Complete To Complete Final 1

COMPLETE TO COMPETE
« THEMES DE SOCIETE »
ANGLAIS / FRANCAIS
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TABLE DES MATIÈRES
1. SOCIETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL • LA SOCIÉTÉ ET L’INDIVIDU
2. A FRIEND IN NEED • C’EST DANS LE BESOIN…
3. WOMAN IN THE WORKFORCE • LA FEMME AU TRAVAIL
4. SCHOOL VIOLENCE • LA VIOLENCE À L’ÉCOLE
5. THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY • LE PAYS OÙ TOUT EST POSSIBLE
6. THE IMMIGRATION ISSUE • LE PROBLÈME DE L'IMMIGRATION
7. RACISM • LE RACISME
8. WOMAN IN POLITICS • LA FEMME EN POLITIQUE
9. DRUG ADDICTION • LA TOXICOMANIE
10. THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS • RICHES ET PAUVRES
11. THE HOMELESS • LES SANS-ABRI
12. ABORTION • L’AVORTEMENT
13. PEDOPHILIA • LA PÉDOPHILIE
14. HOMOSEXUALITY • L’HOMOSEXUALITÉ
15. SUICIDE • LE SUICIDE
16. CRIMES AND CRIMINALS • CRIMES ET CRIMINELS
17. CALL THE POLICE • APPELEZ LA POLICE
18. IN COURT • DEVANT LA JUSTICE
19. IN JAIL • EN TAULE
20. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT • LA PEINE CAPITALE
21. GAMBLING • LE JEU
22. THE ART MARKET • LE MARCHÉ DE L’ART
23. HOOLIGANISM • LES HOOLIGANS
24. SPORT AND DRUGS • LE SPORT ET LE DOPAGE
25. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS • LA LIBERTÉ DE LA PRESSE
26. AIDS • LE SIDA
27. GENETICS • LA GÉNÉTIQUE
28. EUTHANASIA • L’EUTHANASIE 60

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29. HUMAN RIGHTS • LES DROITS DE L’HOMME
30. WAR • LA GUERRE
31. AT WAR • EN GUERRE
32. THE WAR AGAINST TERROR • LA GUERRE AU TERRORISME
33. FRANKENSTEIN FOODS • LES ALIMENTS TRANSGÉNIQUES
34. A WORLD WITHOUT OIL • UN MONDE SANS PÉTROLE
35. JOB HUNTING • À LA RECHERCHE D’UN EMPLOI
36. RETIREMENT • LA RETRAITE
37. THE WIRED SOCIETY • LA SOCIÉTÉ EN RÉSEAU
38. CYBERCRIME • LES DÉLITS INFORMATIQUES
39. SPACE ODYSSEY • L’ODYSSÉE DE L’ESPACE
40. RESTRUCTURING • LES RESTRUCTURATIONS
41. GLOBALIZATION • LA MONDIALISATION
42. ON STRIKE • EN GRÈVE
43. ON THE DOLE • AU CHÔMAGE
44. THE CONSUMER IS KING • LE CONSOMMATEUR EST ROI 92
45. IS EUROPE DEAD? • L’EUROPE EXISTE-T-ELLE ENCORE
46. THE THIRD WORLD • LE TIERS MONDE
47. ECONOMIC CRISIS • LA CRISE ÉCONOMIQUE
48. OUR ENVIRONMENT • NOTRE ENVIRONNEMENT
49. POLLUTION • LA POLLUTION
50. EARTH IN THE BALANCE • LA TERRE EN DANGER
51. GLOBAL WARMING • LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT PLANÉTAIRE
52. ACTS OF GOD • LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES
53. THE GREAT FAMINE • LA GRANDE FAMINE
54. FOREST FIRES • LES INCENDIES DE FORÊT
55. EARTHQUAKES • LES SÉISMES
56. DEFORESTATION • LA DÉFORESTATION
57. WILDLIFE • LA NATURE SAUVAGE
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1. SOCIETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL LA SOCIETE ET L’INDIVIDU
Civilization (US) / civilization (UK) la civilisation

Western civilization /-ization la civilisation occidentale
A Citizen / citizenship un citoyen / la citoyenneté
 Contemporary society : la société contemporaine – modern society : la société

moderne – a society of plenty :une société d’abondance – a dependent society : une
société d’assistés – a throwaway society : une société de gaspillage – a leisure
society : une société de loisirs – an egalitarian society : une société égalitaire – a
permissive society : une société laxiste – a multiracial society : une société
pluriethnique – a multicultural society : une société multiculturelle – the fabric of
society : le tissu social
Values. Tolerance : la tolérance – solidarity : la solidarité – benevolence : la

bienveillance – altruism : l’altruisme – fraternity : la fraternité
The community la communauté

A social / family background un milieu social / familial
Social mobility la mobilité sociale
To fit into society s’insérer dans la société
The top echelons of society : les couches supérieures de la société – an outcast from / of
society : un exclus – society as a whole : la société dans son ensemble – the working
class / classes : la classe ouvrière / le prolétariat – the middle class : la bourgeoisie – to
belong to a social class : appartenir à une classe sociale – class warfare : la lutte des
classes
Social work l’assistance sociale

Social services les services sociaux
Social worker un travailleur social
A Person: une personne – mankind / man : l’humanité, l’homme – people : les gens.
1. Quelles sont les réponses aux définitions ?

1. A society in which people consume. ………………………………………………..
2. It is the other name for a society of plenty.
………………………………….
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3. A society in which people have lots of free time on their hands.
……………………………………………….
4. A society whose members rely on public aid

………………………………………………
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide de people, peoples ou Person, Persons.

1. How many ……………………………. living in the suburbs commute to work in Wall
Street every day?
2. There are many ………………………….. I disagree with.
3. The new manager is such a nice and friendly ……………………..
4. a thousand ………………….. Were made redundant when the factory closed down.
5. Most French …………………………. Go on holiday in August.
6. The English-speaking ………………………….. Have imposed their language with the

advent of the internet.
7. He’s gone off to South America to study the customs of primitive ……………….. of
the Amazon Basin.
8. He was elected to congress to represent the ……………………. of Foxboro.
3. Complétez les phrases à l’aide de l’article qui convient (o, a, the)
1. ……………. Society we live in has become more and more brutal.

