Coordinates: 24°39.5′S 25°54.

5′E

Botswana
Botswana (/bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen)), officially the Republic of Botswana
Republic of Botswana
(Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern
Africa. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted Lefatshe la Botswana (Tswana)
its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30
September 1966.[7] Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable
representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic
elections and the best perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least
1998.[8] It is currently Africa's oldest democracy.[9] Coat of arms
Flag
Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Motto: "Pula!" (Tswana)
Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, "Rain"
Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with
Anthem: Fatshe leno la rona (Tswana)
Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is, at most, a few Blessed Be Our Noble Land
hundred metres long.[10]

A mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the most
sparsely populated countries in the world. Around 10 percent of the population
lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. Formerly one of the poorest
countries in the world—with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the
late 1960s—Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world's
fastest-growing economies. The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and
tourism. Botswana boasts a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about
$18,825 per year as of 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa.[11] Its high
gross national income (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the
country a relatively high standard of living and the highest Human
Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa.[12]

Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Location of Botswana (dark blue)
Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United in the African Union (light blue)

Nations. The country has been among the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS Capital Gaborone
epidemic. Despite the success in programmes to make treatments available to
and largest city 24°39.5′S
25°54.5′E
those infected, and to educate the populace in general about how to stop the
spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of people with AIDS rose from 290,000 in Official languages English,
Setswana
2005 to 320,000 in 2013.[13]:A20 As of 2014, Botswana has the third-highest
Ethnic groups 80% Tswana
prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, with roughly 20% of the adult population being
infected.[14]
10% Kalanga
3% Basarwa
3% White
4% Other
Contents (including Shona
and Kgalagadi)
Etymology
Religion 79% Christian
History
4.1% African
Early history
traditional religion
Effects of the Mfecane
15.2% None/no
Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate religion
Independence
 Geography 1.4% Other
Ecology (includes Baha'i,
Environmental problems Hindu, Islam,
Rastafarian)
Politics and government
0.3% Unspecified
Judiciary
(2011 est.)
Foreign relations and military
Human rights Demonym(s) Batswana (plural)
Administrative divisions Motswana
(singular)
Economy
Gemstones and precious metals Government Unitary
parliamentary
Demographics
republic
Languages
Religions • President Mokgweetsi
Masisi[1]
Culture • Vice-President Slumber
Media Tsogwane
Music
Legislature National
Visual arts Assembly
Food
Sports Independence from the United
Kingdom
Education
• Established 30 September
Science and technology (Constitution) 1966
Transportation, energy and infrastructure Area
Health • Total 581,730 km2
General (224,610 sq mi)
HIV/AIDS epidemic (47th)
• Water (%) 2.6
Tourism
In popular culture Population
• 2016 estimate 2,250,260[2]
See also
(145th)
Sources • 2011 census 1,914,228[3]
References • Density 3.7/km2
Further reading
(9.6/sq mi)
(231st)
External links
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
• Total $41.6 billion[4]
• Per capita $18,843[4]
Etymology
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
The country's name means "land of the Tswana", referring to the dominant • Total $18.620 billion[4]
ethnic group in Botswana.[15] The term Batswana was originally applied to the • Per capita $8,443[4]
Tswana, which is still the case.[16] However, it has also come to be used
Gini (2009) 62.5[5]
generally as a demonym for all citizens of Botswana.[17] Many English very high
dictionaries also recommend the term Botswanan to refer to people of
HDI (2017) 0.717[6]
Botswana.[18]
high · 101st
Currency Botswana pula
History (BWP)
Time zone UTC+2 (Central
Africa Time)
Early history
Date format DD/MM/YYYY
Driving side left
Calling code +267
 Archaeological digs have ISO 3166 code BW
shown that hominids have
Internet TLD .bw
lived in Botswana for around
two million years. Stone tools Website
www.gov.bw
and fauna remains have shown
that all areas of the country were inhabited at least 400,000 years ago.[19] Evidence
left by modern humans such as cave paintings are about 73,000 years old.[20] The
original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen (San) and Khoi peoples.
The 'Two Rhino' painting at Tsodilo.
Both speak Khoisan languages and hunted, gathered, and traded over long distances.
Botswana Rock Art.
When cattle were first introduced about 2000 years ago into southern Africa,
pastoralism became a major feature of the economy, since the region had large
grasslands free of tsetse fly.[21]

It is unclear when Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north, although AD 600 seems to be a consensus
estimate. In that era, the ancestors of the modern-day Kalanga moved into what is now the north-eastern areas of the country. These
proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state. These states, located outside of
current Botswana's borders, appear to have kept massive cattle herds in what is now the Central District—apparently at numbers
approaching modern cattle density.[22] This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until 1300 AD or so, and seems to have
regressed following the collapse of Mapungubwe. During this era, the first Tswana-speaking groups, the Bakgalagadi, moved into the
southern areas of the Kalahari. All these various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian
Ocean, and trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to Botswana most likely in exchange for ivory, gold, and rhinoceros
horn.

The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region has yet to be dated precisely. Members of the
Bakwena, a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made their way into the southern Kalahari by AD 1500, at the
latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved
into adjoining territories. The Bangwaketse occupied areas to the west, while the Bangwato moved northeast into formerly Kalanga
areas.[23] Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the
1790s.

Effects of the Mfecane

The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appear in 1824. What
these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in
the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in
well-protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid their
neighbors.[24] Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so
and were fairly prosperous.[25] This equilibrium came to end during the Mfecane
period, 1823–1843, when a succession of invading peoples from South Africa
entered the country. Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading
Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked,
British colonial drawing of a
weakened, and impoverished. The Bakololo and Amandebele raided repeatedly, and
"Booshuana village", 1806.
took large numbers of cattle, women, and children from the Batswana—most of
whom were driven into the desert or sanctuary areas such as hilltops and caves. Only
after 1843, when the Amandebele moved into western Zimbabwe, did this threat subside.

