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© Jeanne E. Stork, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26921.03689

Title:
Teaching Computer Mouse Skills
to Students with
Autism and Developmental Delays
Jeanne Stork
April 10, 2007
New York Institute of Technology
M.S. Educational Technology Specialist
Master’s Thesis Presentation
Table of Contents
v Introduction
Ø Background Information
Ø Review of Literature (5 pages)
Ø Hypothesis: Specialized Software Works

v Method
Ø Setting
Ø Participants
Ø Assessment Instruments
Ø Materials
Ø Apparatus
Ø Research Design (2 pages)
Ø Procedure
Ø Data Collection Plan
Ø Action Time Table
Table of Contents
v Results
Ø Tables and Graphs (7 pages)
Ø Surveys (4 pages)
Ø Teacher Interviews
Ø Analysis (2 pages)
v Discussion
Ø Important Observations
Ø Outcomes (2 pages)
v Conclusions
Ø Hypothesis Result
Ø Implementation
Ø Dissemination
Ø Possible Future Improvements
Ø Discoveries
v References (3 pages)
v Acknowledgements
 vIntroduction

Ø Background Information
» Computer mouse skills increase independence,
available software, productivity, and speed.
» Some students with autism and developmental
disabilities have difficulty learning to use the
mouse.
» For several years exposing all students to the
same materials as their peers was required.
» Using specialized resources for students with
disabilities is, once again, becoming accepted.
vIntroduction
Ø Review of Literature
» Introduction: Teaching Computer Skills
> Technology positively impacts students
with disabilities.
> Clearly defined research based best
practices needed.
> Link between technologies and teaching
techniques needed.
> Students’ cognitive abilities need to be
considered.

• Germann, Broida, Kaufman, Broida, & Thompson, 2001;

Hasselbring, 2001; Langone, Clees, Rieber, & Matzko, 2003;
Wehmeyer, Smith, Palmer, & Davis, 2004
vIntroduction
Ø Review of Literature
» Teaching Input Devices
> College computer course began with
“Mouse Basics.”
> The mouse is the most effective device for
most children.
> Single switch interfaces help a few students
with disabilities.
> Students learn devices best with software
free of language.

• Baxter, 1996; Johnston, 2003; Lane & Ziviani, 1997; Pugliese,

2002a; Romeo, Edwards, McNamara, Walker, & Ziguras 2003
vIntroduction

Ø Review of Literature
» Teaching Software
> Software too difficult -- Students frustrated
and lose interest
> Software too easy -- Students do not learn
new information
> Software customized for students --
Attending skills increase
> Systematic guidance helps students learn.
> Children benefit from structured computer
use.
• Ashton, 2001; Carlson & White, 1998; Liu, 1996
vIntroduction

Ø Review of Literature
» Generalizing Computer Skills
> Computers can help students generalize:
§ Communication skills
§ Academic skills
§ Turn taking
§ Sharing
§ Cooperative play
> Difficulty should be increased gradually.

• Hetzroni & Shalem, 2005; Kelly, Green, & Sidman, 1998; Hobbs,
Bruch, Sanko, & Astolfi, 2001; Kimball, Kinney, Taylor, &
Stromer, 2003; Lau, 2000
 vIntroduction

Ø Review of Literature
» Conclusion: Assessing Computer Skills
> Technologies & software should be based on
assessment.
> Many schools in NYC DOE District 75 use the
Stages assessment.
> Stage One: Learn input device in cause &
effect activities.
> Return to Stage One for new input device.
> Return to Stage One if difficulty with device.

• Dissinger, 2003; Hutinger, 1998; Pugliese (2000, 2001, 2002a,

2002b, & 2003)
vIntroduction

Ø Hypothesis:

It is hypothesized that elementary school

students with both autism and developmental
delays will demonstrate greater progress on an
assessment of computer mouse skills if they use
specialized training applications than if they
use simple academic applications.
 vMethod
Ø Setting
» District 75 school PS 138 M
» In general education school PS 30
» Computer lab in PS 138 M at PS 30
» Students use assigned computers
» One student per computer
» At least one paraprofessional present
 vMethod