2. People who are dangers to ………… society should be locked up for life.
3. We spent thanksgiving in ………. Society of our friends from Boston.
4. ……….school debating society will organize a trip to Ireland next year.
5. The leaders of ………. Western industrialized societies will be meeting in London
to discuss aid to the third world.
6. ………… society is divided into upper, middle and lower classes. Is ……………
classless society possible?
7. ……….. American society is ………. Car-loving society.
2. A FRIEND IN NEED C’EST DANS LE BESOIN…
Friendship (ni) L’amitié

Friendly (a) (to / towards) amical (envers)
To be good friends (with) etre bons amis
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A personal friend: un ami personnel – a close friend: un ami proche – a true friend: un
veritable ami –a bosom friend: un ami Cher – an old / a lifelong / a long-standing friend:
un ami de longue date – one’s best friend: son meilleur ami – a fair weather friend: un
ami des bons jours – a childhood friend: un ami d’enfance – a family friend: un ami de la
famille – a circle of friends: un cercle d’amis
A school friend / a classmate un camarade de classe

A pen friend / a pen pal un correspondant
A pal / a mate un copain (masculin uniquement)
A buddy (US) un pote, un camarade (masculin)
A confidant un / une confident (e)
Intimate : intime – close : proche – popular : apprécié – congenial : sympathique –
trustworthy, reliable : digne de confiance – devoted (to) : attaché (à)
Relationship (nd) les rapports, relations

An acquaintance une relation / une connaissance
To han around: trainasser – to strike (struck) up a friendship (with): se lier d’amitié

(avec) – to be on friendly terms (with): etre en bons termes (avec) – to get along (with) to
get on well (with): s’entendre avec – to stand (stood) by (sb): etre solidaire (de qn) – to
fall out (with) (fell / fallen): se disputer (avec) –to break up / to split up: romper, se
séparer – to make it up: se rabibocher – to be friend: se lier d’amitié avec.
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’un des mots

Best/ lifelong/ ours/ make/ close/ old/ be/need.
1. Some friends of ………………….. are coming to dinner tonight. Would you like
to join us?
2. Jenny is my ………………friend. We see each other almost every Saturday.
3. He’s the type of open-minded and sociable guy, quick to ………………….
Friends with almost anybody.
4. All right, let’s bygones be bygone, let’s …………. Friends again
5. A friend in …………. Is a friend indeed. (proverb)
6. I’m going to see some ………………. Friends of mine next month. They are
celebrating their 20th wedding anniversary.
7. John is not exactly a ……………….. friend. We just go out for an occasional beer,
that’s all.
8. She met sally when they were both students at Penn state 30 years ago. It was the
beginning of a …………. Friendship.
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot friend ou de l’un de ses dérivés.

1. Teachers should not get …………. With their pupils.
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2. Although he was a complete stranger, he spoke to us in a …………. Way.
3. The bonds of ………… between Britain and America are strong.
4. I tried to make ………….. With them, but to no avail.
5. She …………. Me on my first day at school.
6. I’ve just had a ………. Chat with my neighbor.
3. Complétez les phrases à l’aide de l’expression qui convient.

Get to know/ made friends/met… through/ pleased/ nice/ were introduced
1. I …………………. Henry ………………. A mutual friend. We ……………..
at a party last year.
2. Summer camp was really a great experience. I ………….. with many new
people.
3. “Clara, can I introduce you to an old friend of mine? This is Stephen. We were
at college together.” “Hi, Clara, …………… to meet you.”
4. People say the new boss is a bit authoritarian. Actually this is not true. When
you ……………… him, he can be charming and pleasant to work with.
3. WOMAN IN THE WORKFORCE LA FEMME AU TRAVAIL
To fit (fitted) a stereotype (about / of) correspondre à un stereotype

A stay-at-home mom une mère au foyer
Housework/ house cleanning le ménage
To bring up / to raise/ to educate Élever
Emancipation l’émancipation
To go out to work aller travailler
To work outside the home avoir un employ
To join the labor market rejoindre le marché de l’emploi
A paid job un emploi remunéré
To be independent etre independante
To work part time / full time travailleur à temps partiel /
plein temps
To work two jobs avoir un double métier
A working mother une mère qui travail
Flextime les horaires à la carte
To break (broke / broken) out of one’s domestic role : sortir de son rôle traditionnel – to
bring (brought) home the bacon : faire bouillir la marmite – to provide for one’s family /
the household: nourrir la famille – to make a living / to earn one’s keep: gagner sa vie
A gender pay / salary gap un écart entre les salaires h/f

A gender inequality l’inégalité entre les sexes
Gender imbalance le déséquilibre entre les Sexes
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To have a career avoir un métier
Equal pay / opportunity l’égalité des salaires/ Chances
The women’s libération movement le MLF
A feminist une féministe
A male chauvinist (pig) un macho
A glass ceiling un plafond de verre

Promotion / career advancement la promotion / L’avancement
Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.
Biased / ceiling / diversity / earnings / headings / interruptions / ladder / looking / off /

opportunity / prevent / pushed / running / tanks
1. It is 20 years since the term “glass ………………….” Was coined by the wall
street journal to describe the apparent barriers that ………………… women from
reaching the top of the corporate hierarchy.
2. Women are still denied the ………………..to complete for and hold executive
level positions in the private sector.
3. In japan, there are very few women ………………….. big companies. The
mindset of Japanese gentlemen is responsible for that.
4. The top of the corporate …………………. Remains stubbornly male, and the few
women who reach it are paid significantly less than the men that they join.
5. Some firm’s ……………….. Programs are working. At IBM, there are now seven
women among its 40 top executives.
6. There is strong evidence that men are ………………….. Against promoting
women inside companies.
7. In America, more women with children under the age of one are taking time
…………………. Work than was the case some years ago.
8. Women are superior to men at multi-tasking, team-building and communicating,
which have become the essential skills for ………………… 21st- century
corporation.
9. A broad set of social and economic forces ……………………… women into the
work force. From the 1960’s onward, women flooded into higher education and
began to marry later.
10. Rising divorce rates mean that women-and their children –are having to rely more
on men’s …………….. , or on the state.
11.Studies show that women are more likely to spend money on improving health,
education, infrastructure and poverty and less likely to waste it on
………………… and bombs.
12.Women have always worked in the home,…………………… after children,
cleaning or cooking, but because this is unpaid, it is not counted in the official
statistics.
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13. Men in the work force have always done better in pay and promotions, in part
because they tend to work longer hours, and have fewer career
……………………… than women, who bear the children and most of the
responsibility for raising them.
4. SCHOOL VIOLENCE LA VIOLENCE A L’ ECOLE
The school rules le règlement intérieur

A school policy / contract un règlement d’établissement
School attendance l’assiduité
To play truant / hooky / to cut classes sécher les cours
/to skip lessons
An absentee / absenteeism (ni) un / une absent (e) / L’absentéisme
To drop out of school abandonner ses études
A dropout un élève qui a abandonné les Etudes
To break (broke/ broken) the rules: enfreindre le règlement – to disobey (sb) / to step out
of line: désobéir – to misbehave: mal se conduire – (gross) misconduct (ni): l’inconduite
(notoire) – to rag (ragged): chahuter – to disrupt classes: déranger les cours, chahuter – to
cheat / a cheater: tricher / un tricheur
A problem child: un enfant à probléme – a troublemaker: un fauteur de troubles – an

unruly pupil: un élève chahuteur – wayward : qui n’en fait qu’à sa tête, rétif –
unmanageable : incontrôlable – undisciplined : indiscipliné – disrespectful : qui manque
de respect – disruptive : pertubateur – lazy : paresseux – disobedient : désobéissant
Bullying (ni) / to bully : les brutalités/ maltraiter, malmener – a bully: une brute – a
scapegoat (for): une tête de truc – racketeering: le racket – a taunt: une provocation – to
harass / harassment : harceler/ le harcèlement – a weapon: une arme – a metal detecto: un
détecteur de métaux – to resort to violence – a school shooting: une fusillade à l’école
To discipline : punir – a disciplinary committee : un conseil de discipline – to punish

(for) / a punishment : punir (pour) / une punition – to detain / a detention : mettre en
retenue / une retenue – to suspend / suspension : exclure/ l’exclusionn (temporaire) – to
expel from school : expulser de l’école – to dismiss / to send down / to turn out :
renvoyer – to remove frrom school : retirer de l’école
1. Donnez l’antonyme des adjectifs.