During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild.
The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to
import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely
complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Kalanga, the Bakgalagadi, and other current minorities were subjugated by the
Batswana.[26]
Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on the borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In
1852 a coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I resisted Afrikaner incursions, and after about eight years of intermittent
tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border
.[27][28]
between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully

Due to newly peaceful conditions, trade thrived between 1860 and 1880. Taking advantage of this were Christian missionaries. The
Lutherans and the London Missionary Society both became established in the country by 1856. By 1880 every major village had a
resident missionary, and their influence slowly became felt. Khama III (reigned 1875–1923) was the first of the Tswana chiefs to
make Christianity a state religion, and changed a great deal of Tswana customary law as a result. Christianity became the de facto
official religion in all the chiefdoms by World War I.[29]

Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate

During the Scramble for Africa the territory of Botswana was coveted by both Germany and Great Britain. During the Berlin
Conference, Britain decided to annex Botswana in order to safeguard the Road to the North and thus connect the Cape Colony to its
territories further north. It unilaterally annexed Tswana territories in January 1885 and then sent the Warren Expedition north to
consolidate control over the area and convince the chiefs to accept British overrule. Despite their misgivings, they eventually
acquiesced to this fait accompli.[30]

In 1890 areas north of 22 degrees were added to the new Bechuanaland Protectorate. During the 1890s the new territory was divided
into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land being left as freehold for white settlers. During the early 1890s, the
British government decided to hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company. This plan, which was
well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest, was eventually foiled by the failure
of the Jameson Raid in January 1896.[31][32]

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 from the main British colonies
in the region, the High Commission Territories — the Bechuanaland Protectorate,
Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland (now Eswatini) — were not included, but
provision was made for their later incorporation. However, the UK began to consult
with their inhabitants as to their wishes. Although successive South African
governments sought to have the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK
kept delaying; consequently, it never occurred. The election of the Nationalist
government in 1948, which instituted apartheid, and South Africa's withdrawal from
the Commonwealth in 1961, ended any prospect of the UK or these territories
Stamp of British Bechuanaland from
agreeing to incorporation into South Africa. 1960

An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government

resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans.[33] The African Council
consisted of the eight heads of the Tswana tribes and some elected members.[33] Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and
powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative
council.

Independence
In June 1964, the United Kingdom accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was
moved in 1965 from Mafikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone, which is located near Botswana's border with
South Africa. Based on the 1965 constitution, the country held its first general elections under universal suffrage and gained
independence on 30 September 1966.[34] Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to the
Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the first President, and subsequently re-elected twice.
The presidency passed to the sitting Vice-President, Quett Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989
and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999 and re-
elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (son of the first President), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice-
President since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of theBotswana Defence Forceto take up this civilian role.

A long-running dispute over the northern border withNamibia's Caprivi Strip was the subject of a ruling by theInternational Court of
Justice in December 1999. It ruled thatKasikili Island belongs to Botswana.[35]

Geography
At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country. It is
similar in size to Madagascar or France. It lies between latitudes 17° and 27°S, and
longitudes 20° and 30°E.

The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rollingtableland. Botswana

is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land surface. The
Okavango Delta, one of the world's largest inland deltas, is in the northwest. The
Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north.

The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly
in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the Notwane, Bonwapitse,
Mahalapye, Lotsane, Motloutse and the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the
country. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone Dam. The Botswana map of Köppen climate
Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and classification.

Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a
place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and
his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia).

Ecology
Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert
areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other
mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining
large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park, found Giraffes in the Okavango Delta
in the Chobe District, has the world's largest concentration of African elephants. The
park covers about 11,000 km2
(4,247 sq mi) and supports about
350 species of birds.

The Chobe National Park and

Moremi Game Reserve (in the
Okavango Delta) are major tourist
The Okavango Delta destinations. Other reserves include
the Central Kalahari Game Reserve
located in the Kalahari desert in Botswana has the largest elephant
Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Nxai Pan National Park are population in the world
in Central District in the Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately
owned: located where the Shashe River and Limpopo River meet in eastern
Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is Mokolodi Nature Reservenear Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like
Khama Rhino Sanctuary(for rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (forflamingos). They are both located in Central District.
Environmental problems
Botswana faces two majorenvironmental problems: drought and desertification. The
desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought in the
country. Three quarters of the country's human and animal populations depend on
groundwater due to drought. Groundwater use through deep borehole drilling has
somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce in Botswana and less
than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. In the remaining
95% of the country, raising livestock is the primary source of rural income.
Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has
A baobab tree (Adansonia digitata)
been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion of the
country.[36]

Since raising livestock has proven to be profitable for the people of Botswana, they continue to exploit the land. The animal
populations have continued to dramatically increase. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock population has increased from 1.7 million to
5.5 million.[36]:64 Similarly, the human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, a 161% increase in 24
years. "Over 50% of all households in Botswana own cattle, which is currently the largest single source of rural income." "Rangeland
degradation or desertification is regarded as the reduction in land productivity as a result of overstocking and overgrazing, or as a
ef of drought and climate change."[36]
result of veld product gathering for commercial use. Degradation is exacerbated by the fects

Environmentalists report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to the increased grazing of livestock.[37] The Okavango Delta is
one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and one of the largest inland deltas in the world; it is a crucial ecosystem to the
survival of many animals.[37]

The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into
communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti.[38] Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the
degradation of the land. The United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million
US dollars to reduce Botswana's debt by $8.3 million US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that
Botswana will focus on more extensiveconservation of the land.[37]

The United Nations Development Programme claims that poverty is a major problem behind the overexploitation of resources,
including land, in Botswana. To help change this the UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of
Struizendam in Botswana. The purpose of the project is to draw from "indigenous knowledge and traditional land management
systems". The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn increasing their
possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement
policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and are giving the government information to help with policy
development.[39]

Politics and government

Botswana is the continent's oldest democracy. The constitution of Botswana is the
rule of law, which protects the citizens of Botswana and represents their rights. The
politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic
republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of
government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the
government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament
of Botswana. The most recent election, its eleventh, was held on 24 October 2014.
Since independence was declared, the party system has been dominated by the
House of the Parliament of Botswana
Botswana Democratic Party.
in Gaborone

Judiciary
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.[40] Botswana ranks
30th out of 167 states in the 2012 Democracy Index.[41] According to Transparency
International, Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks close to
Portugal and South Korea.[42]

It consists of a typical court system of local Magistrates Courts, a High Court and a
Court of Appeal. The High Court is a superior court of record with unlimited
original jurisdiction to hear and determine any criminal, civil or constitutional cases
under any law. Appeals can be heard by the Court of Appeal. The Head of the High The Attorney General's Chambers in
Court is the Chief Justice.[43] Gaborone

The Court of Appeal is the highest and final court in the country and deals with
appeals from the High Court and the Industrial Court. The Head of the Court of Appeal is the Judge President.

Judges are appointed by the President of Botswana on the recommendation of the Judicial Services Commission.