Ø Participants
» New York City Students
» 14 Students -- control/treatment: 7 each
» Have autism and developmental delays
» Ages 5 through 11
» Cannot effectively control mouse
 vMethod
Ø Assessment Instruments
» Cognitive (Achievement): Stages Assessment
> Press and Hold
> Press and Release
» Behavioral: Stages Observation Form
> Attending Skills
> Being Gentle
» Affective: Surveys of Computer Attitudes
> Students
> Paraprofessionals
> Teachers
» Qualitative: Interviews of Teachers
> Expectations of Teachers
> Observations of Teachers
 vMethod
Ø Materials
» Software
> Stages computer assessment (Attainment)
Assessment for students with severe disabilities
> Children’s Switch Progression (R J Cooper)
Teaches basic switch or mouse button skills
> Early & Advanced Switch Games (R J Cooper)
Teaches a wide variety switch/mouse button skills
» General Supplies
> Printer with ink and paper
> Stages behavioral observation forms
> Pens and paper
> Communication boards for nonverbal students
 vMethod
Ø Apparatus
» iMac G3 computers
» Macintosh G4 mini-towers
» 15” – 17” monitors
» Macintosh OS 9.2
» One button computer mice
» Two button mice -- both single clicks
» Single switch input (for two students who
cannot isolate the mouse button)
 vMethod
Ø Research Design
» School Based Action Research
> Gather data about how PS138M students with
autism can better learn to use computers.
> Improve computer instruction with this data.
» Treatment Group receives specialized mouse
training software
» Control Group receives adapted academic
software (as is generally required)
> Adapted to bypass quizzes
> Current practice: expose students to regular
software, adapting as needed
» Independent Variable: type of software
» Dependent Variable: student progress
 vMethod
Ø Research Design
» Mixed Quantitative and Qualitative
» Imperfect Experimental Design
> Only PS 138 M students (dashed line)
> Diagnosed with autism
> Ages 5 through 10
> Do not effectively use computer mouse
> Results not generalized to larger population of
students with autism
> Students randomly assigned to groups
» ROXO
------------
RO O
» School Based Action Research
 vMethod
Ø Procedure
» 14 students from 6 classes
» In computer lab once a week
» During computer class
» Researcher assigns software
» Trainers: researcher and paraprofessionals
» 1 or 2 students per trainer
» Treatment Group receives specialized mouse
training software
» Control Group receives academic software (as
generally required)
» Independent Variable: type of software
» Dependent Variable: student progress
 vMethod

Ø Data Collection Plan

» Cognitive (Achievement)
> Stages Assessment: Stage One (cause and effect)
pretest / posttest
» Behavioral
> Stages Observational forms (pre/posttest)
» Affective (Surveys)
> Student Survey
> Paraprofessional Survey
> Teacher Survey
» Interview (Qualitative)
> Teacher expectations and observations
 vMethod

Ø Action Time Table

» November 2006
> All assessments given
> Students divided into groups
> Paraprofessionals trained
> Software assigned
» December 2006 – March 2007
> Students use assigned software
» Late March 2007
> All assessments repeated
» April 2007
> Pretests and posttests compared
> Final results presented
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» Scores: lower numbers = more assistance
» Students with 1 – 3 in all areas chosen
» Press & Hold / Release = Achievement
» Looking & Gentle = Behavior
» Name codes are pseudonyms (not related to
real names in any way)
» Student Data Legend:
T = Treatment Group
C = Control Group
1 = Resists Assistance
2 = Allows Assistance
3 = Physical Prompt
4 = Verbal/Gesture Prompt
5 = Independence
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» 1st # Pretest / 2nd # Posttest / 3rd # Improvement
Student Press & Hold Press & Release Look at Screen Gentle w/ Mouse
AN (C) 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 2 / 0
AS (T) 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 3 / 1 3 / 4 / 1 2 / 3 / 1
BR (T) 1 / 3 / 2 1 / 3 / 2 2 / 4 / 2 1 / 2 / 1
CH (C) 2 / 2 / 0 2 / 2 / 0 3 / 3 / 0 2 / 3 / 1
GE (C) 3 / 3 / 0 2 / 3 / 1 3 / 3 / 0 2 / 3 / 1
IB (C) 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 2 / 3 / 1 1 / 1 / 0
JA (T) 2 / 3 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 3 / 1
PE (T) 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 3 / 2 1 / 2 / 1
PI (C) 2 / 1 / -1 1 / 1 / 0 1 / 1 / 0 1 / 1 / 0
RO (T) 2 / 3 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 2 / 4 / 2 2 / 3 / 1
RY (T) 2 / 4 / 2 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 4 / 2 2 / 4 / 2
SN (C) 3 / 3 / 0 2 / 3 / 1 3 / 4 / 1 2 / 3 / 1
TA (T) 1 / 4 / 3 1 / 3 / 2 3 / 4 / 1 3 / 4 / 1
WE (C) 1 / 2 / 1 1 / 2 / 1 2 / 3 / 1 2 / 2 / 0
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» Comparison of Mean Averages
» Treatment group improved more than Control
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» Student Improvement Graph
> All improvement scores of 2 or 3 belong to Treatment Group
> All areas of no or negative improvement in Control Group
> Most improved: One treatment student’s “Press and Hold”
> All areas: Treatment Group improved more
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» Improvement Data Comparison Chart
> All areas: Treatment Group improved more
> Treatment Group’s Total Improvement mean was
almost three times Control Group’s