1. Late ………………………. 2. Obedient ………………….
3. respectful ………………….. 4. Polite …………………….
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5. manageable…………………….. 6. Disciplined ……………….
7. well-behave ……………………..
2. Complétez le passage à l’aide des mots.

Carnage / crime/ gunmen / killers / massacre / occurred / rage / spree / wounded
Fifteen people are dead and 23 (1) ……………..in the worst school (2)
………………….in American history. One day after the killing (3) ……………………
that began at 11:30 a.m. yesterday, two alleged (4)……………………………lie among
their victims inside columbine high school in Littleton, a Denver suburb. Investigators,
fearful of bombs, have yet to enter the (5) ……………..scene. police reported finding
almost 30 bombs in or near the school or at one of the perpetrator’s homes. The worst (6)
……………… occurred in the library, where 12 bodies were found. The alleged (7)
………………. Members of a gang called the trenchcoat mafia, focused their
(8)…………………….. at non-whites and athletes. According to CNN, the suspects were
“fascinated with World War II and the Nazis.” The massacre (9)…………………….. on
Adolf Hitler’s birthday.
3. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.

Bullying/ contract / detained / excluded / suspension
1. The home school ……………………….. explains the school discipline and rules.
Parents must sign this document and agree that they accept the school’s rules.
2. In case of misbehavior, a pupil can be ………………….. at the end of the school
day and work for 30 minutes or an hour more before being allowed to leave the
school.
3. …………………. Can last from 1 to 45 days in school term. The school usually
gives work to do at home with a tutor.
4. When a pupil is ……………..from his school, he cannot come back. He has to find
a new school or a different method of education.
5. ………………………………… is when someone keeps doing or saying things to
have power over another person.
5. THE LAND OPPORTUNITY LE PAYS OU TOUT EST POSSIBLE
Immigrant labor la main-d’œuvre immigrée

A guest worker un travailleur immigré
To be sought after être prisé
A brain drain une fuite des cerveaux
To rely on … for compter sur … pour …
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A quota system un système de quotas
A skills shortage : une pénurie de main d’oeuve qualifiée – to help build a country :
contribuer à la constructiond’un pays – d’un pays – to bring along skils to : apporter des
talents (à)
A cheap labor force une main d’œuvre bon marché

To fill a job / to occupy a job occuper un emploi
To shun / to spurn a job bouder /mépriser un emploi
To steal (stole) a job (away from) prendre un emploi (à)
A menial job: unn employ subaltern – dirty: sale – unrewarding, thankless: ingrat –
arduous: pénible – bottom-rung: subaltern – low skilled: peu qualifié – low paying:
faiblement rémunéré – low-paid: mal retribué – ill paid: mal payé
To be paid “off the books” être payé au noir

A work permit un permis de travail
To remit envoyer de l’argent
A remittance envoi de fonds
A land of opportunity le pays de la chance
To climb the ladder grimper l’échelle
A benefit (for/to) un avantage (pour)
A boon (to) une benediction, une aubaine
To benefit (from) tirer avantage (de)
To place a burdena drain (on) être à la charge (de)
A rags-to-riches story l’history d’une réusite
A land of milk and honey un pays de cocagne
1. Trouvez les expressions qui vont par paire.

Ex. a difficcult job / an arduous job
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 A shortage of skilled workers a. To be employed in a sweatshop
 To have one’s application b. A lack of talent
rejected
c. To moonlight
 A land of opportunity
 To work relentlessly and for d. A land of milk and honey
poor pay e. To strike it rich
 To hold an undeclared job f. To be turned down
 To make a fortune
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient

Burdening / drawn/ drain/ honey/ opportunity/ rags to riches/ rungs/ shun/ sweatshops/
taking/ tenements
1. Once they arrived in America, life was not easy for immigrants: many had to
work in ………………………..for little money and live in crowded and unsanitary
…………………….
2. Most aliens occupy arduous, bottom-rung jobs that native Americans
……………………………
3. Given the parluous state of so many other economies, the U.S. stands to be the
land of ……………………………. For some time to come
4. Even is the economic situation in Mexico improves dramatically, America will
always be the land of milk and ……………………..
5. In the 1960s Abedkader and kamel arrived from North Africa as low-paid
Labourers ………………….to the economic boom.
6. Illegal immigrants are often accused of ………………………. Away the jobs held
by Americans and ………………………. Public services.
7. Politicians in wealthy countries that immigration is a …………………on public
purse.
8. Rockeffeller’s life is a typical illustration of a ………………………….story: he
started poor and within a few years became immensely rich.
9. Like every generation of immigrants before them, latinos start out on the bottom
…………………….. of the economic ladder, but they don’t stay there.
6. THE IMMIGRATION ISSUE LE PROBLEME DE L’IMMIGRATION
A quotas system un système de quotas

The immigrationn and naturalization les services d’immigration et de Services
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(INS) (US naturalisation)
The border patrol la patrouille de l’air et de frontières
To put a ceiling (on) fixer un plafond (à)
A restrictive policy une politique restrictive
To admit + to turn away admettre + refuser
National preference la préférence nationnale
To screen out/ to vet sélectionner
To screening process le processus de sélection
Forced expulsion l’expulsion de force
To be escorted back to the frontier être reconduit à la frontière
To send back / to turn away renvoyer
To ship (shipped)/ to fly back renvoyer par bateau/ par charter
To send (sent) packing expédier sans ménagement
To deport / deportation (ni) déporter/ la deportation
To repatriate/ repatriation (ni) rapatrier/ le rapatriement
To discriminate (against) pratiquer la discriminnation à l’encontre
Discrimination (ni) la discrimination
A prejudice / a bias un préjugé
Xénophobia / xenophobic (a) la xénophobie / xénophobe
A scapegoat (for) un bouc émissaire (de)
To assimilate into a new culture être assimilé à une nouvelle culture
To put down new roots se fixer
To apply for citizenship demander la nationalité
To naturalize naturaliser
To blend (in)/ to merge (into) se fonder (dans)
To conform (with, to) se conformer (à)
1. Complétez le tableau
VERBE ADJECTIF OU PP NOM
1. Restrictive
2. Tight
3. Expelled
4. Deported
5.to enact
6. to repress
7. to threaten
8. discriminated
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient

Ceiling/mainstream/ passed/ patrol/ scapegoats/ support/ threat/ welcoming/ xenophobia
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1. The U.S. has not always laid down a …………………… mat for the poor,
barring immigrants who could not …………………..themselves.
2. In America, the …………………….. culture is Still that of white people
whose ancestors ca me from northern Europe.
3. The advocates for ending immigration argue that immigrants pose a cultural
…………………………….To America.
4. In times of recession, immigrants are often considered as
……………………….responsible for taking job away from the natives.
5. In the face of growing economic crisis, the authorities have decided To put
a. ……………………… on the number of immigrants the country is willing
To admit.
6. A new law was ……………………….by the U.S. congress that bars
foreigners To hold a job in civil service.
7. The border ……………………has recently tightened its operations along
the Rio Grande to intercept the illegals trying to make it accross the border.
8. It is ……………………………….and the political manipulation of fear of
foreigners that pose the greatest threat To the essence of democracy.
7. RACISM LE RACISME
An ethnic minority (pl. Minorities) une minorité ethnique
An ethnic group une ethnie, un groupe ethnique
Racist (a)/a racist (n) raciste/ un raciste
A racist bias/ attack/ slur un préjugé racial/ une agression/
Une insulte Raciale
To advocate racist theories Prôner des théories racistes
Race relations/ race riots les relations / émeutes raciales
Racial (division, hatred) les divisions/ la haine raciale (s)
A multiracial society une société multiraciale
A multicultural society une société multiculturelle
A racial attack une agression raciste
Racial discrimination la discrimination raciale
To discriminate against pratiquer la discrimination envers
Segregation / desegregation la ségrégation / déségregation
A prejudice/ a bias un préjugé
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Tolerance / intolerance (ni) la tolérance / l'intolérance
To be préjudices against avoir des préjugés envers
Apartheid (ni) : l'apartheid-anti-semitism (ni)/ anti-semitic (a) : l'antisémitisme / anti-

sémite – To be hunted down : être traqué, pourchasser genocide : le génocide –
homophobia : l'homophobie – ethnic cleasing : le nettoyage ethnique – gay bashing : la
chasse aux homosexuels
A hate group un groupuscule / groupe raciste

Hate speech (ni) le discours raciste
Equality ÷ inequality l'égalité ÷ l'inégalité
Civil rights les droits civils/civiques
Affirmative action l’action en faveur des minorities
1. Complétez l'article à l'aide des mots.

Race/ racial/ racism/ racist
US president appeals for an end to (1) ………………………………… The president

gave a speech imploring Americans To overcome the aching (2)
…………………………….. divisions that are tearing at the heart of America. « we must
clean our house of (3)…………………………………. » he said in a major address on
(4)……………………………relations before a Texas audience. Urging Americans To
talk (5)…………………………………..understanding, he also called on police
departments To root out internal (6)………………………………………..nothing that
(7)………………………………………..relations have rarely, in recent years, been at so
sensitive a point in the united states, the president warned against the influence of those
who preach (8)……………………………………..hatred and division. He urged
community and political leaders To initiate discussions about
(9)…………………………………. Problems. The president said America's (10) divide
presents an opportunity To face the truth, understand each other, and try To become a
better people. (IHT)
2. Complétez les phrases à l'aide du mot qui convient
1. In 1964, the American congress passed the Civil Rights …………………………

barring discrimination based on color, race or religion.
2. The Black ……………………………… has gone through decades of oppression
in the United States.
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3. The bomb attacks against Black churches in Alabama the 1960s showed how deep
……………………………….against the Afro-Americans could run.
4. In its decision Brown v. Board of Education, the US supreme court ruled that in
the field of public education the doctrine of separate
but………………………………had no place.
5. ………………………………action policies are a method of making up for past
discrimination against women and minorities.
6. In times of economic crisis, the far………………………………attracks more
followers than in boom times. Immigrants and foreigners then are branded
as……………………..
7. ………………………………sites on the Internet spreading anti-semitic and racist
messages ought To be banned
8. Although progress has been made for a few decades, men and women have
not……………………………equality, especially where pay is concerned.
8. WOMAN IN POLITICS LA FEMME EN POLITIQUE
Feminism/ a feminist le féminisme / une féministe

Gender equality l'égalité entre les sexes
To achieve gender equality parvenir à l'égalité entre les sexes
A WOMAN officeholder une élue femme
The right To vote le droit de vote
To push forward women's rights faire avancer les droits des femmes
To en dure equality between Men assurer la parité h/f
and women
Universal suffrage le suffrage universel
A suffragette une suffragette
The women's suffrage movement le mouvement en faveur du droit de
Vote des femmes
The fight for equality le combat pour l'égalité
To be discriminate against être l'objet de discrimination
A woman/ female candidate une femme candidate
A woman minister une femme ministre
To be under-represented être sous représentée
To set quotas (for) établir des quota (pour)
16
A petticoat government un gouvernement en jupons
A female cabinet member une femme ministre
To run for public office être candidat à un poste électif
To achieve parity réaliser la parité
To balance a ticket équilibrer une liste électorale
To put a woman on a ticket désigner une femme pour une liste
Sensitive on issues sensible aux problèmes
A steadyfast influence on une influence apaisante sur
Well qualified (a) tout à fait qualifiée
Seasoned (a) expérimentée
Gender balance l'équilibre entre les sexes
A political gimmick un artifice politique
1. Complétez les phrases à l'aide des mots

Drafted/ electorate/ gender/ interest group/ mate/ politics/ represented/ ticket / vote/
voters
1. American women could not and did not. …………………………………for the

first 133 years of the Republic.
2. Although they make up 54% electorate, women are Still under-
………………………………in Parliament.
3. It was Founding Fathers, not Founding Mothers who ……………………………
the Constitution.
4. American. …………………………is still a predominantly masculine exercise.
5. Putting a woman on a presidential ……………………………is undoubtedly a
gamble. It is impossible to know how voters would respond to the idea.
6. Women are potentially the strongest …………………………………….in
America. They make up almost 54% of the …………………………….. .
7. As ……………………………., women are now making themselves a potentially
decisive presence in national politics.
8. If you want To close the ……………………………gap, choose a woman as your
running ……………………….. .
2. Mettez les verbes au temps et à la forme qui conviennent.

Women (play)(1)………………………..a big part in french politics, through nearly
always as grey eminences. France’s Salic Law, denying women succession to the throne,
(exclude)(2)…………………………………..them from wielding power directly. The
1789 « Declaration of the Rights of man » (enshrine)
17
(3)………………………………. »equality for al »-all men that was. In aigri, »uiversal
suffrage « (give) (4)………………………………….the vote To men over 21 ; women
(have) (5)……………………………..To wait nearly a century to win the same right.
Still, in the past two decades, women (fight) (6)…………………………….. Tenir way
into hitherto male bastions. You can find female generals, astronauts, trade-union leaders,
gendarmes, football referees, judges, casino croupiers, bank presidents, members of the
Académie Française, France's intelectual « holy of holies ». Since 1992, there even (bel)
(7)………………………….a women in the Constitutional Council. But on the whole
participation of women in French politics Still (lag)
(8)…………………………………far behind that of the other countries
9. DRUG ADDICTION * LA TOXICOMANIE