Chief Justices:[44]

1968–1971 John Richard Dendy-Young

1972–1975 Akinola Aguda
1975–1977 George O.L. Dyke
1977–1981 Hayfron Benjamin
1981–1987 O'Brien Quinn
1987–1992 Livesey Luke
1992–1997 Moleleki Didwell Mokama
1997–2010 Julian Mukwesu Nganunu
2010–2018 Maruping Dibotelo
Incumbent Terence Rannowane
With regard to the legal profession, although the Law Society of Botswana has been in existence since 1997,[45] there is still no clear
indication in their registry of attorneys as to how certain demographics, such as women, have fared in the legal field.

Foreign relations and military

At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It was only after the
Rhodesian and South African militaries struck respectively against the Zimbabwe
People's Revolutionary Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe[46] bases that the Botswana
Defence Force (BDF) was formed in 1977.[47] The President is commander-in-chief
of the armed forces and appoints a defence council and the BDF currently consists of
roughly 60,000 servicemen.
Botswana Defence Force Air Base
Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have
increasingly focused on prevention of poaching, preparing for disasters, and foreign
peacekeeping. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the BDF, and a large segment
of its officer corps have received U.S. training. The Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the
possibility of establishing an Africa Command AFRICOM)
( base in the country.[48]

Human rights
Many of the indigenous San people have been forcibly relocated from their land onto reservations. To make them relocate, they were
denied from accessing water from their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food.[49] Their lands
lie in the middle of the world's richest diamond field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining and claims the
relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived sustainably on the land for millennia.[49]
On the reservations, they struggle to find employment and alcoholism is rampant.[49] On 24 August 2018 the UN Special Rapporteur
on Minorities, Fernand de Varennes issued a statement calling on Botswana, “to step up efforts to recognize and protect the rights of
minorities in relation to public services, land and resource use and the use of minority languages in education and other critical
areas.”

[50]
Homosexual acts are illegal in Botswana, as in many African countries.

Capital punishment in Botswanaincludes the death penalty by hanging.

[51]
The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, Ditshwanelo, was established in 1993.

Administrative divisions
Botswana's ten districts are:

Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District
Chobe District
Ghanzi District
Botswana's councils created from urban or town
councils are: Gaborone City, Francistown,
Lobatse Town, Selebi-Phikwe Town, Jwaneng
Town, Orapa Town and Sowa Township.

Economy
Since independence, Botswana has had one of the
fastest growth rates in per capita income in the The districts of Botswana. The appropriate article can be found by
world.[52] Botswana has transformed itself from clicking over the district. City districts are not shown.
one of the poorest countries in the world to an

upper middle-income country.

Although Botswana was resource-
abundant, a good institutional
framework allowed the country to
reinvest resource-income in order
to generate stable future
income.[53] By one estimate, it has
the fourth highest gross national
income at purchasing power parity Headquarters of Debswana Trading
Company Botswana in Gaborone
Graphical depiction of Botswana's in Africa, giving it a standard of
product exports in 28 color-coded living around that of Mexico.[54]
categories.
The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Botswana is responsible for promoting
business development throughout the country. According to the International
Monetary Fund, economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a high level of economic freedom
compared to other African countries.[55] The government has maintained a sound fiscal policy, despite consecutive budget deficits in
2002 and 2003, and a negligible level offoreign debt. It earned the highest sovereign
credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion
in 2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports.

An array of financial institutions populates the country's financial system, with

pension funds and commercial banks being the two most important segments by
asset size. Banks remain profitable, well-capitalised, and liquid, as a result of
growing national resources and high interest rates.[56] The Bank of Botswana serves
as a central bank. The country's currency is theBotswana pula. GDP per capita (current), compared
to neighbouring countries (world
Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced. Generally average = 100)
adhering to global standards in the transparency of financial policies and banking
supervision, the financial sector provides ample access to credit for entrepreneurs.
The Capital Bank opened in 2008.[57] As of August 2015, there are a dozen licensed banks in the country.[58] The government is
involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing
Botswana's status as a financial centre. Credit is allocated on market terms, although the government provides subsidised loans.
Reform of non-bank financial institutions has continued in recent years, notably through the establishment of a single financial
regulatory agency that provides more effective supervision. The government has abolished exchange controls, and with the resulting
[59]
creation of new portfolio investment options, the Botswana Stock Exchange is growing.

The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this
in practice. The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings,
although a serious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of
intellectual property rights has improved significantly. Botswana is ranked second only
to South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2014 International Property
Rights Index.[60]

Botswana's trading partners in
2004 (Imports: $3.37 billion)
While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves some
sectors for citizens. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role in the
privatisation of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and
bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewhat slow. Investment
returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual
property, royalties, franchise's fees, and service fees can be repatriated without limits.

Southern African Customs Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is
Union (74%) some domestic production of electricity from coal.
European Union (17%)
Zimbabwe (4%)
Gemstones and precious metals
Other (5%)
In Botswana, the Department of Mines[61] and Mineral Resources, Green Technology
and Energy Security[62] led by Hon Sadique Kebonang in Gaborone, maintains data
regarding mining throughout the country. Debswana, the largest diamond mining company operating in Botswana, is 50% owned by
the government.[63] The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government revenues.[64] In 2007, significant quantities of
uranium were discovered, and mining was projected to begin by 2010. Several international mining corporations have established
regional headquarters in Botswana, and prospected for diamonds, gold, uranium, copper, and even oil, many coming back with
positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they would try to shift their economic dependence on diamonds, over
serious concern that diamonds are predicted to dry out in Botswana over the next twenty years.

Botswana's Orapa mine is the largest diamond mine in the world in terms of value and quantity of carats produced annually.[65]
Estimated to have produced over 11 million carats in 2013, with an average price of $145/carat, the Orapa mine was estimated to
[66]
produce over $1.6 billion worth of diamonds in 2013.
 Demographics
The Tswana are the majority ethnic
group in Botswana, making up 79% of
the population. The largest minority
ethnic groups are the BaKalanga, and
San or AbaThwa, also known as
The Debswana Diamond Complex
Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei,
Gaborone
Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and
Bakgalagadi. In addition, there are
small numbers of whites and Indians,
Botswana's trading partners in both groups being roughly equally
2004 (Exports: $3.67 billion) small in number. Botswana's Indian
population is made up of many Indian-
Southern African Customs
Africans of several generations, with
Union (7%)
some having migrated from
European Union (87%)
Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania,
Zimbabwe (4%)
Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as
Other (2%)
well as first generation Indian
immigrants. The white population
speaks English and Afrikaans and
makes up roughly 3% of the population.

Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number

of Zimbabweans in Botswanahas risen into the tens of thousands.[67]

Fewer than 10,000 San people are

still living their traditional hunter- A young Motswana Girl
gatherer way of life. Since the mid-
1990s the central government of
Botswana has been trying to move San out of their historic lands.[68] James Anaya,
as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental
freedoms of indigenous people for the United Nations in 2010, described loss of
land as a major contributor to many of the problems facing Botswana's indigenous
Population pyramid 2016 people, citing the San's eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR)
as an especial example.[69]:2 Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the
United Nations Human Rights Council was that development programs should
promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture
[69]:19
of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.

Languages
The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken across the country. In Setswana, prefixes are more
important than they are in many other languages, since Setswana is a Bantu language and has noun classes denoted by these prefixes.
They include Bo, which refers to the country, Ba, which refers to the people, Mo, which is one person, and Se which is the language.
For example, the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a
whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana.

Other languages spoken in Botswana includeKalanga (sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele, !Xóõ and, in some parts, Afrikaans.
Religions
An estimated 77% of the country's citizens identify as Christians.
Religion in Botswana (Pew Research)[71]
Anglicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of religion percent
Southern Africa make up the majority of Christians. There are also Protestant 66%
congregations of Lutherans, Baptists, Roman Catholics, Latter-day None 20%
Saints (Mormons), the Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh- Catholic 7%
Folk 6%
day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. In Gaborone, a
Other 1%
Lutheran History Centre is open to the public. According to the 2001
census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, mainly from South Asia,
3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha'is. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural
and urban areas.[72]

Culture
Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana,
Setswana is the adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of the Batswana
—whether construed as members of the Tswana ethnic groups or of all citizens of
Botswana. In Botswana most of the tribes have different ways that they use to greet
one another, but for easy communication and connection batswana use a three way
hand shake or one can just greet another by saying "Dumelang" as a way of saying
"hello" without having to use hand shakes. In community celebrations like Dikgafela
or during marriage ceremonies batswana women show excitement and happiness by
the use of ululations as part of their culture.

Media
Botswana has two TV stations one of which is owned by the government (Botswana
television); five radio stations and seven newspapers that publish on a weekly basis. Dance at a cultural day.

Music
Botswana music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums
depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Botswana
folk music has instruments such as setinkane (a sort of miniature piano),
segankure/segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument erhu), moropa
(meropa -plural) (many varieties of drums), phala (a whistle used mostly during
celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical
instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. The hands are used as
musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat A rondavel at a lodge near the
skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men) to create Kalahari Desert.
music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a
versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the
segaba instrument does not have. The national anthem is "Fatshe leno la rona". Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso
Motsete, it was adopted upon independence in 1966.

Visual arts
 In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are
noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The
baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage,
large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain,
and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is
being steadily enhanced through colour use and improved designs as they are
increasingly produced for international markets.

Textile art Other notable artistic communities include Thamaga Pottery and Oodi Weavers,
both located in the south-eastern part of Botswana.

The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan
(!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty thousand years ago within theKalahari desert.

Food
The cuisine of Botswana is unique but also shares some characteristics with other
cuisine of Southern Africa. Examples of Botswana food are pap (maize porridge),
boerewors, samp, Magwinya (fried dough bread) and mopane worms. Foods unique
to Botswana include seswaa, heavily salted mashed-up meat.

Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for the 2012
Africa Cup of Nations being the national team's highest achievement to date. Other
Boerewors
popular sports are softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, and
track and field.[73][74] Botswana is an associate member of the International Cricket
Council. Botswana became a member of The International Badminton Federation
and Africa Badminton Federation in 1991. The Botswana Golf Union offers an
amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships.

Botswana won the country's first Olympic medal in 2012 when runner Nijel Amos
won silver in the 800 metres. In 2011, Amantle Montsho became world champion in
the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal on the world level. High
jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang is a three-time African champion.
Francistown Stadium
The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana over
30 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate
school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools. The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in
1988 and continues to organise tournaments. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members.[75] In 2007, the BBF
[76]
invited the English Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching program in May 2008.

Education
Botswana has made great strides in educational development since independence in 1966. At that time there were very few graduates
in the country and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increased its adult literacy
rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.[77]

With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue that this brought, there was a huge increase in educational
provision in the country. All students were guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certificate qualification.
Approximately half of the school population attends a further two years of secondary schooling leading to the award of the Botswana
General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in
Botswana is neither free nor compulsory.

After leaving school, students can attend one of the seven technical colleges in the
country, or take vocational training courses inteaching or nursing. Students enter the
University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture, Botswana International
University of Science and Technology and the Botswana Accountancy College in
Gaborone. Many other students end up in the numerous private tertiary education University of Botswana, Gaborone
colleges around the country. Notable amongst these is Botho University, the
country's first private university which offers undergraduate programmes in
Accounting, Business and Computing. Another international university is the
Limkokwing University of Creative Technology which offers various associate
degrees in Creative Arts.[78] Other tertiary institutions include Ba Isago, ABM
University College the largest school of business and management, New Era,
Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, Gaborone University College Of Law
And Professional Studies etc. Tremendous strides in providing quality education
have been made by private education providers such that a large number of the best University of Botswana Teaching
students in the country are now applying to them as well. A vast majority of these Hospital, Gaborone
students are government sponsored. The nation's second international university, the
Botswana International University of Science and Technology, was completed in
Palapye in 2011.

The quantitative gains have not always been matched by qualitative ones. Primary
schools in particular still lack resources, and the teachers are less well paid than their
secondary school colleagues. The Botswana Ministry of Education[79] is working to
establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the African Library
Project.[80] The Government of Botswana hopes that by investing a large part of
national income in education, the country will become less dependent on diamonds
for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled Mmadinare Senior Secondary School
workers.[81] Those objectives are in part pursued through policies in favour of in Mmadinare Village
vocational education, gathered within the NPVET (National Policy on Vocational
Education and Training), aiming to "integrate the different types of vocational
[81] Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education.
education and training into one comprehensive system". [77]

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education[82] though the
government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of
Botswana or if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, such as medicine, they are provided with a
full scholarship to study abroad.

Science and technology

Botswana is planning to use science and technology to diversify its economy and
thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining. To this end, the government has
set up six hubs since 2008, in the agriculture, diamonds, innovation, transport, health
and education sectors.[83]

Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Botswana Innovation Hub Under
Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency Construction in Gaborone
for International Cooperation and Development (AECID). This policy aims to take
up the challenges of rapid technological evolution, globalization and the achievement of the national development goals formulated
in high-level strategic documents that include Botswana'sTenth National Development Planto 2016 and Vision 2016.[83]

The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) fixes
the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D)
from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can only be
[83]
reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.

