum Design Metal Temperature
Without Impact Testing (Figure UCS-66.1)
63 – 40 = 23oF our adjusted MDMT

 Class Quiz
Table UCS-66.1
1. What would be the adjusted MDMT for a vessel 1.5”

thick from Curve D with a Coincident Ratio of .90 ?
– 14oF lowered by 10oF = -24oF “Algebraic
Sum”. The adjusted “New MDMT”!
Step 4
 UCS-68(a) Design rules for carbon and low alloy steels
stipulates requirements about construction of the vessel
or part. The main points are: mandatory joint types,
required post weld heat treatments below -55 °F unless
the vessel is installed in a fixed (stationary) location, and
the coincident Ratio of stress is less than 0.35.
 UCS-68(b) Welded joints must be postweld heat treated

when required buy other rules of this Division or when the
MDMT is colder than -55 °F and for vessel installed in a
fixed (stationary) location the coincident Ratio is 0.35 or
greater.
 UCS-68(c) Notice a reduction of 30 °F below that of
Figure UCS-66 for P-1 materials if post welded heat
treatment is performed when it is not otherwise
required in the Code. This means that 30 °F can be
subtracted from the temperature found in Table
UCS-66. If the adjusted temperature is below that
desire, Impact Tests are not required. It is exempt. If
a statement about heat treatment is made in a
particular problem the task becomes finding out if
heat treatment was required or not. If it is not
mentioned, it must be concluded that it was not
performed and therefore the exemption cannot be
taken.
Example
 Example:
 Givens:
 Material SA-516-70 normalized (plate)
 Thickness 2"
 Min. Yield 38 KSI
 MDMT -25 °F
 Coincident Ratio = .85

 Step 1: Check for the exemptions of UG-20(f)

 Our material applies to Curve D of Figure UCS-66 and exceeds the
1“ limit for exemption. It also exceeds and lower temperature
limits - 20 °F.
Our Material 516 Normalized is on Curve D below
Step 2: Checking Table UCS-66 and entering at our
thickness of 2 inches on the left and moving across to
Curve D column, we find the MDMT of this thickness to
be -4 °F. This exemption does not apply our goal is -25
°F.
 Step 3: Checking Fig.
UCS-66.1 and entering
at our stated Coincident
Ratio of .85 and then
down to read the
temperature reduction
permitted we find 15
°F.
 Step 3: This 15 °F is subtracted directly
from the table UCS-66.
 So we now have -4 from Table UCS-66

 And …………… -15 from Table UCS-66.1
 -19 °F
 Not there yet, we need -25 °F to be

exempt from testing.
 UCS-68 (c) If postweld heat treating is performed when it is
not otherwise a requirement of this Division, a 30°F (17 °C)
reduction in impact testing exemption temperature may be
given to the minimum permissible temperature from Fig.
UCS-66 for P-No.1 materials.
 P-1 materials (only) if post welded heat treatment is

performed when it is not otherwise required.
 This would occur if the note 2(b) of table UCS-56 for P No. 1
materials is complied with or if the vessel is in general
service and has no mandatory heat treatment requirements
in the Code.
Finally
 Step 4: Checking UCS-68 (c), we find that we cannot
take a reduction because PWHT is a requirement of
UCS-56 for this material's thickness of 2 inches.
 Answer:
 Impact tests are required for the desired

MDMT of -25 °F.
 So how must they be done?

(c) Test Specimens
 (1) Each set of impact test specimens shall consist of three
specimens.
 (2) The impact test specimens shall be of the Charpy V‐notch type
and shall conform in all respects to Figure UG-84. The standard
(10 mm × 10 mm) specimens, when obtainable, shall be used for
nominal thicknesses of 7/16 in. (11 mm) or greater, except as
otherwise permitted in (-a) below.
 (-a) For materials that normally have absorbed energy in excess
of 180 ft‐lbf (240 J) when tested using full size (10mm× 10 mm)
specimens at the specified testing temperature, subsize (10 mm
× 6.7 mm) specimens may be used in lieu of full size specimens.
However, when this option is used, the acceptance value shall be
75 ft‐lbf (100 J) minimum for each specimen and the lateral
expansion in mils (mm) shall be reported.
 (3) For material from which full size (10 mm × 10 mm) specimens
cannot be obtained, either due to the material shape or thickness,
the specimens shall be either the largest possible standard
subsize specimens obtainable or specimens of full material
nominal thickness which may be machined to remove surface
irregularities.
 (b) Test Procedures
 (1) Impact test procedures and apparatus shall
conform to the applicable paragraphs of SA-370 or ISO
148 (Parts 1, 2, and 3).
 (2) Unless permitted by Table UG-84.4, impact test
temperature shall not be warmer than the minimum
design metal temperature [see UG-20(b)]. The test
temperature may be colder than the minimum
specified in the material specification of Section II.
Class Quiz
 1. What specification must impact testing procedures conform to?
 2. What type of Impact Test does the Code recognize?
 3. What are the dimensions of a standard Charpy Impact
specimen?
 4. How many specimens comprise a single set?
 5. How many sets of specimens are required for a weld procedure
test coupon 1 3/4 inches thick?
 6. When welding a procedure test plate for impact testing what
must the P No. and Group No. be? What type of heat treatment must
be applied to the test plate?
 7. Name the two types of test specimens required for all welding
procedures. Hint: Where do they come from?
Solution
 1. SA‐370 ( second paragraph of UG‐84)

