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1998 14:14 JB Seite 1

SOMATOM S E S S I O N S

3DVirtuoso

CTTechnology

Lung imaging

Top 10 Q & A

4
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From the Editors 3 DVirtuoso

This is the fourth issue of Siemens SOMATOM® Sessions. Starting from this
THE POWER TO SEE IT ALL
Throughput, time management, and quality of care, Beyond the basic functionality the key to the
issue, Siemens Medical in Forchheim, Germany will publish SOMATOM
are the key words in today’s health care industry. 3DVirtuoso is real time display and interactive
Sessions. We will strive to maintain the principles of SOMATOM Sessions, as
Siemens works hard to develop tools to help you manipulation. This is done not in the traditional
well as continue the efforts made by Siemens Iselin, USA to provide you with
meet these demands now and in the future. This manner using individual images, but by displaying
clear, concise information on both basic and advanced CT applications and
article will introduce you to a new concept we be- the anatomy as a three-dimensional volume.
technology. We would appreciate your contributions, via E-Mail or mail, such
lieve is the future of CT postprocessing and diag- Using the 3D volume as a base, the operator can
as application tips, scan protocols, and any ideas that would be of interest to
nosis. Just like the PC environment, postproces- manipulate this volume in real time using the
SOMATOM users.
sing workstations are constantly changing and mouse, slide bars, and interactive clip planes to
evolving. The new Siemens 3DVirtuoso is the most instantly obtain the best possible view of the
This issue will provide you with information about new applications on post-
advanced workstation ever designed for CT and MR. desired anatomy. This is all done without any time
processing with 3DVirtuoso – a new workstation from Siemens, and basic
consuming preparation of the images such as
technology on CT applications. Other features include the "Top 10 Questions
To start with, all of the basic workstation programs segmentation or editing. The operator can visualize
and Answers", and an article on 3D imaging of the lungs based on customer
are available. The 3DVirtuoso offers a wide array of soft tissue, bone and everything in between. With
experience.
2D post processing functions. These include MPR, the Virtual Endoscopy CT Fly Through program,
image display, cine, measurements, filming, archi- using a simple mouse motion, it is even possible
We are looking forward to your suggestions and comments.
ving and reporting. Traditional 3D postprocessing is to fly into a vessel or through a colon in seconds.
also available. 3D objects can be displayed and Here are 2 examples of 3D volume manipulation
manipulated in multiple colors with correlation of showing an aortic dissection and carotid stenosis.
Dr. Xiaoyan Chen, M.D.
grey scale anatomy on the interior surface. Seg- These images can be rendered in seconds without
Editor of SOMATOM Sessions
mentation of axial images is simplified with the any preprocessing of the images.
use of a threshold and/or seed growing program.

CONTENTS 3DVirtuoso – The power to see it all

MIP images can be rendered and rotated along
any axis. The MIP images can be rendered using a
free drawing include/exclude clipping function for
various anatomical displays.
Page 3