Press Press & Look at Gentle w/ Total

& Hold Release Screen Mouse Improvement
Control Mean 0.2857 0.7143 0.5714 0.4286 0.5
Control Standard 0.7559 0.488 0.5345 0.5345 0.3819
Deviation
Treatment Mean 1.5714 1.2857 1.5714 1.1429 1.3929
Treatment 0.7868 0.488 0.5345 0.378 0.3493
Standard Deviation
 vResults
Ø Tables and Graphs
» Probability of results being random
> T Test used to determine probability
> Treatment Group’s improvement more significant
than Control Group’s improvement
> Comparison: Treatment Group’s gain verses Control
Group’s gain statistically significant
Press & Press & Look at Gentle w/ Mean
Hold Release Screen Mouse Average
Control Pretest vs. t -0.6667 t -2.1651 t -1.2865 t -1.1078 t -1.4239
Control Posttest df 12 df 12 df 12 df 12 df 12
p 0.5176 p 0.0512 p 0.2225 p 0.2896 p 0.1799
Treatment Pretest vs. t -4.7631 t -4.7001 t -4.9193 t -2.8284 t -5.2909
Treatment Posttest df 12 df 12 df 12 Df 12 df 12
p 0.0005 p 0.0005 p 0.0004 p 0.0152 p 0.0002
Control Improve vs. t -3.1177 t -0.8165 t -3.5 t -2.8869 t -4.5644
Treatment Improve df 12 df 12 df 12 df 12 df 12
p 0.0089 p 0.0489 p 0.0044 p 0.0137 p 0.0006
 vResults
Ø Surveys
» Student Computer Attitudes
> 8 students answered, with visual aids
> “Agree” is most common.
> All students liked games with movies and music.
> Preferences not assessed -- concept too difficult.
> Uncertain if 3 students understood the concepts
Weight 3 2 1
I like: Agree Neutral Disagree Weighted Sum Mean Average
computer class. 6 1 1 21 2.6
using mouse. 4 2 2 18 2.2
using switch. 3 2 3 16 2
movies & music. 8 0 0 24 3
letters & numbers. 2 3 3 15 1.9
pictures w/ sounds. 4 4 0 20 2.5
changing games. 3 3 2 17 2.1
one game. 4 1 3 17 2.1
new games. 2 2 4 14 1.7
Total Responses 36 18 18
 vResults
Ø Surveys
» Paraprofessionals: Computer & Autism
> Software: academic vs. developmental: agree and
disagree do not balance
> More paras prefer developmental software
Weight Given to Category 5 4 3 2 1
Strong Agree Neutral Disagree Strong Weighted Mean
Agree Disagree Sum Average
repetition increase learning 2 3 3 2 0 35 3.5
difficulty generalizing 2 4 2 2 0 36 3.6
variety increase generalize 3 4 2 1 0 39 3.9
academic software best 1 2 4 2 1 30 3.0
developmental software best 3 3 2 2 0 37 3.7
pressure: academics priority 1 4 4 2 0 37 3.7
mouse better to learn 3 3 5 0 0 42 4.4
switch can lead to mouse 3 3 3 0 1 37 3.7
all can learn mouse 2 2 3 3 0 33 3.3
Number of Responses 20 28 28 14 2
 vResults
Ø Surveys
» Teachers: Computer & Autism
> Software: academic vs. developmental: agree and
disagree close to balancing
> More teachers prefer developmental software
Weight Given to Category 5 4 3 2 1
Strong Strong Weighted Mean
Agree Neutral Disagree
Agree Disagree Sum Average
repetition increase learning 5 5 0 0 0 45 4.5
difficulty generalizing 4 5 1 0 0 43 4.3
variety increase generalize 5 3 2 0 0 43 4.3
academic software best 2 1 1 2 4 25 2.5
developmental software best 3 3 1 2 1 35 3.5
pressure: academics priority 3 3 1 2 1 35 3.5
mouse better to learn 3 3 1 2 1 35 3.5
switch can lead to mouse 4 2 1 2 1 36 3.6
all can learn mouse 2 3 1 1 3 30 3.0
Number of Responses 32 27 9 10 12
 vResults
Ø Survey
» Teacher Versus Paraprofessional
>19 fewer neutral teacher responses than
paraprofessionals
>10 more strongly disagrees teacher
responses than paraprofessionals
>12 more strongly agrees teacher responses
than paraprofessionals
>Both teachers and paraprofessionals tend to
agree with questions
>Teachers appear to be more strongly
opinionated than paraprofessionals.
 vResults
Ø Teacher Interviews
» Three teachers interviewed
» Perceive more pressure to teach academics
than functional daily living skills
» Use academic lessons adapted to student
abilities and needs
» Highly structured classrooms
» Motivated staff
» Desire specialized software in classrooms
» All teachers saw more improvement in the
treatment students’ classroom computer use
since the beginning of this research.
 vResults
Ø Analysis
» Descriptive
> Cognitive: Treatment group students had
significantly more improvement in achievement
areas: Press & Hold and Press & Release.
> Behavioral: Treatment group students had
significantly more improvement in behavioral
areas: Gentle with Mouse and Look at Screen.
> Effective:
§ Survey verbally administered
§ Tendency to agree with questions appears real
based on tone of voice during survey
§ Voices changed dramatically when stating
disagreements
> Interview: Classroom teachers noticed skills
beginning to generalize to class computers.
 vDiscussion
Ø Important Observations
» One Treatment Group student had gains of 1 to
2 levels despite high absenteeism.
» No Control Group students had high
absenteeism.
» Researcher absences evenly effected both
groups.
» Treatment Group students appeared to enjoy
class more.
» Treatment Group had more on-task time.
» Treatment Group students reduced more
aggressive and disruptive behaviors.
 vDiscussion
Ø Outcomes
» Predicted Results
> Hypothesis appears to be validated
> Treatment Group had significantly higher
mouse skills gains than Control Group
> Skills generalize to classroom activities
» Inferential Conclusions
> Limited sample prohibits inferring results to
students outside PS 138 M
> Similar progress in other PS 138 M students
with autism and developmental delays expected
 vDiscussion
Ø Outcomes
» Unexpected Results
> Overall reduction in inappropriate behaviors in
Treatment Group greater than Control Group
> Varity of teachers’ responses to survey
questions
> Researcher’s insecurity with some students
survey answers (possibly picking smiling face
because they prefer it over the other faces)