Despite the modest level of financial investment in research, Botswana counts one of
the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants
(in head counts), compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the Botswana International University of
subcontinent in 2013.[83] Science & Technology in Mahalapye

In 2009 a Botswana based company Deaftronics launched its solar-powered hearing

aid Six years after developing the prototype. Since the launch of the company in
2009, Deaftronics has sold over 10 000 solar-powered hearing aids. Priced at $200
per unit, each unit hearing aid comes with four rechargeable batteries that can last up
to three years and a solar charger for the rechargeable batteries. The product is
cheaper than many popular hearings aids, that can start from around $600. [84] [85]

In 2011 Botswana’s Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) unveiled Musi

breed, designed to ultimately optimise the overall efficiency for beef production
under Botswana conditions. The process of selective breeding that resulted in this
Botswana's Solar powered hearing
hardy beast 29 years ago, it is hoped that the composite breed with lead to increased
aid
beef production. the objective of the research was to find a genetic material that
could perform like crossbreeds already found in Botswana and well above the
indigenous Tswana breed while retaining the hardiness and adaptability of the native stock in one package. [86] Botswana Institute of
Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) in 2016 developed the Foot and Mouth rapit testing kit in collaboration with Botswana
Vaccine Institute and Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The existing diagnostic methods require highly-trained laboratory
personnel, special equipment thereby causing delays in the implementation of control procedures whereas the kit developed in
Botswana allow for on-site diagnosis to be made in a case of a suspected disease outbreak there speeding up the diagnostic process.
[87]

In the ICT sector in 2016 a Botswana Company Almaz opened the first of its kind
computer assembly company in Botswana. he company will not only be about
computer assembly but also expansion of electronics manufacturing and a catalyst
for content development and Research & Development. [88][89] . Ditec a Botswana
company also customizes, designs and manufactures mobile phones. Ditec is one of
the leading experts in design, developmentand custumization of Microsoft powered
devices. [90]

Transportation, energy and infrastructure Botswana's locally manufactured

mobile phone Ditec
Botswana has 971 kilometers (603 miles) of rail lines, 18,482 kilometers (11,484
miles) of roads, and 92 airports, of which 12 have paved runways. The engineered
paved road network has almost entirely been constructed since independence in 1966. The national airline is Air Botswana, which
flies domestically and to other countries in Africa. Botswana Railways is the national railways company forms a crucial link in the
Southern African regional railway systems. Botswana Railways offers rail-based transport logistics solutions to move a range of
[91] [92]
commodities for the mining sector and primary industries, passenger trains services and dry ports.
In terms of power infrastructure in Botswana, the country produces coal for
electricity and oil is imported into the country. Recently, the country has taken a
large interest in renewable energy sources and has completed a comprehensive
strategy that will attract investors in the wind, solar and biomass renewable energy
industries. Botswana’s power stations includeMorupule B Power Station(600 MW),
Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 mw), Phakalane
Power Station (1.3 MW) and Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW) which is
Francistown Thapama Interchange
expected to be online in the near future. A 200 MW solar power plant is at planning
and designing stage by Ministry of Mineral Resources, Green Technology and
Energy Security. [93][94][95]

Health

General
The Ministry of Health in Botswana is responsible for overseeing the quality and
distribution of healthcare throughout the country. Life expectancy at birth was 55 in BR Express linking Gaborone &
2009 according to the World Bank, having previously fallen from a peak of 64.1 in Francistown
1990 to a low of 49 in 2002.[96] After Botswana's 2011 census, current life
expectancy is estimated at 54.06 years.[11]

The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organisation.

The association is a member of the Union for International Cancer Control. The
Association supplements existing services through provision of cancer prevention
and health awareness programmes, facilitating access to health services for cancer
patients and offering support and counseling to those affected.[97]

Gaborone Private Hospital GPH

HIV/AIDS epidemic
Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economic impact of AIDS is
considerable. Economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002–3 as a result
of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditure on healthcare services. Botswana
has been hit very hard by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006 it was estimated that life
expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years.[98] However, after Botswana's
2011 census current life expectancy is estimated ta 54.06 years.[11]

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana was estimated at 25.4% for adults aged
15–49 in 2009 and 21.9% in 2013,[13]:A8 exceeded by Lesotho and Swaziland in
Life expectancy in several African
sub-Saharan African nations. This places Botswana at the third highest prevalence in countries from 1960 to 2012.
the world, in 2013, while "leading the way in prevention and treatment Botswana had the highest life
programmes".[14] In 2003, the government began a comprehensive program expectancy until HIV/AIDS began to
involving free or cheap generic antiretroviral drugs as well as an information reduce it in the late 1980s.
campaign designed to stop the spread of the virus; in 2013, over 40% of adults in
Botswana had access to antiretroviral therapy.[13]:28 In the age group of 15–19 years
old, prevalence was estimated at about 6% for females and 3.5% for males in 2013,[13]:33 and for the 20–24 age group, 15% for
females and 5% for males.[13]:33 Botswana is one of 21 priority countries identified by the UN AIDS group in 2011 in the Global
Plan to eliminate new HIV infections among children and to keep their mothers alive.[13]:37 From 2009 to 2013, the country saw a
decrease over 50% in new HIV infections in children.[13]:38 A further measure of the success, or reason for hope, in dealing with
HIV in Botswana, is that less than 10% of pregnant HIV-infected women were not receiving antiretroviral medications in 2013, with
a corresponding large decrease (over 50%) in the number of new HIV infections in children under 5.[13]:39, 40 Among the UN Global
Plan countries, people living with HIV in Botswana have the highest percentage receiving antiretroviral treatment: about 75% for
adults (age 15+) and about 98% for children.[13]:237

With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected
mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%. Under the leadership of Festus Mogae, the Government of Botswana solicited
outside help in fighting HIV/AIDS and received early support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Merck Foundation,
and together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Other early partners include the Botswana-
Harvard AIDS Institute, of the Harvard School of Public Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of
Pennsylvania. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment – defined as 80% coverage or greater – has been
achieved in Botswana.[99]

Potential reasons for Botswana's high HIV prevalence include concurrent sexual partnerships, transactional sex, cross-generational
sex, and a significant number of people who travel outside of their local communities in pursuit of work. The polyamorous nature of
many sexual relationships further impacts the health situation, to the extent that it has given rise to a love vocabulary[100] that is
unique to the region.