Understanding CT Technology

Page 8

3D Imaging of the Lungs

Page 12

Application tips

Page 13

The Top 10 Q & A

Page 14 VRT Carotid arteries Aorta dissections

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3 DVirtuoso
Liver with kidneys
A variety of rendering tools are available with the
3DVirtuoso, including MPR, surface shaded 3D
and MIP. The basic operating platform utilizes
Volume Rendering for display. This is a relatively
new postprocessing technique used to display
anatomy with varying characteristics and Houns-
field densities. Volume rendering allows for excel-
lent three-dimensional viewing of various tissue
structures. The way volume rendering works is by
defining the densities of the object, or anatomy,
you wish to see using trapezoids on a Hounsfield
density scale. These trapezoids are placed and
adjusted interactively using a mouse, all the densi-
ties within the trapezoid are displayed as a 3D
object. This is performed in real time so there is no
need to wait for the results. This makes it easier to
make minor adjustments in the parameters with-
out waiting for lengthy processing. Multiple
objects with different densities can be defined
using multiple trapezoids. Up to eight trapezoids
4 5
Here is an example of how volume rendering will
display different densities. The fractured ankle
(figure1) is displayed with 2 trapezoids (figure 2).
One is using a light green to show the skin, the
trapezoid was graphically set to include very low
densities. A very low opacification was selected so
that the skin is very transparent. The bone on the
other hand is displayed with a very high opacifica-
tion factor and the trapezoid is placed graphically
over the higher density for bone.
HU -10 0 0 10 0 20 0 40 0 80 0 20 0 0
Figure 2: example of the trapezoid placement over Figure 1
a density graph
are possible for each volume. The results are dis- Another unique feature of the 3DVirtuoso is the
played using either monochrome or color, to aid in ability to fly around an object. This allows you to
tissue differentiation. The brightness of each object look more closely at specific anatomy or pathology
can be varried to intensify the color. Also the opa- without surrounding structures obscuring your
city of an object can be assigned. The opacity is view. This fly around program will enable you to fix
simply how much light is allowed to pass through a point around which the anatomy rotates, and at
the object, or how transparent the object will be. the same time, cut away anterior and posterior
anatomical structures using interactive clip planes.
This point can be set anywhere within the 3D
volume. Figure 3 is an example of a fly around
view of a cerebral aneurysm.
Figure 3
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3 DVirtuoso

Interactive editing also Since the 3DVirtuoso works with a 3D volume of

offers you a quick and data, it is also possible to make three dimensional
easy way to eliminate distance or angle measurements. Sets of connect-
obstructive anatomy ed line segments can be embedded directly into
within the volume. the volume. This gives you the ability to measure
Using multiple clip pla- distance on multiple axis simultaneously without
nes to cut from varying having to manipulate the image set. (see Figure 8)
angles, structures can
be interactively remo-
ved to better demon-
strate desired structures.
This example shows how
these clip planes can Figure 4 Figure 5
be manipulated in real
time to better visualize
an aneurysm.
(see Figures 4-7) Figure 8

Figure 6
Going a step further, beyond fly around, the
3DVirtuoso allows you to fly through your volume.
This gives you a virtual endoscopic view. With a
simple mouse movement you can fly into an area
Figure 7
of anatomy such as a vessel, trachea, or colon.
No prior image preparation is necessary to render
these views.
Once any type of processing is performed, it is
then possible to view the volume in Stereo. Stereo
is especially useful in viewing small anatomical
structures. Using increased depth perception, the
3DVirtuoso stereo display mode provides a unique
diagnostic viewpoint of the anatomy and improves
the visualization of the relative 3D positions.
3DVirtuoso’s capabilities are so accessible, there is
no need to assign dedicated staff to process im-
ages. Following the completion of data acquisition,
a radiologist can diagnose and evaluate the exami-
nation immediately on the workstation.
3DVirtuoso’s real time and interactive features
save time and allow physicians to perform presur-
gical planning easily and quickly. From standard
applications such as orthopedics to CT and MR
angiography, as well as more advanced applicati-
ons such as Fly Around and Virtual Endoscopy,
3DVirtuoso provides it all.
Lisa Reid, B.S., R.T. (R), CT Application Manager

1 2 3
These images show 3 steps of a fly through of an abdominal aortic stent seen from inside the aorta. Subclavian artery Pelvic fracture Carotid stent