 2. Charpy V‐notch (only one mentioned in UG‐84, first paragraph
UG‐84 Charpy impact tests shall be performed)
 3. 2.165” long x 0.394” (51mm long10mm x10 mm) thick see Fig
UG‐84
 4. Three make a set
 5. Three sets, two from the weld metal and one set of heat affected
zone specimens
 6. The P No. and the Group No. must be the same as will welded in
production and be in the same heat treated condition.
 7. Weld Metal and Heat Affected Zone
Post Weld Heat treatment
Post Weld Heat Treatment
PWHT
 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), or
stress relief as it is sometimes
known, is a method to improve
mechanical properties and reduce
and redistributing the residual
stresses in the material that have
been introduced by welding.
UW-10 Postweld Heat treatment
Pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts shall be
heat treated as prescribed in UW-40 when PWHT is
required in the applicable part of Subsection C.
UW-40 Procedures of PWHT
(a) In the procedures that follow, the minimum soak

band shall contain the weld (W), heat affected zone
(HAZ) and a portion of the base metal adjacent to the
weld being heat treated.
UW-40 Definition of Nominal
Thickness for Butt Welds
(1) When the welded joint connects parts of the
same thickness, using a full penetration butt weld,
the nominal thickness is the total depth of the
weld exclusive of any permitted weld
reinforcement.
Depth of
weld
UW-40 Methods of PWHT
(b) The temperatures and rates of heating and cooling to be

used are given in UCS-56, UHT-56, UNF-56 and UHA-32.
(c) The minimum PWHT temperatures shall be the minimum
temperature of the plate material of the shell or head
(furnace gas temperature measurement alone is not
considered sufficiently accurate).
 Where more than one pressure vessel or part are treated in
one furnace charge, thermocouples shall be placed in the
bottom, center and top of the charge, or in other zones of
possible temperature variation.
(d) When pressure parts of two different P-Number Groups are
joined by welding, the PWHT shall be that specified according to
UCS-56 or UHA-32, for the material requiring the higher PWHT
temperature.
(e) PWHT, when required, shall be done before the hydrostatic
test and after any welded repairs except as permitted by
UCS56(f).
 A preliminary hydrostatic test to reveal leaks prior to PWHT is
permissible.
(f) The term nominal thickness is the thickness (t) of the welded
joint as follows.
 For pressure vessels or parts being post weld heat treated in a
furnace charge, t is the greatest weld thickness in any vessel or
part which has not previously been post weld heat treated.
UW-40 Procedures of PWHT
(f) Nominal Thickness
(f) Nominal Thickness continued...
UW-49 Check of PWHT Practice
The Inspector shall satisfy himself that all

PWHT has been correctly performed and that
the temperature readings conform to the
requirements.
UCS-56(a) Requirements for PWHT
Requires WPS qualification per Section IX. Everything requires PWHT

unless exempted by Tables UCS-56 or UCS-56.1.
Exemptions to PWHT do not apply when:
 PWHT is a service requirement (UCS-68),
 joining material of certain P-Numbers and thicknesses welded with
either the electron beam, inertia and continuous drive friction, electroslag
or electrogas welding processes.
Heating and cooling rates do not apply for P-No. 1 welded materials heat
treated in the austenitizing range.
UCS-56(b) Requirements for PWHT

Holding times and temperatures may exceed stated values
unless prohibited by Table UCS-56.
Intermediate PWHT need not conform to Table UCS-56.
Heat treatment may be performed in multiple PWHT cycles.
UCS-56(c) Requirements for PWHT
When welding pressure parts of different P-Numbers, use the
table with the higher PWHT temperature.
When welding non-pressure parts to pressure parts, the PWHT
temperature for the pressure part shall govern. Furnace temp,
shall not exceed 800°F (425°C) at the time the vessel or part
is placed in it.
UCS-56(d) Requirements for PWHT

Above 800°F (425°C), the heat up rate shall not exceed 400°F
per hour (222°C) divided by the maximum metal thickness of
the shell or head in inches, but in no case more than 400°F
per hour (222°C).
During the heating period, there shall not be a variation in
temperature greater than 250°F (120°C) throughout the
vessel within any 15 foot (4.6 meter) interval of length.
Holding times and temperatures per Table UCS-56orUCS56.1.
Class Quiz
UCS 56
1. In the example below what is the shortest amount of
time allowed to raise the weldment to a PWHT of
1100 °F if the furnace is at 800°F when the part is
inserted?
Answer:_________________________________
__
Solution
1. In the example below what is the shortest amount of

time allowed to raise the weldment to a PWHT of
1100 °F if the furnace is at 800°F when the part is
inserted?
1100 - 800°F = 300°F/200°F = 1-1/2 Hours
TABLE UCS-56.1
ALTERNATIVE POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
FOR CARBON
AND LOW ALLOY STEELS Applicable Only When Permitted in
Table UCS-56
NOTES:
(1) Minimum holding time for 1 in. (25 mm) thickness or less. Add
15 minutes per Inch (25 mm) of thickness for thicknesses greater
than 1 In. (25 mm).
(2) These lower post weld heat treatment temperatures permitted
only for P-No. 1 Gr. Nos. 1 and 2 materials.
UCS-56 PWHT Thicknesses Up to 2 in.
The Code sets the minimum thickness of a vessel
at 1/16” (1.6 mm) in paragraph UG-16, one
exception is for an Unfired Steam Boiler which has
a 1/4” (6 mm) minimum.
UCS-56 PWHT Thicknesses Over 2”
The second thickness range:
• Over 2 in. (51 mm) to 5 in. (127 mm) the PWHT is held for
a flat 2 hours for the first 2 inches (51 mm) of thickness with
an additional 15 minutes per inch over 2 inches. Let’s look at
a graphic of this thickness range.
UCS-56 PWHT Thicknesses Over 5 in.
The third thickness range:
• Over 5 in. (127 mm) the PWHT is held for a flat 2 hours for
the first 2 inches (51 mm) of thickness with an additional 15
minutes per inch over 2 inches. For P-Number 1 there is no
change from the previous example. This third range does
changes for some of the other P-Numbers. Look at the P-
Number 4 Table for example;
Class Quiz
UCS-56 PWHT
1. What is the minimum PWHT time and the
minimum holding temperature for a P-Number 5A
material that is 3” (inches) thick (75 mm)?
2. What is the PWHT normal holding temperature