A drug market : un marché de drogue-drugs/dope/shit : les drogues –narcotics : les
stupéfiants – recreational drugs: les drogues occasionnelles – a soft/hard drug : une
drogue douce/dure –marijuana /weed/pot/grass/hash/dope : la marijuana, l'herbe – crack :
le crack –heroin : l'héroïne – cocaine : la cocaïne.
Substance abuse : la toxicomanie –the drug habit : l’accoutumance de la drogue -tort

drugs :toucher à la drogue -To experiment with drugs :tâter de la drogue-To dabbiein
drug : goûter à la drogue -to abuse drugs /drugs abus :abuser de la drogue/la
toxicomanie -to take/To use drugs/to'be on drugs :se droguer - to develop
ahabit/dependency :s’accoutumer à -habit forming : qui crée une accoutumance -to crabe
for drug :être en manque -to behooked (on ) :se camer (à ) -to ne dépendent on
drugs/addicted to drugs : être en état de dépendance -
stoned/drugged/high/tripping/sqaced/junket up(a) (on) :défoncé
To get high (on) se défoncer (à )

To be Under the influence(of) être sous l’emprise (de)
An overdose une surdose
To kick a habit se désintoxiquer
To be weaned off être sevré de
To Stay off drugs s’abstenir de se droguer
A substitution program un programme de substitution
A needle-exchange program un programme d’échange de seringue
A drug clinic/a heroin clinic un centre de soins pour toxicomanes
To rehabilitate réadapter
To detoxify /detoxification se désintoxiquer /la désintoxication
To have withdrawal pangs être en état de manque
To relapse / a relapse rechuter/une rechute
To slip back (into) retomber (dans)
18
1. Complétez les phrases à l'aide du mot qui convient.
Abuse/ illegal/ inhalants/ joint/ overdosed/ recreational/ wean
1. The problem of drug ……………………………is common in Britain and the

U.S., especially among young people.
2. Mots teenagers try drugs before they leave school. Although some may be
…………………………………users, many use drugs regurlarly and a minority
are hardcore users.
3. Using drugs is ……………………………. In the majority of European countries.
Drug trafficking is severely punished.
4. Marijuana is usually smoked as cigarette (called a. ……………………….) Or in a
pipe or bong
5. ……………………….are composed of volatile solvents and substances
commonly found in cleaning solutions, glue and paint products.
6. It has always been assumed that Marilyn Monroe …………………………..on
drugs in a suicidal state although that theory bas been disputed.
7. Scientists have developed a drug which may help addicts
……………………………themselves off cocaine in the same way methadone
helps heroin addicts.
2. Complétez les phrases à l'aide du mot qui convient
1. Getting « …………........... » on cannabis makes most users relaxed and talkative.

2. Teens……………………….. drugs for many reasons, including curiosity, because
it feels good, To reduce stress, To feel grown up or To fit in.
3. The addict, who had been……………………drugs for several years finally made
up his mind to enter a rehabilitation clinic.
4. Making drugs is as habit ……………………………..as taking drugs. Once you
become dependent, it is difficult to get rid of the habit.
5. Junkies, desperate for a…………………………..,can become violent when they
need money To buy their doses.
6. Since the mid-1980s there has been a constant rise in drug
…………………………in spite of increased efforts to counter it.
7. …………………………….with drugs during adolescence is common.
Unfortunately, teenagers often don't see the link between their actions today and
the consequences tomorrow.
10.THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS RICHES ET PAUVRES
The affluent society la société d'abondance

To be wealthy/ well off être riche
19
Wealth (ni) la richesse
The wealthy / the well-off les riches
The super rich les très riches
To be loaded/ To be flush with Money/ être plein aux as
To have tons of money/ To be
Wallowing in it/ rolling in it
Wealth management la gestion de sa fortune
To climb from rangs To riches faire fortune
To strike it rich faire fortune
To have money To burn l'argent lui brûle les doigts
To live a life of luxury/ To live Vivre dans l'opulence
In the lap of luxury To splash out (on) depenser des sommes folles (pour
Acheter)
A millionaire/ a billionaire un milliardaire
A billion dollars un million de dollars
To squeeze the rich faire payer les riches
Social exclusion l'exclusion
The poor/ the destitute/ The indigent les sans ressources
The dispossessed / the have-nots les démunis
A hand-to-mouth existence une vie d'expedients
To eke out a living gagner une maigre pitance
To be in poor circimstances/ être dans la gêne, dans le besoin
To be badly off/in need/ To be Poorly être à court d'argent
off To be hard up for money /To be
short of money
Be poverty-stricken To be penniless/ être sans le sou, fauché
broke/ bustes
To be on the breadline fréquenter les restos du cœur
To be down and out être au bout du rouleau
To make both ends meet joindre les deux bouts
1. Classez les expressions en gras selon les catégories proposées.

1. His father's got tons of money, he's just bought a new yacht.
20
2. I'm Sorry but i can't afford To come with you tonight. I'm flat broke
3. His parents are quite well off. They own a condo on park Avenue and a house in
the Hamptons.
4. The Kennedys were a very wealthy family. Old Joe made a fortune during the
prohibition.
5. I'm a bit short of money right now, could you lend me two hunted dollars ? I'll
pay you back by the end of the month.
6. What with the meager person that the government pays him, he can barely eke out
a living.
7. With all the books he's written, s. King must really be loaded.
8. What with her father on the dole and the mother in hospital, the family can
hardlymake both ends meet.
9. Teachers in France can hardly get byon what they earn.
Lots of money……………………………….little money…………………………….
2. Associez les éléments afin de former une phrase.
1. If the government raised taxes further

2. If you won at the lottery
3. If you lived in a developing country
4. If you had sols your business In time
5. When he was made bankrupt
6. Ifyou lived in the lap of luxuy
a. Chances are that you'd live in grinding poverty

b. He had to sell all his assets and lost his property
c. The middle class would be completely squeezed
d. You could afford to buy all those clothes and go To those fancy restaurants
e. You 'd become a millionaire overnight
f. You might have been able to retire and live a life of luxury.
11. THE HOMELESS LES SANS-ABRI
The homeless / street people les sans-abri / les sans-logis

The street children les enfants de la rue
 The homeless : les sans-abri – a dosser : un sans-abri – a drifter : un instable, un

routard – a vagrant, a tramp : un vagabond – a hobo [pl. hobos] : un travailleur
saisonnier – a down-and-outer, a burn : un clochard, un zonard – a bag lady : une
21
clocharde – a runaway child : un fugueur – a transcient : un migrant ( à la
recherche d’un emploi) – an itinerant/ migrant worker : un travailleur saisonnier –
a rough / street sleeper : un SDF – to live on the street : vive à la rue – a life out
on the streets : la vie de la rue – a candboard city : des abris en carton – a
makeshift dwelling : un logement de fortune – a makeshift encampment : un
campement de fortune – a trailer : une roulotte
To drift errer
To fetch up on the street Se retrouver à la rue
Vagrancy Le vagabondage
To sleep rough (on city streets) Dormir à la dure (dans la rue)
To doss down for the night Coucher à l’asile de nuit
To huddle (in/on) Se recroqueviller (dans) (sur)
A steam grate / an air-vent Une bouche aeration
A doorway Une embrasure
To be forced to the street Être jeté à la rue
To sleep in public places Dormir sur les bancs publics
With no fixed abode Sans domicile fixe
To be thrown out (of) Se faire expulser (de)
To evict / an eviction Expulser / une expulsion
To repossess / a repossession Saisir / une saisie
A city shelter Un foyer municipal
An emergency shelter Un centre d’hébergementprovisoire
A flophouse / a doss home / house Un asile de nuit
To squat / a squatter Occuper des locaux / un squatteur
Emergency / evicted / homeless / huddle / shelters / temporary / vagrancy
1. The city has passed an anti………………..ordinance. in winter, in All vagrants

will be liable to a fine and deportation outside the city limits.
22
2. In winter, the situation of the ………………….is all the more precarious as they
have no place to stay and no family to stay with.
3. Unable to pay her rent, the single mother of three was eventually ………..from her
council house and found temporary accommodation in a shelter of the Salvation
Army.
4. Most cities do not have enough ……………………..to house the thousands with
no place to go.
5. The homeless ………………..in frigid temperatures on steam gates trying to
protect themselves against the cold.
6. The number of homeless families forced into…………………… accommodation
has reached a record high, according to official figures that underline Britain’s
housing crisis.
7. Living in………………….accommodation robs children of security, health and a
fair chance in life.
Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots proposes.