6 7
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Understanding CT Technology
THE INFLUENCE OF SCANNING PARAMETERS ON
IMAGE QUALITY
The potentially attainable image quality of any given
computed tomography system is determined by many
system-inherent factors, but the degree to which this
potential is actually reached in clinical practice is de-
cided by a number of scanning parameters that the
user is able to modify:
• mA
• kV
• scan time
• slice thickness
• pitch
• algorithm
• window center and width
Optimizing these parameters to achieve the best possi-
ble image quality for a specific CT exam requires a
thorough understanding of their interrelationships and
effects in the various anatomic regions of the human
body.
mA
It would be too simple, for instance, to just "crank up"
the mA to the highest setting for all CT studies. This
would certainly assure best possible image quality for
every CT study for the particular CT system being used,
but it would also subject many patients to an excessive
amount of dose, cause long tube cooling delays and
result in shorter x-ray tube life, without producing a
noticeable difference in image quality for the majority
of clinical applications.
Generally speaking, more mA is needed when scanning
anatomy characterized by high absorption, such as the
cerebrum, posterior fossa, thoracic and lumbar spines,
pelvis and for larger patients. Less mA can be used for
the abdomen and mediastinum, and even less can be
employed for scans of high contrast anatomy such as
the inner ear and lung. In other words, the mA setting
needed to produce good image quality must be seen
relative to the particular anatomy being scanned and is
not an absolute.
The mA settings necessary for good image quality are
also system-dependent, i.e. they vary according to scan-
8 9
ner design, which is reflected in the different manufac-
turers' specifications for low contrast resolution. Note
that low contrast resolution specifications relate most
closely to the scan protocols that are used in routine
imaging of the abdomen, since the density and size of a
phantom most closely approximates that of the abdomen.
Scanning of anatomy characterized by high absorption
therefore requires higher mA. When assessing the suit-
ability of various CT scanners as a possible replacement
for an older scanner, it is thus essential to make certain
that each scanner being investigated features sufficient
power reserves to produce excellent image quality rou-
tinely when scanning anatomy of high absorption. The
effect on image quality of using high mA vs. low mA
can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig.1: Lack of mAs is evident in the upper
image.
kV
When examining anatomic regions that display a
great deal of absorption (e.g. head, shoulders,
thoracic and lumbar spines, pelvis and larger pa-
tients), it may prove advisable to use higher kV in
addition to, or instead of, high mA. Simply stated,
when you select higher kV you are hardening the
x-ray beam, thus enabling x-rays to penetrate high
absorption anatomic regions more easily. A positive
side effect is that the lower energy component of
the radiation is reduced, which is desirable since
low energy x-rays are simply absorbed by the pa-
tient and do not contribute to the image. For certain
applications, such as imaging of infants or bolus
tracking, it may be advisable to utilize kV lower than
the standard setting.
Scan Time
Selecting a scan time as short as possible is par-
ticularly desirable for anatomic regions where
involuntary patient motion may degrade image
quality. This is certainly true of the abdomen,
mediastinum and lung where peristalsis and heart
movement degrade image quality. Other CT stu-
dies, such as orthopedic exams, can also benefit
from fast scan times due to the decreased proba-
bility of voluntary patient movement.
On the other hand, selecting a longer scan time
may be necessary to provide sufficient dose or to
enable a higher number of samples for max. spatial
resolution. Users may also consciously select a
longer scan time in order to lower the mA setting
and thus increase the likelihood of longer tube life.
In such situations it is advantageous to be able to
select from scan times that are arranged in fine
steps, e.g. 1 s, 1.5 s and 2 s. Users that do not
have this ability are forced to either accept inferior
image quality due to the use of too little mAs,
must overly stress their x-ray tubes, or they run the
risk of voluntary patient motion during the scan.
Slice Thickness and Pitch
The choice between thinner and thicker slices is
primarily determined by the desire to obtain more
spatial resolution or more contrast detectability.
The difference between the two is easily under-
stood by all who dare wear white shirts, red ties,
and eat spaghetti, simultaneously. Red spaghetti
sauce on a white shirt is a good example of high
contrast resolution, also called spatial resolution.
Red spaghetti sauce on a red tie is a good example
of low contrast resolution, also referred to as con-
trast detectability. In terms of CT, a difference in
density of more than 100 HU between one ana-
tomic structure and another is considered to be
high contrast.
Obviously when examining the inner ear one is
most interested in getting the best possible spatial
resolution so as to optimally visualize the inner
ear's fine bony structure in contrast to the sur-
rounding air, which is why a slice thickness of less
than 2 mm is employed. Fig. 2 nicely demonstra-
tes the effect of thick and thin slices on max.
spatial resolution.
1 mm slice
5 mm slice
Fig.2: Thin sclices are
needed for optimal
image sharpness.
RZ 210x320 Somatom Session 16S. 06.10.1998 14:14 JB Seite 10