and time for a P-Number 3 material that is 3” (76
mm) thick?
3. What is the required time at the minimum holding

temperature for a P-Number 1 Gr.1 weld that has a
nominal governing thickness of 1-1/4” ? The vessel
will not be in a lethal service.
Solution
1. 3 hours at 1250 oF (677 oC).
2. 1100 oF (593oC) 2 hours -15 minutes?
3. There is no mandatory heat treatment in this

thickness, it must exceed 1-1/4”
UCS-56(d) Requirements for PWHT
During the holding period, there shall not be a greater

difference than 150°F (83°C) in temperature between the
highest and lowest readings.
During the heating and holding periods, the furnace
atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid excessive
oxidation of the vessel surface.
The furnace shall be designed as to prevent flame impingement
on the vessel. Above 800°F (425°C), cooling shall be done in a
closed chamber or cooling chamber.
Cooling rates above 800°F (425°C) shall not exceed 500°F per
hour (278°C) divided by the maximum shell or head thickness
in inches, but in no case more than 500°F per hour (278°C).
From 800°F (425°C) the vessel may be cooled in still air.
UCS-56(e) Requirements for PWHT
Repairs to vessels in the post weld heat treated condition
require the repaired area to be re-heat treated, except as
permitted in UCS-56(f).
UCS-56(f) Requirements for PWHT, Alternatives

& Exemptions
Exemptions to re-heat treating repaired areas are as follows:
 P-No. 1, Group No's, 1, 2 and 3 materials,
 P-No. 3, Group No's. 1, 2 and 3 materials, and the weld
metals used to join the above, provided the repair is made
before the final pressure test and provided PWHT was not a
service requirement per UW(2)(a) or UCS-68. The exemptions
of Table UCS-56 apply.
 The welded repairs shall meet the requirements of (1)
through (6) below.
 These requirements do not apply when the welded repairs are
minor restorations of the material surface, such as those required
after removal of construction fixtures, and provided that the
surface is not exposed to the vessel contents.
 (1) The Manufacturer shall give prior notification to the user or
his designated agent and shall not proceed until acceptance has
been obtained. Such repairs shall be recorded on the Data
Report.
 (2) Repair depth shall not exceed 1 ½ in. (38mm) for P-No.
1, Groups 1, 2 and 3 materials and 5/8 inch (16mm) for P-No. 3,
Group 1, 2 and 3 materials. The total depth is measured from
both sides of a weld at a given location.
 (3) MT or PT examine the excavated area per Appendix 6 or 8
respectively.
 (4) Use Section IX qualified groove weld procedure and :
 (a) use the manual SMAW process with low hydrogen
electrodes, conditioned per SFA 5.5. The maximum bead width
shall be 4 times the electrode diameter,
 (b) maintain 200°F (95°C) minimum preheat and interpass
for P-No. 1, Groups 1, 2, and 3 materials.
 (4) continued..
 (c) maintain a 350°F (175°C) minimum preheat and
interpass, and maximum interposes temperature of 450°F
(230°C) for P-No. 3, Groups 1, 2 and 3 materials,
 For P-No. 3 materials, the welding technique is limited to the
"half bead weld repair and weld temper bead reinforcement
technique."
Step 1: The initial layer of weld

metal shall be deposited over the
entire area using 1/8 in. (3mm)
maximum diameter electrodes.
Step 2: Remove approximately

one-half the thickness of the first
layer by grinding.
Temper bead
Step 3: Subsequent layers shall be
Reinforcement Deposited with
welding electrodes no larger than
5/32 in. (4mm) Dia. Bead deposition
shall be as shown to assure
tempering of the prior weld beads
and their HAZ's.
A final temper bead weld shall be applied to a level above the
surface being repaired without contacting the base material but
close enough to the underlying weld bead to assure tempering
of the base material heat affected zone.
 After completing all welding, the repair area shall be
maintained at a temperature of 400°F-500°F (205°C-260°C)
for a minimum period of 4 hours.
 The final temper bead reinforcement layer shall be removed
substantially flush with the surface of the base material.
 (5) After the finished weld has reached ambient
temperature, PT or MT examine the finished weld
surface.
 If the material is P-No. 3,Group 3, the re-examination
is performed after 48 hours to determine possible
delayed cracking of the weld.
 If RT was required originally, and the depth of the
repair exceeds 3/8 in. (10 mm), perform RT of the
repaired area (per UW-51).
 (6) Perform hydrostatic test after repair.
UCS-56.1 Alternative PWHT
We will first examine a 50oF (28oC) drop from 1100
to1050oF. Below is the holding time from our previous
3” coupon based on 1100oF. How long would we be
required to hold it at 1050oF?
UCS-56.1 Alternative PWHT
Which leads to this total time, up from 2:15 min. to
2:30 min.
Now how about 100oF reduction to 1000oF?
Lowered PWHT at 1000 F
Class Quiz
UCS-56.1
What is the total PWHT time at 950oF for a 5 inch
thick P-No 1 Group 2 material?
Solution
What is the total PWHT time at 950oF for a 5 inch
thick P-No 1 Group 2 material?
INSPECTION AND TESTS
UW-51 Radiographic and Radioscopic
Examination of Weld Joints Page 152
(a) All welded joints to be radiographed shall be examined in
accordance with Article 2 of Section V except as specified
below.
(1) A complete set of radiographs and records, ……shall
be retained by the Manufacturer until the Manufacturer’s
Data Report has been signed by the Inspector.
(2) The Manufacturer shall certify that personnel have

been qualified and certified in accordance with their
employer’s written practice…… SNT-TC-1A shall be used
as a guideline.
UW-51 Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination of
Weld Joints
…Alternatively, the ASNT Central Certification