Tourism
The Botswana Tourism Organisation[101] is the country's official tourism group.
Primarily, tourists visit Gaborone due to the city having numerous activities for
visitors. The Lion Park Resort[102] is Botswana's first permanent amusement park
and hosts events such as birthday parties for families. Other destinations in
Botswana include the Gaborone Yacht Club and the Kalahari Fishing Club and
natural attractions such as the Gaborone Dam and Mokolodi Nature Reserve. There
are golf courses which are maintained by the Botswana Golf Union (BGU).[103] The Lion Park Resort Gaborone
Phakalane Golf Estate is a multimillion-dollar clubhouse that offers both hotel
accommodations and access to golf courses.

Museums in Botswana include:

Botswana National Museumin Gaborone

Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye
Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole
Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe
Nhabe Museum in Maun Chiefs Camp in the Okavango Delta
Phuthadikobo Museumin Mochudi
Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown

In popular culture
McCall Smith, Alexander. The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency Series. Penguin Random House. Retrieved
2019-01-20.

See also
Outline of Botswana
List of Botswana-related topics
The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency

Sources
 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report: towards
2030, 546–547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see
Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

References
1. "Terms of Service Violation" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-kha
ma-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm). www.bloomberg.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018040101000
6/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decad
e-at-helm#) from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
2. "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision" (https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/). ESA.UN.org (custom
data acquired via website).United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Retrieved 10 September 2017.
3. 2011 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Results Brief(https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212100/http://w
ww.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/Census%202011%20Preliminary%20%20Brief%20 Sept%2029%202011.pdf)
4. "Botswana" (https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=7&sy=2018&ey=
2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=616&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp
=0&a=). International Monetary Fund.
5. "GINI index (World Bank estimate)" (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV
.GINI?locations=BW). World Bank.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083923/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=
BW#) from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
6. "2018 Human Development Report"(http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update). United Nations Development
Programme. 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203906/http://hdr
.undp.org/en/2018-update#)
from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
7. "Bechuanaland was the former name of Botswana"(https://web.archive.org/web/20150323214332/http://www .gener
alknowledgefacts.com/2013/09/bechuanaland-was-former-name-of-botswana.html) . generalknowledgefacts.com.
Archived from the original (http://generalknowledgefacts.com/2013/09/bechuanaland-was-former-name-of-botswana.
html) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
8. "overview of CPI indices"(https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview). Transparency International.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180108105128/https://www .transparency.org/research/cpi/overview#)from
the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
9. "BBC News | Africa | Election for Africa's oldest democracy"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/431726.stm)
.
news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
10. Darwa, P. Opoku (2011). Kazungula Bridge Project(http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-a
nd-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf)
(PDF). African Development Fund. p.Appendix IV. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121114113821/http://ww
w.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%2
0AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved
4 May 2012.
11. "Botswana" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency. 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110406114046/https://www .cia.gov/library/public
ations/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#)from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
12. Gross national income (GNI) – Nations Online Project(http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countrie
s.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232439/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_count
ries.htm#) 19 February 2009 at theWayback Machine. Nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.
13. "The Gap Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160620173755/http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentasse
ts/documents/unaidspublication/2014/unaids_gap_report_en.pdf)(PDF). Geneva: UN AIDS. 2014. Archived fromthe
original (http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/UNAIDS_Gap_rep
ort_en.pdf) (PDF) on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
14. "HIV and Aids in Botswana"(http://www.avert.org/aidsbotswana.htm). Avert International Aids Charity. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20090228211140/http://www .avert.org/aidsbotswana.htm#)from the original on 28 February
2009. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
15. "The CIA World Factbook 2017" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html). Central
Intelligence Agency. p. 111.
16. Bolaane, Maitseo; Mgadla, Part Themba (1997).Batswana (https://books.google.com/?id=J6tBlca35ZwC)
. The
Rosen Publishing Group. p. 1.ISBN 9780823920082.
17. "Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – V oices of Africa" (http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-co
mplicated/). Voices of Africa. 17 August 2015.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesof
africa.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/#)from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
18. "Botswanan" (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/botswanan). dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge
English Dictionary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060918/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionar
y/english/botswanan#) from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
19. Morton, F.; Ramsay, J. and Mgadla, T. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Botswana. Scarecrow Press, p. 34.
ISBN 9780810854673
20. Staurset, S.; Coulson, S. (2014). "Sub-surface movement of stone artefacts at White Paintings Shelter
, Tsodilo Hills,
Botswana: Implications for the Middle Stone Age chronology of central southern Africa".
Journal of Human Evolution.
75: 153–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.04.006(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.04.006). PMID 24953669 (htt
ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24953669).
21. Wilmsen, E. (1989) Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: Chicago University Press,
pp. 71–5. ISBN 9780226900155
22. Denbow, James (1986). "A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari".The Journal of African History. 27 (1):
3–28. doi:10.1017/S0021853700029170(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700029170) . JSTOR 181334 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/181334).
23. Magang, D. (2008) The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang
. Cape Town: CASAS, pp. 10–
14. ISBN 9781920287702
24. Morton, Fred. "The Rise of a Raiding State: Makaba II's Ngwaketse, 1780–1824"(https://www.academia.edu/111342
64).
25. Morton, B. (1993). "Pre-1904 Population Estimates of the swana".
T Botswana Notes and Records. 25: 89–99.
JSTOR 40979984 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979984).
26. Morton, Barry (1997). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane,
1838–1880". South African Historical Journal. 36: 220–239. doi:10.1080/02582479708671276(https://doi.org/10.108
0%2F02582479708671276).
27. Magang, D. (2008) The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang
. Cape Town: CASAS, pp. 28–
38. ISBN 9781920287702
28. Ramsay, J. (1991). "The Botswana-Boer War of 1852–53: How the Batswana Achieved V ictory". Botswana Notes
and Records. 23: 193–208. JSTOR 40980851 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980851).
29. Landau, P. (1995) The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender
, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom
.
Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.
30. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology
, 1885–1966" (http
s://www.academia.edu/15645705). pp. 4–7. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via academia.edu.
31. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology
, 1885–1966" (http
s://www.academia.edu/15645705). pp. 7–11. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via academia.edu.
32. Parsons, N. (1998) King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: V
ictorian Britain Through African Eyes.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. "Botswana: Late British colonialism (1945–1966)"(https://web.archive.org/web/20120603024427/http://www .eisa.or
g.za/WEP/botoverview4.htm). eisa.org. Archived from the original (http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/botoverview4.htm)
on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
34. "Fireworks at Midnight"(http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/fireworksatmidnight.htm). Britishempire.co.uk.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054412/http://www .britishempire.co.uk/article/fireworksatmidnight.ht
m#) from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
35. "Namibia General Information"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112332/http://www .southern-eagle.com/namibi
a/namgeninfo.html). Southern-eagle.com. 21 March 1990. Archived fromthe original (http://www.southern-eagle.co