Understanding CT Technology

Max. spatial resolution is also the dominating fac-
tor in many CT studies of the lung. Here it is addi-
tionally desirable in most cases that both lungs be
simultaneously scanned with a slice thickness of
less than 2 mm. Not all CT scanners can do this.
In liver studies contrast detectability is of most
importance, hence the use of thick slices to opti-
mize photon efficiency and maintain an acceptable
noise level. However when a CT study includes
both the liver and the pancreas, many users prefer
to reduce the slice thickness from, say, 10 mm to
3 mm to improve image sharpness. This increases,
however, the noise level by 80%. To maintain
image quality, it would therefore be necessary to
employ 80% more mA, or to lengthen the scan
time so as to increase the mAs-product by 80%.
Spiral users have an additional advantage: pitch.
Pitch is the ratio between table feed per rotation
to the increased number of slices along the long
axis of the patient.
Another CT image acquisition technique had its
origin in non-spiral scanning of the posterior fossa,
but can be used equally well in spiral studies of
anatomies that require a combination of slice
thicknesses. This technique was originally referred
to as the Volume Artifact Reduction scanning tech-
nique. Today's SOMATOM scanners feature it as
C.A.R.E. Slice, which is part of the C.A.R.E. pack-
age (Combined Applications to Reduce Exposure).
When an anatomic structure, such as petrous
bone, only partially extends into a slice, the
absorption value given to the voxel (= volume ele-
ment) is an average of the petrous bone and the
adjacent soft tissue. This is because the CT system
has no way of determining whether a given anato-
mic structure is completely or only partially includ-
Fig. 3 illustrates this well. Image quality is very
subjective. Preferences vary greatly. What one
person may prefer, another may hate. To optimize
image quality to individual preferences, you may
want to save the raw data and reconstruct and
evaluate the images with different algorithms.
Soft algorithm
to the window settings you should use is to mea-
sure the density of whatever anatomy you want
to view, set your window center to that level and
modify your window width until you are able to
optimally visualize the anatomy of interest. Fig. 5
shows the effect of different windows.
In the next edition of Understanding CTTechnology,
we will discuss the image postprocessing programs
MPR, 3D Shaded Surface Display, Maximum and
Minimum Intensity Projection, Volume Rendered
Technique and the cinematic viewing of images.
George Savatsky, B.A., M.A., CT Marketing
3000–
Blood
60–
Liver
Tumor
Spleen Kidneys
– Heart

Fig. 3: Note the 40–

Bone Pancreas
Adrenal Bladder
(not second!) and slice thickness. In the spiral ed in the slice. As a result, the bone-tissue transi- Gland
Intestine
improved contrast –
image reconstruction process, most of the data tion is blurred and, even worse, streaks appear in detectability seen in 0–

points were not actually measured in the particular the soft tissue portion of the image. the image on the left –

-100–
slice being reconstructed. Instead data that were By selecting a thinner slice, one can reduce the as a result of a –
Mamma

acquired outside this slice are interpolated with probability that a given anatomic structure will only smoother algorithm. -200–