Program (ACCP), or CP-189 may be used to fulfill
the examination and demonstration requirements
of SNT-TC-1A and the employer’s written practice.
(3) A written radiographic examination

procedure is not required.
Demonstration of density and penetrameter
image requirements on production or technique
radiographs shall be considered satisfactory
evidence of compliance…..
UW-51 Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination
of Weld Joints
(4) The requirements of ASME V T-285 of Article 2 ….used
only a guide. Final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on
the ability to see the prescribed penetrameter image and the
specified hole or the designated wire of a wire penetrameter.
of Weld Joints
(b) Indications shown on the radiographs of
welds and characterized as imperfections are
unacceptable under the following
conditions and shall be repaired as
provided in UW-38, and the repair
radiographed to UW-51 or, at the option of
the Manufacturer, ultrasonically examined in
accordance with the method described in
Appendix 12….
of Weld Joints
(1) any indication characterized as a

crack or zone of incomplete fusion or
penetration ;
of Weld Joints

penetration ;
of Weld Joints
penetration ;
(2) any other elongated indication on the radiograph
which has length greater than:
(a) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in.
(b)1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in.
(c) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.
Where;
t = the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement.
of Weld Joints
For a butt weld joining two members having different

thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two
thicknesses. Since the value of t must be the lesser
thickness this decreases the size of the maximum
acceptable indication.
of Weld Joints
(3) any group of aligned indications that
have an aggregate (total) length
greater than t in a length of 12t,..
Example: t = 1” total length (L) cannot
exceed 1” in 12”
Also individual lengths cannot exceed
the following:
(b)1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in. *
In this example none of the individual
indications can exceed 1/3 x 1” = 1/3”
(.333”)
of Weld Joints
(3) ..except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the
longest imperfection in the group; * This means that
if the two groups are isolated from each other they can
be evaluated separately within a length of 12t.
of Weld Joints
(4) rounded indications in excess of that specified by the

acceptance standards given in Appendix 4.
Example from Appendix 4: More on this during the
Section V Coverage.
Class Quiz
1. All welded joints to be radiographed shall be

examined in accordance with _______of Section
_____except as otherwise specified.
2. A complete set of radiographs and records, shall be
retained by the Manufacturer until the Manufacturer’s
Data Report has been signed by the____________.
a. Manufacturer
b. Inspector
c. Manufacturer and Inspector
3. While reviewing a radiograph an elongated
indication was found to have a length of .375” in a
.750” thick plate weld. This indication is Rejectable
because the maximum
allowed is _______ for this thickness.
Solutions
UW-51 Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination of Weld
Joints
1. All welded joints to be radiographed shall be

examined in accordance with Article 2 of Section V
except as otherwise specified.
2. A complete set of radiographs and records, shall be
retained by the Manufacturer until the Manufacturer’s
Data Report has been signed by the Inspector.
3. While reviewing a radiograph an elongated indication

was found to have a length of .375” in a .750” thick
plate weld. This indication is Rejectable because the
maximum
allowed is .250” for this thickness.
Class Quiz
Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination of Weld Joints
4. The welded joint below was radiographed and found

to have an elongated indication that was .243” in
length. The maximum allowable length of an
indication for this combination of thicknesses is
______ and this weld considered _______________.
a. 1/3 t and this weld is considered acceptable.
b. 1/4 in. and this weld is considered acceptable.
c. 1/4 in. and this weld is considered rejectable.
Class Quiz
4. The welded joint below was radiographed and found

to have an elongated indication that was .243” in
length. The maximum allowable length of an
indication for this combination of thicknesses is 1/4”
and this weld considered acceptable.
b. 1/4 in. and this weld is considered acceptable.

Class Quiz
5. The length L, of the longest imperfection in

the figure below is .259”. Based on this value the
largest imperfection is _________ and since the
aggregate (total) length is .504” that is
__________ but the weld
is____________.
a. acceptable - also acceptable - acceptable
b. unacceptable - also unacceptable -rejectable
c. unacceptable – acceptable - rejectable
Class Quiz
5. The length L, of the longest imperfection in the
figure below is .259”. Based on this value the largest
imperfection is unacceptable and since the aggregate
(total) length is .504” that is acceptable but the weld is
rejectable.
a. acceptable - also acceptable - acceptable
b. unacceptable - also unacceptable -rejectable
c. unacceptable – acceptable - rejectable
Class Quiz
6. What is the minimum distance D, between

these two groups of aligned imperfections for the
groups to be evaluated separately?
a. 7.5”
b. 1.872”
c. .312”
Class Quiz
6. What is the minimum distance D, between these
two groups of aligned imperfections for the
groups to be evaluated
separately?
b. 1.872”
UW-52 Spot Examinations of Weld
Joints
(b) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination
(1) One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft

increment of weld or fraction thereof for which a joint
efficiency from column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected.
However, for identical vessels, each with less than 50 ft of
weld for which a joint efficiency from column (b) of Table
UW-12 is selected, 50 ft increments of weld may be
represented by one spot examination.
UW-52 Spot Examinations of
Weld Joints
(b) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination
(1) One spot shall be examined on each vessel for
each 50 ft increment ……..
* The idea of this rule is that each 50’ increment is to be
a hold point for approval, the next increment is not to
be started until the previous one has been accepted.
The drawing below is the simplest case, you will not
see this often.
(b) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic
Examination
(1) One spot shall be examined…..
However, for identical vessels, each with less
than 50 ft of weld for which a joint efficiency
from column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected, 50
ft increments of weld may be represented by
one spot examination.
* This rule addresses smaller, often machine
welded vessels such as small air receivers. One
is picked at random for spot radiography. If it
passes all are approved.
UW-52 Spot Examinations of Weld Joints
(2) For each increment of weld to be examined, a