Beggars / bodies / dismay / doorways / dormitories / kitchens / panhandlers / shelters /
vagrants
When the street people first appeared in the U.S., they inspired shouts of
(1)………………….. and calls for action. Cities hurriedly opened (2)…………………;
churches converted their basements into temporary (3)……………….....; soup
(4)…………………..doubled their seating capacity. When the problem only grew worse,
city officials across the nation sought to drive (5)………………..from their tunnels and
parks and public (6)…………………. The homeless became targets; sleeping
(7)………………….were set fire to or doused (aspergés) with acid. Finally came
resignation. After years of running hurdles over (8)………………..in train stations, of
being hustled by (9)…………………on the street, many urban dwellers moved past pity
to contempt and are no longer scalded by suffering they see.
12. ABORTION L’AVORTEMENT
An abortion(on) Un avortement (sur)

23
Birth control La régulation des naissances
To be on the pill Prendre la pilule
A pregnancy test Un test de grossesse
To hide ( hid/ hidden) a pregnancy (from) Cacher une grossesse (à)
An unplanned pregnancy Une grossesse non prevue
An abortion law Une loi sur l’IVG
To legalize abortion Légaliser l’avortement
To have an abortion Avorter
To get an abortion Se faire avorter
To perform / to do an abortion/ to carry out Pratiquer un avortement (sur)
an abortion (on)
An abortion center / clinic/ facility Un centre d’orthogénie
A backstreet abortionist Une faiseuse d’anges
To terminate / to end a pregnancy Une interruption de grossesse
A fetus (pl. fetuses) / a foetus Un foetus
Viable (a) Viable
An unborn child Un enfant à naître
To be suited / unsuited for motherhood Être apte / inapte à la maternité
To be pro life Etre contre l’avortement
A prolifer / an antiabortionist Un adversaire de l’avortement
A pro choice activist / a pro-choicer Un partisan du droit à l’avortement
The right to life Le droit à la vie
Parental consent Le consentement parental
An abortion pill Une pilule abortive
To rape / a rape / a rapist Violer / un viol / un violeur
A rape victim La victime d’un viol
An incest / incestuous (a) Un inceste / incestueux
A child conceive in rape / in incest Un enfant conçu à la suite d’un viol /
d’un inceste
To safeguard a mother’s health Protéger la santé de la mère
24
1. More than two thirds of women who have a abortion say they cannot afford or feel
otherwise unready for……………….
2. A large percentage of people believe abortion should be available to protect the
……………..of the mother.
3. Doctors across the U.S. have been prevented from………………abortions
4. In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court said states may not substantially infringe on a
woman’s right to choose until the fetus is …………….around 24 weeks.
5. In Britain, the Abortion Act of 1967, amended in 1990, allows abortion up to 24
weeks with the ……………… of two doctors.
6. The introduction of RU 486 into the U.S. sparked a bitter debate because of the fierce
opposition of…………………….groups.

Abortion pill / afford / clinic / fetuses / from / health / legal / lifers / suited /
termination / test
1. Abortion is the voluntary………………….of a pregnancy.
2. The terrified teenager hid her pregnancy……………….her mother.
3. If a woman wants to know if she’s pregnant, she has a pregnancy ……………
4. Few teen mothers are ………………for motherhood.
5. As she couldn’t ………………to raise a kid she decided to have an abortion.
6. For the pro………….an abortion is an expedient way to dispose of human life.
7. Abortion was made ………………in the United States in 1973.
8. RU 486, or mifepristone, is also known as the……………………..
9. An abortion ………………..is a place where doctors can perform abortions.
10. In the second trimester, U.S. states may restrict abortion only to safeguard the
mother’s………………..
11.…………………..probably cannot feel pain in the first six months of gestation and
therefore do not need anesthesia during abortions
Child / teen prostitution La prostitution enfantine

25
A child prostitute Un(e) jeune prostitué(e)
An under-age boy Un mineur
13. PEDOPHILIA LA PEDOPHILIE
To engage in sex with/ to have sex with a teenager :avoir des relation sexulees avec un
mineur-to be sold into prostitution : été vendu(e) pour devenir prostitué(e)- online sexual
exploitation : l’exploitation sexuelle en ligne-child pornography /child sex/ : la
pornographie enfantine-sex tourism :le tourisme sexuel-child sex tourism :le tourisme
pédophile-the child sex trade : le commerce sexuel d’enfant- the flesh/sex industry :
l’industrie du sex- to exploit/take advantage of children : exploiter les enfants- to traffick
in children :se livrer au traffic d’enfants - a child trafficker : un trafiquant d’enfants - a
pervert : un pervers
A brothel Un bordel
A pimp Un maquereau
A procurer Un protecteur, un souteneur
A sexual predator Un prédateur sexuel
A paedophile (UK/ a pedophile (US) Un pédophile
A pedophile ring/network Un réseau pédophile
Pederasty/buggery La pédérastie
To stalk Suivre, filer
To lure away Attirer, détourner
To prey on children S’attaquer aux enfants
To abduct / an abduction Kidnapper/un rapt Compl
To molest children Abuser d’enfants étez
A child molester Un satyre les
A sex crime / a sexual crime Un crime sexuel phrase
To commit a sexual crime (against) Commettre un crime sexuel(sur) sà
A sex abuser / a child sex offender Un violeur d’enfants l’aide
To be sexually abused Etre exploité sexuellement du
A sexual deviance Une déviance sexuelle mot
qui
convient
Abuse/ abused /brothels /incest / industry/ merchants/ molesters /offenders/ prostitute /

prostitution/ tourist /traffickers /virgin
26
1. Most child…………………………………….are well known to their victims. They
are friends; neighbors or relatives. Most abusers
were……………………………………….themselves as children.
2. Sexual…………………………………………..of children is a crime worldwide, and

will be prosecuted by criminal law.
3.Many Western countries are considered legislation to toughen penalties agains sexual
…………………………… who prey on victims in Asia.
4. Poverty has forced many of Eastern Europe’s young people

to…………………themselves.
5. Thai child ………………………….. have expanded recruitment into Burma and