more importance, or contribution, being attached
to the data located closest to the slice.
This results in an interesting phenomenom: The
patient dose is determined by the mAs per rota-
tion divided by the pitch, and the image dose is
equal to the mAs per rotation without considering
the pitch. In other words, if 150 mAs per rotation
and pitch 1.5 are employed, the patient dose is
100 mAs, and the image dose is 150 mAs. There-
fore spiral users can improve contrast detectability
by selecting high mA, increase image sharpness
(= spatial resolution) by reducing slice thickness,
and employ pitch to adjust the length of the spiral
range as desired, all while lowering patient dose!
More slices can be acquired without increasing
patient dose and without stressing the tube. This
technique is especially beneficial when the data are
reformatted to other two-dimensional views
(sagittal, coronal, oblique, irregular), three-dimen-
sional views (3D surface shaded imaging, maxi-
mum or minimum intensity projection, volume
rendered technique) or for simple cinematic
presentation of the reconstructed images, due
partially be included in the slice, and thus decrease
the streaking. Unfortunately, this also lowers the
contrast detectability. You can have your cake and
eat it too by acquiring thin slices and then com-
bining two or three of these slices to a thicker slice.
Algorithm
Algorithms either smooth anatomic structures,
making it easier to see soft tissue pathology, or
enhance the edges of anatomic structures, re-
sulting in greater image sharpness.
With the SOMATOM AR and Plus 4, 10 algorithms
are available per anatomic region, from extremely
smoothing (e.g. Adult Body 10) to standard (e.g.
Adult Body 40) to very edge enhancing (e.g. Adult
Body 90).
When selecting an algorithm for use with a particu-
lar CT study, it is important to keep in mind that an
algorithm that increases image sharpness (edge
enhancement) also increase image noise, leading
to a decrease in contrast detectability.
Likewise an algorithm that increases contrast
detectability reduces image sharpness.
-900–
Air
Fat
Lung
-1000–
Fig. 4: The density of soft tissue typically ranges
from +10 HU to +60 HU.
Window Center and Width
All CT really does is to indirectly measure density.
The densities measured are displayed for each
point in the image as shades of grey. The density
of the human body ranges from air (defined as
-1,000 HU) to water (defined as 0 HU) to bone,
which ranges up to about 3,000 HU (Hounsfield Unit).
Unfortunately, if you try to see everything, you'll
see nothing. A CT system is perfectly capable of
measuring densities that could theoretically be dis-
played in 4,000 shades of grey, but the human Fig. 5: The wider
eye can only distinguish between 30 to 40 shades window in the
of grey. To notice fine differences in anatomy, it is image on the right
makes it difficult to
necessary to limit what you view to a much smal-
see minor changes
ler range of densities, referred to as a window. in density.
To do this, you simply set the window center. Fig. 4
shows the density ranges for various anatomic
structures. A quick way of getting reasonably close