sufficient number of spot radiographs shall be
taken to examine the welding of each welder or
welding operator. Under conditions where two or
more welders or welding operators make weld
layers in a joint, or on the two sides of a double-
welded butt joint, one spot may represent the
work of all welders or welding operators.
(3) Each spot examination shall be made as
soon as practicable…... The location of the spot
shall be chosen by the Inspector,… except that
when the Inspector cannot be present or otherwise
make the selection, the fabricator may exercise his
own judgment in selecting the spots.
(2) For an increment of weld to be examined, a
sufficient number of spot radiographs shall be
taken to examine the welding of each welder or
welding operator. ………
* Every welder in a given 50’ increment must have
his work radiographed. It can be a individual photo
(radiograph) or a group picture. Here welder A
was radiographed alone and B & C’s work was
examined on the same radiograph.
Joints
(4) Radiographs required at specific locations to
satisfy the rules of other paragraphs, such as UW-
9(d), UW-11(a)(5)(b), and UW-14(b), shall not be
used to satisfy the requirements for spot
radiography.
Note: UW-11(a)(5)(b), will be covered in depth
later in this lesson.
UW-9(d)
(d) Except when the longitudinal joints are
radiographed 4 in. each side of each circumferential
welded intersection, vessels made up of two or more
courses shall have the centers of the welded
longitudinal joints of adjacent courses staggered or
separated by a distance of at least five times the
thickness of the thicker plate.
* Longitudinal Welds Aligned must be radiographed
for at least 4 inches on each side of the joint.
Joints
UW-14(b) Single openings meeting the requirements given in
UG-36(c)(3) may be located in head-to-shell or Category B or C
butt welded joints, provided the weld meets the radiographic
requirements in UW-51 for a length equal to three times the
diameter of the opening with the center of the hole at mid-
length. Defects that are completely removed in cutting the hole
shall not be considered in judging the acceptability of the weld.
** UW-51, not 52 to grade film.
* UG-36 (c)(3) addresses small opening which do not require
reinforcement calculations.
Summary
The special radiography requirements given
in UW-9 (d), UW-11(a)(5)(b) and UW-14 (b)
cannot be substituted for any of the spot
radiography required by UW-52.
(c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination.

Spot examination by radiography shall be made in
accordance with the technique prescribed in UW-
51(a). The minimum length of spot radiograph
shall be 6 in.
(c)(3) Rounded indications are not a factor in the

acceptability of welds that are not required to be
fully radiographed.
Joints
(d) Evaluations and Retests
When a spot, radiographed as required in (b)(1)
or (b)(2) above has been examined and the
radiograph discloses welding which does not
comply……….The locations shall be determined by
the Inspector… if the two additional pass, repair
the failed spot, if either of the two additional
spots fail the entire rejected weld shall be
removed and the joint re-welded or the entire
increment completely radiographed and all
defects corrected.
When a spot, radiographed as required in (b)(1)
or (b)(2) above has been examined and the
radiograph discloses welding which does not
comply……..two additional spots shall be
examined at locations away from the original
spot.
Joints
…The locations shall be determined by
the Inspector… if the two additional
pass, repair the failed spot, ….
Joints
…, if either of the two additional spots
fail the entire rejected weld shall be
removed and the joint rewelded or the
entire increment completely
radiographed and all defects corrected.
Joints
…, if either of the two additional spots fail
the entire rejected weld shall be removed
and the joint rewelded or the entire
increment completely radiographed and all
defects corrected.
Class Quiz
Spot Radiography
1. Minimum number of Spot Radiographs is/are __spot

(s), this rule must be applied on each vessel for each
_____ ft increment of weld or fraction thereof for
which a joint efficiency from column (b) of Table UW-
12 is selected.
2. Who shall choose the location of Spot Radiographs?
a. The manufacturer and the Inspector will agree on the

locations.
b. The manufacturer or the Inspector depending on the
type of welds made.
c. The Inspector shall choose unless he is not available
and then the Manufacturer may do so.
Class Quiz
Spot Radiography
1. Minimum number of Spot Radiographs is one

spot, this rule must be applied on each vessel for
each 50 ft increment of weld or fraction thereof for
which a joint efficiency from column (b) of Table
UW-12 is selected.
2. Who shall choose the location of Spot

Radiographs?
c. The Inspector shall choose unless he is not

available and then the Manufacturer may do so.
Class Quiz
Spot Radiography
3. In the drawing below the total number of spot

radiographs needed to meet the minimum
requirements is/are ____?
* Keep in mind the goal is to Radiographically Test
every welder’s work in a 50’ increment.
Class Quiz
Spot Radiography
3. In the drawing below the total number of spot

radiographs needed to meet the minimum
requirements are 2.
* Keep in mind the goal is to Radiographically
Test every welder’s work in a 50’ increment.
Hydrostatic Head of Water
 What is hydrostatic head pressure? Let’s examine the words
to better understand the meaning.
 Hydro meaning liquid

 Static meaning unchanging.
 Pressure is a force exerted over an area.
 Hydrostatic
Head of a
Water Tower
140’ x 0.433 = 60.6
psig and
 100’ x 0.433 = 43.3
psig
Now for a pressure
vessel filled with
water. No external
pressure. 0 psi at top,
the bottom is 100 feet
x 0.433 = 43.3 psi
External pressure of 100 psi is
now applied resulting in a
gage pressure at the bottom
of 143.3 psi. The 43.3 psi is
static, never changing.
1. What would be the pressure
at the bottom of this vessel if
an external pressure of 235 psi
were applied ?
 Case 1: To determine hydrostatic head based on an
elevation from a stated problem it must be understood
that elevations are normally taken from the ground
level to a vessel’s very top. You must subtract the
Given elevation from theTotal elevation to determine
vertical feet of hydrostatic head above the given
elevation.
 Example: A vessel has an elevation of 18 feet and is
mounted on a 3 foot base. What is the hydrostatic head
pressure of water at the 11 foot elevation which is
located at the bottom of the top shell course?
 Remember it is the number of vertical feet above the given
elevation in question which causes the hydrostatic head at that
point. To find the hydrostatic head you must subtract the
elevation of the Given point from the Total elevation given for the
vessel.