Boardmaker Symbols by Mayer-Johnson, Inc.

 vConclusion

ØHypothesis Result
»High probability that data
supports hypothesis (p = .001
comparing Control & Treatment
total improvement mean
averages)
 vConclusion

Ø Implementation
» With other students in my school
> Share results with administration and colleagues
> Train staff in using adaptive software
> Write grants to obtain more adaptive software
 vConclusion

Ø Dissemination
» To other schools in my district
> Share results with Manhattan’s District 75
Technology Coach
> Post summary in District 75’s Technology Shared
Folder in DOE E-mail
» To additional schools
> Post this presentation on my Web Site:
(old site – discontinued: www.computerplayground.org)
 vConclusion

Ø Possible Future Improvements

» Fewer researcher absences
> Researcher out of the building twice a month
for meetings, staff development, and illness
» Better paraprofessional training
> Some paraprofessionals do not effectively
work with students
» More classroom follow through
> Some struggling students do not use their
classroom computers
 vConclusion
Ø Discoveries
» Researcher learned
> To help struggling mouse users increase their
skills and attentive behaviors
> To develop and implement research
> To analyze results
> To better understand others’ research
» Students learned
> To use computers better
> To like computer class more
> To express their opinions
> To focus better on their work
 vReferences
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 Dr. Slotnick, NYIT; Carl Schwartz, my husband;
ALL of my classmates and my family
Your assistance and encouragement is highly appreciated!