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RZ 210x320 Somatom Session 16S. 06.10.1998 14:15 JB Seite 12
Case Report
3D IMAGING OF THE LUNGS
Producing 3D images of the lungs is a simple pro-
cess that can be completed in under 5 minutes,
and surely impress pulmonologists or referring
physicians.
Here is an example:
1. Image acquisition
Define a single range from the apex to the adrenal
glands, so that only one breath hold is required.
For best results, use the following parameters:
• slice thickness: 5 mm
• table feed: 7.5 mm
• increment: 4 mm
• scan time: 0.75 s
• kV: 140
• mA: 206
• kernel: AB 50
• contrast medium: 100 cc of 320 optiray
• injection rate: 2 cc/s
• start delay: 30 s
2. Image reconstruction
Use a 4 mm increment for the reconstruction of
the entire anatomic volume. This will facilitate loca-
ting the lung nodule. Then make a note of the table
location a few images above and below the nodule.
Reconstruct the images again with at least a 50%
overlap (e.g. one half the slice thickness). This will
help demonstrate the lesion better, particularly on
very small nodules. You may choose to reconstruct
just the area of interest and this too will magnify
small nodules.
3. 3D postprocessing
Call up "Evaluation/3D imaging", load the images
and select SSD. Set up the threshold by double
clicking the default value 150 and then type in your
new number. Normally we use between -650 to
-800; for this case, we used -725.You can also click
onto the window/center box and adjust the center
until you have enough white area to demonstrate
the nodule. Click "Apply".
12
Plus 4 / AR Dental
You can rotate the 3D image in real time, and copy
APPLICATION TIPS
Frequently when customers are doing dental postpro-
the desired images for filming. cessing, they tell us they have difficulty getting paraxial
views on the entire panoramic line. The reason is that
3D postprocessing is a great demonstration tool. the film segment is too small. The larger the film seg-
It is a simple and fast process to produce eye ment, the better the “actual size” paraxial views fit into
catching images. With the above procedure, 3D can the segment. For this same reason the system may
be expanded beyond orthopedics. need to use less images for the evaluation. Sometimes
it may be necessary to use a larger film segment size
Chris DeAngelo RT (R) (CT), Co-Lead Technologist for larger numbers of images. In cases where you need
images through the entire region, it is possible to place
the line on each side of the jaw separately and thus
obtain more paraxials with a smaller segment size. Left
is an example of paraxial line placement using different
segment sizes.
50 mm film segment
Please note when using this technique that your pan-
oramic views will only display the side where the line
was placed. Be sure when doing both sides separately
that you overlap the lines so no information is missed.
Remember also, film segment size is printer depen-
dent. So you must measure the actual segment size on
the film, in millimeters, and program this number in
when doing the evaluation. For optimum image quality
when acquiring your axial images for dental please
keep in mind the following parameters:
• Do not use a gantry tilt
• Patients head positioned in the center of the scan field
(X/Y coordinates should be as close to 0/0 as possible)
• Thin slices 1 or 2 mm
100 mm film segment
• Use spiral if possible and reconstruct images with an
overlapping increment
• Use the system programmed Dental organ mode, if
none is available try to have your service engineer or
applications specialist program one using the parame-
ters found in your operators manual. You should use a
scan mode with the Balancing correction turned off
and this can only be done in service mode. This organ
mode should then only be used for dental scanning.
If you want to check that your dental mode is cor-
rectly programmed, check the bottom left row of
numbers on an acquired image, the first 3 numbers
should all be 0 (zero).
100 mm film segment, line placed pati-
ents Rt. side Lisa Reid, B.S., R.T. (R), CT Application Manager
13
RZ 210x320 Somatom Session 16S. 06.10.1998 14:15 JB Seite 14
FAQ
TOP 10 Q & A Q Plus 4/AR – Why is the scanner not sending
images to the printer?
A The job control may be suspended. First go to
Filming/Job control and select continue. If this
does not work, try System/Run and select
expo/init, then go to Film/Job control and
select continue.
Q Plus 4/AR Spiral systems – How can I
review my Spiral data using two
different Kernels?
A Under the Scanmode/Review platform
select the patient and spiral scan number
you want to review. Go to the kernel scroll
menu and select the desired kernel.
Remember, the lower the kernel number
(AB/AH 10-50) the smoother the image,
the higher the number (AB/AH 60-90) the
sharper the image. If you want to review
the same scans more than once just type
in the number of the scan as many times
as you wish to review. (i.e. one scan two
times 2,2 or two scans two times 2,3,2,3
etc).
Q Plus 4/AR – What is the weight limit
of the scanner table?
A A maximum of up to; AR (all models),
135 kg or 330 lb.; Plus 4, 200 kg or 450 lb.,
are guaranteed for accurate table feed.
14
Q Why is my ROI filled in?
A This is because “Limits” have been set.
Limits are simply a maximum and minimum
density setting. When this is changed the
system will only measure the densities in
the ROI that are within these limits. These
densities are then highlighted. Change the
upper setting to 3071, and the lower setting to
-1024 then all densities will be measured and
no highlighting will occur. Setting limits can
be useful when your ROI is placed in an area
with very different densities. For example if
you are measuring a lung lesion for calcification
and you don’t want the system to average in
the air densities, then you could set the lower
limit at about 50, and the upper at 3071.
The system will not measure anything in the
ROI that is less than 50 HU.
Q Plus 4 – How can I tell if a scan was done
using small or large focal spot?
A In the lower left hand corner of the image,
after the Kernel number (i.e. AB40), is either
the letter “L” for large or “S” for small, this
represents the focal spot size. All slices colli-
mated at 1 or 2 mm are acquired using small
focal spot, 3 mm slices or higher are large focal
spot.
Q Plus 4/AR Spiral systems – Why can’t I
highlight images in the Filming/List platform?
A Go to System/Run and Changecolor. If the
Workspace and Windows are the same color
then you will not be able to see which images
are highlighted. Change one of the colors
then do System/End, Applications to implement
the change.
0 15
Q Plus 4/AR Spiral systems – How can I check
to see how much memory is left on my MOD?
A When File/Info is selected a small window
will appear showing the available space on the
store (this window is normally displayed at
start-up). In the upper left corner of the header
bar is a pin, simply click on the pin and a larger
window will open. Click on OD, this will show
available MOD space. Click Store to return to
the small window or exit.
Q Plus 4/AR – I selected application/restart in
system/end platform, and now the screen
is blank, how do I restart the software?
A At the login: prompt type somaris, this
should restart the software.
Q How do I determine the display field of
view (FOV) when only the ZOOM factor
is known?
A To determine the display FOV in mm, divide
the Zoom factor into the scan FOV in mm. For
the AR systems the scan FOV is 450 mm, the
Plus 4 is 500 mm. So for example, if the zoom
was 2.0 divide this into 500 and the display
FOV on the Plus 4 would be 250 mm.
Q Plus 4/AR – Is it possible keep the ROI at
the same size and location as I change the
images?
A When in the Evaluation/Statistics window,
select the HOLD softkey. Leaving the window
open, page through the images and the ROI
will remain the same.
Lisa Reid, B.S., R.T. (R), CT Application Manager
RZ 210x320 Somatom Session 16S. 06.10.1998 14:15 JB Seite 16