 18' feet total

 -11' desired point
 7' total hydrostatic head
 Hydrostatic head pressure at 11' elevation is:

 7 x 0.433psi = 3.03 psi
 Case 2: Hydrostatic head at a point in a vessel must be
added to the pressure used (normally vessel MAWP) when
calculating the required thickness of the vessel component
at that elevation.
 Example: Determine the required thickness of the shell

course in Case 1. The vessel's MAWP (Always measured at
the top in the normal operating position) is 100 psi. The
following variables apply:
 Givens:
 t = ? Circumferential stress from UG-27(c)(1)
 P = 100 psi + Hydrostatic Head
 S = 15,000 psi
 E = 1.0
 R = 20"
 Since the bottom of this shell course is at the 11 foot
elevation the pressure it will see is 100 psi + the
hydrostatic head.
 100 + 3.03 = 103.03 psi
 Also our basic formula becomes;
( P  H . H .) R
t
SE - 0.6( P  H . H .)
103.03 x 20 20606
t   .1379"
(15,000 x1.0)  (0.6 x103.03) 14938.18
 Case 3 You must subtract hydrostatic head pressure when
determining the MAWP of a vessel. If given a vessel of multiple
parts and the MAWP for each of the parts, the MAWP of the
entire vessel is determined by subtracting the hydrostatic head
pressure at the bottom of each part to find the part which limits
the MAWP of the vessel.

 Example: A vessel has an elevation of 40 feet including a 4 foot

base. The engineer has calculated the following part’s MAWP to
the bottom of each part based on each part's minimum thickness
and corroded diameter.
 Determine the MAWP of the vessel as measured at the top.

 Calculated Part MAWP at the bottom of:
 Top Shell Course 28' Elev. 406.5 psi
 Middle Shell Course 16.5' Elev. 410.3 psi
 Bottom Shell Course 4' Elev. 422.8 psi
 Bottom of top shell course:
 40.0' elev.
 -28.0' elev.
 12.0' of hydrostatic head

 12' x 0.433 psi = 5.196 psi of H.H.
 We ignored the base height. We are only interested in the

distance from the very top to the bottom of the top shell
course.
 Bottom of the middle shell course:
 40.0' elev.
 -16.5' elev.
 23.5' x 0.433 psi = 10.175 psi of Hydrostatic Head
 Here again we ignore the base being interested only in

the column of water from the very top to the bottom of
the middle shell course.
 Bottom of bottom shell course:
 40.0' elev.
 -4.0' elev.

 36' x 0.433 psi = 15.588 psi of Hydrostatic Head
 Finally from the very top to the bottom of the bottom

shell course.
 The final step in determining the MAWP of the vessel
at its top is to subtract the hydrostatic head of water
from each of the calculated Part MAWPs. The lowest
pressure will be the maximum gauge pressure
permitted at the top of the vessel.

 Bottom of top shell course 406.5 - 5.196 = 401.3 psi

 Bottom of mid shell course 410.3 - 10.175 = 400.125
psi
 Bottom of btm. shell course 422.8 - 15.588 = 407.212
psi
 Therefore the bottom of the middle shell course’s
MAWP limits the pressure at the top and, determines
the MAWP of the vessel.
The MAWP of the vessel is 400.125 psi

 Example:
 A vertical vessel shell course has an MAWP of 200 psi, and an

allowable stress of 14,800 psi. The original inside radius was 84”.
The nameplate is stamped RT1 . The shell has corroded down to
1.28 inches. Its original t was 1.375".
 There exists 21.9964 psi H.H. at the bottom of the shell course.
 What is its current calculated minimum thickness of this shell

course in accordance with rules of Section VIII Division 1
considering both corrosion and hydrostatic head?
 Basic Formula: UG-27 ( c )(1) PR
t=
SE - 0.6 P
 Modified to consider Hydrostatic Head and increased radius due to
internal corrosion.
 Givens:
(P  H.H.) (R  corrosion )
 t =? t =
SE - 0.6 (P  H.H.)
 P = 200
 S = 14,800 psi
 E = 1.0 RT 1
 R = 84” = 84” + (1.375-1.28) = 84.095”
 H.H.= 21.9964 rounded to 22 psi
(200  22) (84  .095) (222) (84.095)