China.
6. In india, children command a high price in part because of a common belief that sex
with a ………………………………….. or a child cures venerable disease
7. Child ……………………….. is emerging as a crucial issue for human rights and

women’s groups
8. Doctor’s, police officers and social workers accustomed to dealing with sexual
……………………………. Are reporting that children and adolescents are increasingly
in demand as prostitutes because clients see them as likely to be free of AIDS.
9. More and more children are being sacrificed to the

sex………………………………….
10. Despite growing awareness of the problem, the sexual…………………………..of

children is everywhere on the rise.
11. Easy preys, run-away children fall into prostitution through abduction or trickery and
become chattels for the sex …………………………………….
12. To feed the sex…………………….. Tens of thousands of girls as young as twelve

are recruited in Bombay and other cities.
13. In Australia, the government has declared war on illicit

sex…………………………… and the federal police have been targeting travel agencies
catering to pedophiles.
14. HOMOSEXUALITY L’HOMOSEXUALITE
A homosexual (n) / homosexual (a) Un homosexuel / homosexuel
27
lesbianism Le lesbianisme, le saphisme
Heterosexual (a) Heterosexuel
A closet homosexual Un homosexuel non déclaré
To be gay/ queer #straight Être homosexuel # heterosexuel
A faggot / fag (US) / fruit: un homosexuel – a lesbian / lesbian (a)/ a dyke/ les / lessie /
lessy: une lesbienne – a drag queen / a bender / a closet queen / fairy/ sissy : une grabde
folle, une tapette, une caroline – a gay section / district: un quarter gay
A transvestite Un travesti
Cross dressing S’habiller comme le sexe opposé
Gay bashing La chasse aux homosexuels
homophobia La phobie des homosexuels
To come out of the closet / to out Reveler son homosexualité
Homophobia (ni)/homophobic (a) L’homophobie / homophobe
Gay rights Les droits des homosexuels
The gay liberation movement Le movement de libération homosexuel
Gay rights group Une association de défense des
homosexuels
Gay marriage Le mariage entre homosexuel
A same sex unition Une union homosexuelle/ lesbienne
A civil union / civil soidary pact/ a Un PACS
civil licence
The age of consent L’âge du consentement
To practice safe sex Avoir des relations protégées
A condom dispenser Un distributeur de présservatifs
To engage in homosexual sex Se livrer à des activités homosexuelles
1. Complétez les définitions.

1. Disclosure of a lesbian, gay or bisexual orientation…………………..
28
2. An individual whose preferred gender is not her or his biological
sex………………….
3. The opposite of coming out for homosexuals……………………
4. An annual event in which supporters of gay-related issues participate in marches
and other special events to celebrate gay and lesbian life…………………….
5. The irrational fear and hatred of lesbian and gay people, based on erroneous myths
and stereotypes…………………..
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du convient.

Bars / born / condom / discrimination / homophobia / identity / outing / same
1. To gays themselves, homosexuality is neither a choice nor a disease but an ……..
2. Before making love, insist on the use of a…………………..to protect yourself.
3. Gay leaders all agree that ………………….is the most important political and
personal act anyone can make.
4. A controversial study claims that homosexuals aren’t ………………that way, and
can change.
5. About the only way that homosexuals could find companionship until a few years
ago was in gay………………….or cruising certain streets.
6. The most direct concern of many lesbians and gay men is the ……………….that
they face on a regular basis at the workplace.
7. …………………remains a serious problem and even some Americans who oppose
discrimination may have trouble accepting gay lifestyles.
8. Vermont is the only state with a law that allows ………………-sex couples the
rights and responsibilities of marriage.
15. SUICIDE LE SUICIDE

Suicide (ni) a suicide Le suicide / un suicide, une suicide
Teenage suicide :le suicide des jeunes – a suicide attack / bombing : une attaque
suicide – a copycat suicide : un suicide par imitation – the suicide rate: le taux de
29
suicide – a suicide note : une note expliquant son geste – a suicide pact : un pacte
suicidaire
To be suicide prone Avoir des tendances suicidaires

To attempt to kill oneself Tenter de se supprimer
A suicide attempt Une tentative de suicide
To commit suicide Se suicide
To end / to take one’s life Mettre fin à ses jours
To kill oneself Se donner la mort
To do oneself in Se supprimer
Suicidal (a) Suicidaire
Domestic gas : le gaz domestique – carbon monoxide poisoning : l’asphyxie à

l’oxyde de carbone – to hang oneself / hanging : se pendre / la pendaison – to
throw oneself off (a bridge) : se jetter (d’un pont) – to step in front of train : se
jeter sous un train – to turn a weapon on oneself : retourner une arme contre soi –
(to cut /to slash one’s wists : se trancher les veines – self immolation : l’auto
suicide / euthanasia : l’euthanasie
As a last resort : en dernier recours – to resort (to) : recourir (à) – to be plagued by

health problems : être en proie à des problems de santé – a terminal disease : une
maladie mortelle – to be in agony : connaître d’horribles souffrances – drepression
break-up : une rupture – financial loss : les pertes financières – a burden (on) : une
détresse – to counsel : conseiller
Attempt / attract / committed / draw / driven / kill / rate /risk / tendencies / themselves
1. The Americans were shocked when they learned Marilyn Monroe

had……………………….suicide.
2. The…………………………………of suicide especially among the young has
been going up.
3. Why would young people……………………themselves? It’s a mystery to me.
30
4. Boys suffering from depression are at……………………..for suicide.
5. He was ……………………to suicide after his business had failed and his wife had
walked out on him.
6. We knew she had suicidal………………………but who would have thought she
would actually take her own life.
7. Official figures indicate that worldwide, more than 750,000 people kill
……………………every year. The true number is probably much higher.
8. The number of people who………………………..suicide is about ten times the
number who succeed.
9. For some young people, committing suicide may be a way to …………attention to
themselves.

Assisted / burden / depressed / line / plagued / terminal
1. Some people with ……………………illnesses think about ending their
lives to avoid suffering for themselves and their family.
2. As he was afraid of becoming a ……………………on his children, the old
man chose to end his life rather than prolong his sufferings.
3. ……………….by health problems, she asked her doctor to put her out of her
misery.
4. ……………………suicide is another name for euthanasia.
5. A suicide hot……………………has been opened so that teenagers could
openly call somebody and talk about their problems.
6. The novelist’s suicide was not a surprise to us. He had been
…………………since the death of his wife.
16. CRIMES AND CRIMINALS CRIMES ET CRIMINELS
Crime / a crime la criminalité/ un crime

To steal (sth, sb + sth) To rob (sb of sth) voler, dérober
An accomplice (to / in) un complice
31
Corruption/ graft la corruption
To be corrupt être corrompu
To bribe Corrompre
To blackmail/ blackmail faire chanter / le chantage
Identity fraud/ phishing l’usurpation d’identité
Tax fraud la fraude fiscale
To embezzle (+ from) détourner des fonds/escroquer
To misappropriate funds commettre un abus de
Confiance
To forge / forgery contrefaire / la contrefaçon
To swindle/ to fleece / to con escroquer
A con game/ a con Une escroquerie
A confidence trickster/ a conman un escroc
To loot/ looting/ a looter : piller/ le pillage/ un pillard – un arson/ an arsonist : l’incendie

volontaire/ un pyromane – theft/ a thief (pl. thieves) : le vol / un voleur – robbery/ bank
robbery : un vol qualifié/ l’attaque de banque – a bank raid / a stick-up : un braquage de
banque – an armed robbery : une attaque à main armée – shoplifting : le vol à l’étalage –
hijacking : le détournement d’avion – carjacking : le vol à la portière – to break in (broke/
broken) : entrer par affection – a break-in / a burglary : un cambriolage – to burgie (UK)/
to burglarize(US) : cambrioler
Anti-social behavior (UK) : les incivilités – purse snatching/ bag snatching : le vol à
l’arraché – assault and battery : voies de fait/ coups et blessures – to abduct/ to snatch/ to
kidnap : enlever – a first degree murder : un assassinat – a second degree murder : un
meurtre – manslaughter : l’homicide involontaire – to mug/ to attack : aggresser – to
rape : violer – statutory rape : le détournement de mineur – a gang rape : une tourmante
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots qui conviennent.