THIS ISSUE’S AUTHORS

For “3DVirtuoso – The power to see it all”
“The top 10 Q & A”
“Application tips”

Lisa Reid, B.S., R.T. (R)

CT Application Manager

Siemens AG, Medical Engineering

Siemensstr. 1
91301 Forchheim, Germany

For “3D Imaging of the Lungs”

Chris DeAngelo RT (R) (CT)

Co-Lead Technologist

Alamance Regional Medical Center

Burlington, NC 27215
USA

For “Understanding CT Technology”

George Savatsky, B.A., M.A.

CT Marketing

Siemens AG, Medical Engineering

Siemensstr. 1
91301 Forchheim, Germany

IMPRESSUM
Published by International Distribution
CT Marketing Xiaoyan Chen, M.D. George Savatsky, B.A., M.A.
Siemens AG, Medical Engineering CT Marketing CT Marketing
Siemensstr. 1 Siemens AG, Medical Engineering Siemens AG, Medical Engineering
91301 Forchheim, Germany Siemensstr. 1 Siemensstr. 1
91301 Forchheim, Germany 91301 Forchheim, Germany
Correspondence and Phone +49-9191-18-9652 Phone +49-9191-18-8142
U.S. Distribution Fax +49-9191-18-9998 Fax +49-9191-18-9998
Michele Kessler eMail xiao-yan.chen@ eMail george.savatsky@
Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. med.siemens.de med.siemens.de
186 Wood Avenue South
Iselin, NJ, 08830, USA Lisa Reid, B.S., R.T. (R)
Phone +01 732 321 3286 CT Application Manager
Fax +01 732 321 3291 Siemens AG, Medical Engineering
eMail michele.kessler@ Siemensstr. 1
exchange.sms.siemens.com 91301 Forchheim, Germany
Phone +49-9191-18-8405
Fax +49-9191-18-9998 Order No. A91100-M2100-E599-01-7600
eMail lisa.reid@ Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
med.siemens.de 91/U1630 0139 WS 08986.