t=  
(14,800)(1.0) - (0.6) (200  22) (14,800)(1.0) - (0.6) (222)
18669.09 18669.09
  1.273"
14,800 - 133.2 14,666.8
Its present thickness is 1.28” and its minimum calculated thickness is 1.273,
very close to repair or retire.
Pressure testing requirements are established by:
UG-99 Standard Hydrostatic Test
UG-100 Pneumatic Test
Pneumatic testing may only be performed when the
vessels are so designed and/or supported that they cannot
be safely filled with water; not readily dried, used in
services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be
tolerated.
A hydrostatic test shall be conducted on all vessels after:
(1) All fabrication has been completed, except for cosmetic
grinding on the base material which does not affect the
required thickness; and
(2) All examinations have been performed.
UG-99(b)
Standard hydrostatic tests are conducted at a
pressure which at every point is at least equal to:
1.3 x MAWP x lowest ratio of Stest / Sdesign
permitted stress value for the materials of
which the vessel is constructed.
Example Applying The Rules of UG-99(b)
MAWP = 375PSI @ 800° F
UG-99(c)
■ A hydrostatic test based on calculated Test pressure (3-2) may
be used under the following conditions:
Highest permissible internal pressure is determined using nominal
thickness (including corrosion allowance) of each element of the
vessel and using the allowable stress @ test temperature;
The hydro test pressure at the top of the vessel shall be the
minimum of the calculated test pressures; multiplied by 1.3 and
reducing this value by the hydrostatic head
■ these provisions are by agreement between the user and the
Manufacturer;
■ the Inspector shall reserve the right to require the Manufacturer
or designer to provide calculations used in determining the
hydrostatic test pressure of any part of the vessel.
UG-99(d)
■ UG-99(b) are minimum requirements, while UG-99(c) is a
special test based on calculations. Any intermediate value may
be used.
■ This Division does not specify an upper limit for hydrostatic
test pressure. However, if the hydrostatic test pressure is
allowed to exceed, either intentionally or accidentally, the value
determined as prescribed in (c) above to the degree that the
vessel is subjected to visible permanent distortion, the
Inspector shall reserve the right to reject the vessel.
UG-99(g)
■ Following the application of the hydrostatic test pressure, an
inspection shall be made of all joints and connections.
■ This inspection shall be made at a pressure not less than the
test pressure divided by 1.3.
■ Except for leakage at temporary test closures for those
openings intended for welded connections, leakage is not
allowed.
■ Leakage from temporary seals shall be directed away so
as to avoid masking leaks from other joints.
UG-99(h)
■ It is recommended that the metal temperature during the
hydrostatic test be maintained at least 30° F (17° C) above
the minimum design metal temperature, but need not exceed
120° F (48° C), to minimize the risk of brittle fracture.
■ The test pressure shall not be applied until the vessel and it's
contents are at about the same temperature.
CAUTION: a small liquid relief valve set to 1.3 times the

test pressure is recommended for the pressure test
system, in case a vessel, while under test, is likely to be
warmed up materially with personnel absent.
UG-99(i)
■ Vents shall be provided at all high points of the vessel in the
test position to purge possible air pockets while the vessel is
filling.
UG-99( j)
■ Before applying pressure, the test equipment shall be examined
to see that it is tight and that all low pressure filling lines and
other appurtenances that should not be subject to the test
pressure have been disconnected.
UG-99(k)
■ Vessels, except for those in lethal service [(UW-2(a)], may be
painted or otherwise coated either internally or externally, and
may be lined internally, prior to the pressure test.
■ The user is cautioned that such painting or coating may mask
leaks that would otherwise have been detected during the
pressure test.
Class Quiz
Problem: Calculate the required hydro test pressure for a
vessel using the following conditions:

Material Carbon Steel
Design Temp. 700 °F
Test Temp 85 °F
MAWP 350 psi

Step 1 Determine the ratio of stresses for the test and design
temperatures.

(a) From Table 1A Section II Part D.
Stress allowed at 700 °F = 15,500 psi
Stress allowed at 85 °F = 16,300 psi
UG-99 Standard Hydrostatic
(b) Per UG‐99 the ratio equals
Stress at Test Temp. 16,300

 1.05
Stress at Design Temp. 15,500
(c) Per UG‐99 the ratio equals

Step 2 UG‐99(b) Test pressure equals 1.3 x MAWP x ratio
1.3 x 350 psi x 1.05 = 477.75 psi at the top of the vessel.
UW-50 NDE of Welds for Pneumatically Tested
Vessels
Look at the reference next to UG‐100 (See UW‐50)

This is what is referred to as a parenthetical reference in
the ASME Codes. You must read these to see what modifiers
the Code has placed on subject paragraph.

On welded pressure vessels to be pneumatically tested in
accordance with UG‐100, the full length of the following
welds shall be examined for the purpose of detecting cracks:

(a) all welds around openings;
(b) all attachment welds, including welds attaching
nonpressure parts to pressure parts, having a throat
thickness greater than 1/4 in….
UG-100, Pneumatic test
Subject to the provisions of UG-99(a)(1) and (a)(2), a

pneumatic test prescribed in this paragraph may be used in lieu
of the standard hydrostatic test prescribed in UG-99 for vessels:
that are so designed and/or supported that they cannot
safely be filled with water;
not readily dried, that are to be used in services where
traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated and the parts of
which have, where possible, been previously tested by
hydrostatic pressure to the pressure required in UG-99.
Except for enameled vessels, the pneumatic test pressure shall
be at least equal to:
1.1 x MAWP x lowest ratio of Stest/ Sdesign
S = permitted stress value for the materials of which
the vessel is constructed.
In no case shall the pneumatic test pressure exceed 1.1
times the basis for calculated test pressure (3-2).
The metal temperature during the pneumatic test shall be

maintained at least 30 ° F (17° C) above the MDMT to
minimize the risk of brittle fracture.
The pressure in the vessel shall be gradually
increased:
to not more than one-half of the test pressure;
thereafter, the test pressure shall be increased
in steps of approximately 1/10 of the test
pressure until the required pressure is reached.
After the test pressure is reached, the pressure
shall be reduced to the value equal to the test
pressure divided by 1.1 and held for a sufficient
time to permit inspection of the vessel
An indicating gage shall be connected directly to the vessel.
If the indicating gage is not readily visible to the operator
controlling the pressure, an additional gage shall be provided
where it is visible to the operator.
Dial indicating pressure gauges shall be

graduated over a range of about double the
intended maximum test pressure, but in no case
shall the range be the test pressure.
less than 1 1/2 times, nor
more than 4 times the test pressure.
Digital reading pressure gages having a wider
range of pressure may be used provided the readings
give the same degree of accuracy as obtained with
dial pressure gages.
All gages shall be calibrated against a:

- standard dead weight tester, or
- calibrated master gage.
Gages shall be calibrated any time there is reason
to believe they are in error.
UG-100 Calculating Pneumatic Test Pressure
Problem: Calculate the required pneumatic test pressure
for a vessel using the following conditions.
Material Carbon Steel
Design Temp. 700 o F
Test Temp 85 o F
MAWP 350 psi
Step 1: Determine the ratio of stresses for the test and

design temperatures.
(a) From Table 1A Section II Part D.