m/namibia/namgeninfo.html)on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
36. "Darkoh" (http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/darkoh.pdf) (PDF). IS: Rala. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101
010191509/http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/darkoh.pdf#) (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved
30 March 2010.
37. "Botswana, US sign 'Debt-for-Nature' agreement"(http://www.afrol.com/articles/21794). Afrol. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20091201140712/http://www .afrol.com/articles/21794#)from the original on 1 December 2009.
Retrieved 4 July 2010.
38. "NOTCDIB" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100724145917/http://www .unccd.int/IYDD/documents/NOTCDIB.pdf)
(PDF). UNCCD. Archived fromthe original (http://www.unccd.int/iydd/documents/NOTCDIB.pdf) (PDF) on 24 July
2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
39. "Botswana villages fighting desertification"(http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090). Afrol. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20091102221242/http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090#) from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved
4 July 2010.
40. "Botswana 1996 (rev. 2002)" (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2002?lang=en). Constitute.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150414180706/https://www .constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_200
2?lang=en#) from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
41. "Democracy index 2012: Democracy at a standstill"(http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Democracy-Index-2012.pd
f) (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 March 2013.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140611085135/http://
pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Democracy-Index-2012.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved
21 March 2014.
42. Transparency International2008 Corruption Perception Index 2008(http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focu
s/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090311002755/http://www .transparency.or
g/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table)11 March 2009 at theWayback Machine. Retrieved 7–23–09.
43. "Administration of Justice"(https://web.archive.org/web/20150929023917/http://www .justice.gov.bw/about%20us/bac
kground-judiciary). Republic of Botswana Administarion of Justice. Archived fromthe original (http://www.justice.gov.
bw/about%20us/background-judiciary)on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
44. "Efficient judicial system ensures justice"(https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121224/http://www
.olddailynews.go
v.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927). Daily News. Archived fromthe original (http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/
news.cgi?d=20120927)on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
45. "18th Annual SADC Lawyers' Association Conference and General Meeting" (http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCL
A-2017.pdf) (PDF). August 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005020/http://www .lssa.org.za/upl
oad/SADCLA-2017.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 10 November 2017.
46. Parks, Michael (20 May 1986)."S. Africa Raids 3 Nearby Nations : Attacks Rebel Bases in Capitals of Zimbabwe,
Zambia and Botswana"(http://articles.latimes.com/1986-05-20/news/mn-6620_1_african-national-congress) . Los
Angeles Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150242/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-05-20/new
s/mn-6620_1_african-national-congress#)from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
47. Republic of Botswana – Government portal(http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/B
otswana-Defence-Force-BDF/About-the-BDF1/History-of-the-BDF/)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110706
162757/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-
Defence-Force-BDF/About
-the-BDF1/History-of-the-BDF/)6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Gov.bw. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.
48. Pounds, Lance (14 December 2015)Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe(http://www.africo
m.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe)Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20170718193102/http://www .africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-l
eaders-meet-in-europe#)18 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Army Africa
49. "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us"(https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867).
bbcnews.com. 7 January 2014.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www .bbc.com/news/w
orld-africa-24821867#)from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
50. "The state of gay rights around the world(https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20161128055714/https://www .washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/#)28
November 2016 at theWayback Machine". The Washington Post. 14 June 2016.
51. "Ditshwanelo Website (http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/htt
p://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/) 18 February 2018 at theWayback Machine"
52. US Department of State website,Background Note: Botswana(https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm#econ)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170623233750/https://www
.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm#econ#econ)23
June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, May 2009. Retrieved 7–23–09.
53. Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press.
p. 159. ISBN 9781107507180.
54. Kästle, Klaus (24 July 2009)."GNI PPP table" (http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm).
Nationsonline.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100115190433/http://www .nationsonline.org/oneworld/G
NI_PPP_of_countries.htm#)from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
55. "Botswana ranked Africa's leader in economic freedom"(http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=99&dir=2007/S
eptember/Thursday6/). mmegi.bw. 19 May 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170822145230/http://ww
w.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=99&dir=2007%2FSeptember%2FThursday6%2F#)from the original on 22
August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
56. "MFW4A Botswana Financial Sector Profile"(http://www.mfw4a.org/botswana/botswana-financial-sector-
profile.html). Mfw4a.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082102/http://www .mfw4a.org/botswana/bo
tswana-financial-sector-profile.html#)from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
57. Maganu, Patricia (26 February 2009)."Botswana: Capital Bank Bullish Despite Crisis"(http://allafrica.com/stories/20
0902260917.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121014131626/http://allafrica.com/stories/20090226091
7.html#) from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
58. "Banks" (http://www.bankofbotswana.bw/index.php/content/2009103015021-banks). Bank of Botswana. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20150801235434/http://www .bankofbotswana.bw/index.php/content/2009103015021-bank
s#) from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
59. "Investors: Facts and Figures"(http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/).
Republica of Botswana.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905000003/http://www .gov.bw/en/Business/Sub
-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/#)from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
60. "The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score"(http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?
r=A&f=ipri&o=desc). The International Property Rights Index.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015120814124
0/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc#) from the original on 8 December 2015.
Retrieved 23 August 2015.
61. "Department of Mines" (https://archive.is/20130910164527/http://www .mines.gov.bw/). 20 July 2007. Archived from
the original (http://www.mines.gov.bw/) on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
62. "The Government of Botswana – Home"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080209200236/http://www.gov.bw/). 9
February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008
. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
63. Joe Nocera (8 August 2008). "Diamonds are Forever in Botswana"(https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/w
orldbusiness/09nocera.html). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110829063851/http://w
ww.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/worldbusiness/09nocera.html#)from the original on 29 August 2011.
Retrieved 15 March 2010.
64. "Botswana Country Brief"(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/BOTSW ANAE
XTN/0,,menuPK:322821~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322804,00.html) . World Bank. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20090427113006/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/B
OTSWANAEXTN/0,,menuPK:322821~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322804,00.html#)from the original
on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
65. "Orapa Diamond Mine, Botswana – ASTER Image Gallery"(https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=o
rapa). asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161202080103/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/g
allery-detail.asp?name=orapa#)from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
66. "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines ByEstimated 2013 Production"(http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-0
8-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html)Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-W orld-s-Diamond-Mines-By
-Estimated-2013-Production.html#)21 September 2013 at theWayback Machine, Kitco, August 20000, 2013.
67. Betts, Alexander; Kaytaz, Ezra (2009)."National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus:
implications for the refugee protection regime"(http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/retrieveattachments?openagent&s
hortid=MINE-7UL4R6&file=Full_Report.pdf)(PDF). Research Papers. 175. Policy Development and Evaluation
Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees .
68. Lovgren, Stefan (14 September 2004)African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight forLand (http://news.nationalgeogra
phic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232807/
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html#) 8 August 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. National Geographic News.
69. Anaya, James (2 June 2010).Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana(http://unsr.jamesanay
a.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf)(PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council.
A/HRC/15/37/Add.2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041536/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countr
ies/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
70. "Preliminary Results Brief"(https://www.webcitation.org/68TZLOUhG). 2011 Population & Housing Census.
Gaborone: Central Statistics Office. 29 September 2011. Archived fromthe original (http://www.cso.gov.bw/template
s/cso/file/File/Census%202011%20Preliminary%20%20Brief%20Sept%2029%202011.pdf) (PDF) on 17 June 2012.
Retrieved 17 June 2012.
71. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana(http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bot
swana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100)Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?af filiations_
religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100) 16 December 2013 at the
Wayback Machine. Pew Research Center. 2010.
72. "Botswana. International Religious Freedom Report 2007"(https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90083.htm). U.S.
Department of State. 14 September 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100228092521/http://www .state.
gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90083.htm#)from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
73. "Sparks to fly at Diamond"(https://web.archive.org/web/20090114095524/http://www
.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=200
60126). Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 26 January 2006. Archived fromthe original (http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/ne
ws.cgi?d=20060126) on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
74. "Opinion the Academic World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061003050400/http://www .gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=
20040813). Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). Archived from the original (http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=2004
0813) on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
75. "Botswana Bridge Federation"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www .bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/bridge
_federation.htm). Botswana National Sports Council. Archived fromthe original (http://www.bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/brid
ge_federation.htm) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
76. "English Bridge Union"(http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm). English Bridge Union.Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www .ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm#) from
the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
77. "UNESCO Institute for Statistics"(http://stats.uis.unesco.org). Stats.uis.unesco.org.Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20080725065836/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/#)from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
78. Limkokwing University of Creative T
echnology (http://www.limkokwing.net/botswana/)Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20130917121547/http://www.limkokwing.net/botswana/#) 17 September 2013 at theWayback Machine.
Limkokwing.net. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.
79. "Ministry of Education and Skills Development: Home"(https://archive.is/20120804205657/http://www.moe.gov.bw/in
dex.php?id=10). Moe.gov.bw. 27 July 2011. Archived fromthe original (http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php?id=10) on
4 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
80. "Library Partner – Botswana Ministry of Education"(http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/139-lib
rary-partner-botswana-ministry-of-education). Africanlibraryproject.org.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110
903102928/http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/139-library-partner-botswana-ministry-of-educa
tion#) from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
81. UNESCO-UNEVOC's Botswana profile(http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=BWA) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191627/http://www
.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=BW
A#) 16
April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Unevoc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.
82. Botswana brings back school fees(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4601360.stm)Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20060203014610/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4601360.stm#) 3 February 2006 at theWayback
Machine. BBC News (11 January 2006).
83. UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030(http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf)(PDF).
Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 546–547.ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210
919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 22 March 2017.
Retrieved 20 March 2017.
84. https://qz.com/africa/443630/botswanas-hearing-aid-pioneers-are-betting-on-solar-power-to-go-global/
85. https://www.deutschland.de/en/solar-powered-hearing-aids-botswana
86. http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011/September/Thursday8/
 87. http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1
88. http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant
89. http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html
90. http://www.botswanayouth.com/youth-company-shines-with-their-locally-made-ditec-pioneer-phone/
91. http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-
communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/
92. http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile
93. http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows
94. http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/.
95. http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/.
96. "World Bank Botswana Data"(http://data.worldbank.org/country/botswana). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
110709120507/http://data.worldbank.org//country//botswana#)from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July
2011.
97. "Cancer Association of Botswana"(http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana). Union for
International Cancer Control.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080003/http://www
.uicc.org/membersh
ip/cancer-association-botswana#)from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
98. Kallings, LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS"(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/1
0.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x). J Intern Med. 263 (3): 218–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x(https://do
i.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2796.2007.01910.x). PMID 18205765 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18205765).
99. World AIDS Day Report(http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/J
C2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf)(PDF), UNAIDS, 2011, archived (https://www.webcitation.org/6HPmXpI
nY?url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAID
Sday_report_2011_en.pdf#)(PDF) from the original on 16 June 2013, retrieved 21 February 2012
100. "Exposing Botswana's Love Vocabulary" (http://drshem.com/2011/06/16/exposing-botswana-love-vocabulary/)
. Dr.
Shem. 16 June 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111013150737/http://drshem.com/2011/06/16/exposi
ng-botswana-love-vocabulary#)from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
101. Botswana Tourism Organisation (http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200905
03122813/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/) 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Botswanatourism.co.bw.
Retrieved on 19 May 2017.
102. Lion Park Resort (http://www.lionpark.co.bw/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130708111109/http://www
.lio
npark.co.bw/#) 8 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Lionpark.co.bw (7 February 2013). Retrieved on 2017-05-19.
103. (BGU) (https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www
.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/). Botswana Golf Union.
Retrieved on 19 May 2017.

Further reading
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001).
"An African Success Story: Botswana"(pdf)
– via mit.edu.
Cohen, Dennis L. "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election,"
Journal of Southern
African Affairs, (1979) 4, 347–370.
Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy . The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income
Distribution (Oxford University Press, 1980)
Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006).Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7.
Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. Botswana: Politics and Society(Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998)
Good, Kenneth. "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana,"Journal of Modern African Studies(1992) 30, 69–95.
Good, Kenneth (September 1994)."Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example?" (PDF).
Journal of Modern African Studies. 32 (3): 499–521. eISSN 1469-7777. ISSN 0022-278X. Retrieved 13 July 2018 –
via harvard.edu.
Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell.History of Botswana (Macmillan Botswana, 1984)
External links
Official website
"Botswana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Botswana at Curlie
Botswana from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana
Key Development Forecasts for Botswanafrom International Futures
Government Directory for Botswanafrom African Directory Services

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana&oldid=879780653

"

This page was last edited on 23 January 2019, at 10:04(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.