Stress allowed at 700 o F= 15,500 psi
Stress allowed at 85 o F= 16,300 psi
UG-100 Calculating Pneumatic Test Pressure
(b) Per UG-100 the ratio equals

Stress
at TestTemp. 16,300
 1.05
Stress
at DesignTemp 15,500
Step 2 Per UG-100(b) Test pressure

equals
Stress at Test Temp.
1.1 x MAWP x Stress at Design Temp.
1.1 x 350 psi x 1.05 = 404.25 psi

Pneumatic Test Procedure
1. Slowly raise the pressure to approximately one-half
404.25 psi which equals 202.125. Next raise the
pressure in steps of one-tenth of the test pressure.
2. 202.125 + 40.425 = 242.55 psi
3. 242.55 + 40.425= 282.975 psi
4. 282.975 + 40.425 = 323.40 psi
5. 323.40 + 40.425 = 363.825 psi
6. 363.825 + 40.425 = 404.25 psi
There are a total of 6 steps when raising up to

pneumatic test pressure. Finally lower to the
inspection pressure of
404.25/1.1 = 367.5 psi
Class Quizzes
UG-99/UG-100/102
1. A vessel made of Stainless Steel is being hydrostatically

tested after an alteration. The vessel's MAWP is 225 psi
at 400 o F. The allowable stress at operating is 14,700
psi and 16,700 psi at the test temperature.
Answer the following:
a. What is the required test pressure?

b. What is the least pressure for the inspection?
c. In psi, what is the min. and max. range of the test
gage?
Class Quizzes
UG-99/UG-100/102
2. A pneumatic test of a vessel will be

conducted to a pressure of 310 psi.
Describe the steps for raising the
vessel to the test pressure. At what
pressure shall the visual examination
take place?
Solutions
1. Hydrostatic Test
a. 16,700
1.3 x 225 x  332.295 psi
14,700
b. 332 . 295
 255 . 61 psi
1 .3
c. Min. gage range 1.5 x 332.295 =

498.4 ( 500 psi )
Max. gage range 4 x 332.295 =
1329.18 ( 1000 psi ) the gage pressure
at the 4X range would be rounded
down to closest standard range!
Solutions
2. Pneumatic Test
Step 1 Raise the pressure to ½ the test pressure, ½ x

310 psi = 155 psi, then raise in steps of 1/10 to
full test pressure.
Step 2 155+31=186 psi
Step 3 186+31=217 psi
Step 4 217+31=248 psi
Step 5 248+31=279 psi
Step 6 279+31=310 psi
The inspection pressure is 310/1.1 = 281.8 psi for visual

inspection.

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ASME VIII Div.

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Keene, NH Boiler Explosion

container with a pressure differential

SADDLE SUPPORT SADDLE SUPPORT

Horizontal Drum on Saddle Supports

Vertical Vessel with Leg Support

(1) the need for corrosion allowances;

 Each element of a pressure vessel shall be designed

For this condition, the maximum difference in pressure

 (2) vessel supports, such as lugs, rings, skirts, saddles,

 (g) impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock;

 (h) temperature gradients and differential thermal

of shells under internal pressure shall

 E = joint efficiency for, or the efficiency of appropriate joint

 R = inside radius of the shell course .

 S = maximum allowable stress value (see UG-23 and the

The minimum thickness (tmin) or

(WE WILL NOT USE THIS FORMULA)

Where Ro is outside Diameter.

SEt 15,000 x 1.0 x 0.500 7500

and pipe under internal pressure shall be determined in

and pipe under external pressure shall be determined in

1. Review and understand the terms joint "category“ and

Read all of UW-2 for more restrictions...

 Note : Visit also the following page :

If determined as lethal, ………….

(1) The joints of various categories (see UW-3) shall be as

Remember, UW-2(a) demands that in lethal service the welds

Examples: Type 2, butt welded with backing

not viewed internally -eg. small

Examples: Type 6,single full

(2) all butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness

(g) For radiographic and ultrasonic examination of butt welds,

(4) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating chambers, etc.,

** This only applies to circumferential welds in small (NPS 10 /

(a) Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections

(b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in

* This paragraph is only mandatory when it is

* Information only this is not on the exam.

Note: This means that even though P-No. 5 for example

(b) Spot Radiography. Except as required in (a)(5)(b) above,

(c) No Radiography. Except as required in (a) above, no

* The designer can choose not to do RT if there is no

From paragraph UCS-57:

1. In the drawing below the paragraph that applies

Table UW-12 gives the joint efficiencies E to be used in the

(a) A value of E not greater than that given in column (a)*

So now we are sent back to UW-11(a)(5)…….

* Minimum one film (at least 6 inches

 UW-12( a) Full Radiography

UW 12(d) Seamless Vessel Sections and Heads

UW-11(a)(5)(b) spot RT performed, E= 1.0

0.85 when the rules have not been applied.

DO NOT GO TO TABLE UW-12 FOR THE E TO USE IN

1. A Type 1 weld has received Spot Radiographic

1. A Type 1 weld has received Spot Radiographic

RT-2, when the complete vessel satisfies the

RT-4, when only part of the complete vessel has

2. Lable these welds by Type

3. A circumferential weld used to attach a

4. The circumferential weld to attach a

3. A circumferential weld used to attach a

4. The circumferential weld to attach a