The law/ commit/ legal/ offense/ scene/ serious/ violent
1. Latest statistics show that ……………………………… crime in New York

City is on the decline.
32
2. Carrying a gun in the US is ………………………………. Whereas it is against
……………………………… in most European countries.
3. Young black males are more likely to…………………………… a crime than
any other group in society.
4. Drunk driving is a criminal…………………………. In the United States.
5. A shoe was found at the ………………………… of the crime that incriminated
the husband.

Abuse/ arsonist/ burglaries/ car-jacking/ gangs/ lax/ looters/ smugglers/ traitor
1. A ………………………….. to his country, the officer who had handed out secret
information to the enemy was court-martialed and executed.
2. Police suspect that the blaze that destroyed the factory was caused by an
………………………..
3. During the riot………………………..took away everything they could lay their
hands on : clothes , hi-fi system, portable phones, etc.
4. For some of the unemployed Afro-Americans living in the American ghettos,
………………………….. provide the only family they’ve ever had.
5. Crimes against children, especially sexual ……………………….. arouse public
anger and concern about moral standards.
6. ………………………………. Appeared in the 1990s. Criminals with guns enter
cars that they have stopped at traffic lights and force the driver to give up his or her
car.
7. Britain has beefed up its own border patrol, recruiting 1,000 new customs officers,
in an effort to keep tobacco……………………………at bay.
8. Half of …………………………. Happen because a door or window has been left
open. When you’re in a flat or a home, don’t forget to lock up whenever you got
out.
9. The police blame the rise in homicides on ……………………………. Sentences
and judges who they say let suspects out on bail too easily.
17. CALL THE POLICE APPELEZ LA POLICE
 Police est toujours accompagné de the – to call the police : appeler la police – the
secret police : la police secrète – police peut aussi être adjectif dans a police officer
ou a police constable.
To enforce the law expliquer la loi

Law enforcement l’application de la loi
33
A police officer (terme officiel) un fonctionnaire de police
A policeman / woman un homme/ une femme Policier
A plain-clothes policeman un policier en civil
The police force / the law la police
A police station/ precinct (US) un commisariat de police
In the UK. The home office : le ministère de l’intérieur – the home secretary :
le ministre de l’intérieur – a bobby / a police constable : un agent de police – a
superintendent : un commissaire de police – a chief constable : un commissaire
divisionnaire – the constabulary : la gendarmerie – 999 : numéro d’urgence
(police)
In the US. The Department of justice : le ministère de la justice – the Attorney

General : le ministre de la justice – the Department of homeland security : le
département de la sécurité inférieure – the National Guard : la Garde nationale
– SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) squad/ team : le GIGN – state
troopers/ Highway patrol : la police de la route – a sheriff : un shérif – a police
commissioner : un chef de la police – a precinct : un commissariat de quartier –
911 : numéro d’urgence
 the drugs squad : la brigade des stupéfiants – the fraud squad : la brigade financière
– the crime/ flying squad : la brigade criminelle – the vice squad : la brigade des
mœurs, la mondaine – a lollipop lady : une contractuelle – the (anti-) riot police :
les CRS, la police anti-émeutes – a traffic warden/ a ticket writer : une
contractuelle – a medical examiner/ a coroner : un médecin légiste
A) U.K. bobby/ Constable/ detectives/ investigation/ order/ snatch/ vice
1. Police forces are responsible for maintaining law and…………………………

2. Each regional police force in britain is led by a Chief…………………………..
3. Scotland Yard………………………………. Help regional forces solve serious
crimes.
4. The Criminal………………………….. Department (CID) is sometimes
referred to as Scotland Yard.
5. The traditional image of the friendly…………………………on the street has
given way to the more modern and motorised policeman.
6. The …………………………squad investigates gambing, drug-deadling and
prostitution.
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7. The …………………………….squad is sent into a crowd if pickets or
demonstrators so as to arrest troublemakers when the disturbance becomes too
unruly.
B) U.S. agents/ CIA/ coroner / deputy/ FBI / highway / sheriff / troopers
1. In the U.S. each county within a state has an elected……………………

2. The FBI’s special ……………………….. investigate crimes across the U.S.
3. The ………………………………investigates and collects information
concerning the federal government.
4. The federal agency that works both in the U.S. and overseas collecting
information concerning U.S. national security is the…………………………
5. At the state level , police departments are responsible
for……………………. Patrols.
6. The officers working for the state police departments are called the
state…………………………
7. Bowie’s song goes ‘’ i shot the sheriff, but i didn’t shoot
his…………………………….’’
8. In the U.S. in the case of violent death, the……………………………….
May conduct an investigation to determine if death resulted from a criminal
act.
18. IN COURT DEVANT LA JUSTICE

A court un tribunal/ la justice
A courthouse/ a court of law un palais de justice
A barrister/ a lawyer / an attorney / a counsel : un avocat – legal aid : l’assistance

judiciaire – une affaire en justice, un procès – lawyer’s fees : les honoraires d’avocat
Court proceedings les poursuites judiciaires

To sue ester en justice/ engager Des poursuites
To go court/ law recourir à la justice
To prosecute/ a prosecutor engager des poursuites/
Un procureur
Prosecution (for) les poursuites judiciaires (pour)
A trial / a suit un procès
An investigatory phase l’instruction
A charge / a count / an addictment une accusation, un acte D’accusation
To go / to be on trial (for) Passer en justice / être jugé
To plead guilty/ non guilty plaider coupable/non coupable
To plea bargain negocier une peine
Extenuating/ mitigating les circonstances atténuantes
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circumstances
The jury les jurés
A jury member/ a juror un membre du jury, un juré
The evidence les preuves
A witness un témoin
To bear witness/ to give evidence témoigner, deposer
A conviction une condamnation
To convict sb (of) reconnaitre qn coupable (de)
To acquit/ an acquittal acquitter, relaxer/ Un acquittement
To sentence (to)/ a sentence condamner à / une Condamnation
To appeal (from) (to) faire appel (de) (à,devant)
Miscarriage of justice l’erreur judiciaire
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots (court staffing)

Attorneys / clients / defense/ lawyers/ legal Laid / prosecutor
1. A trial lawyer specializes in defending………………………….. before a court

of law.
2. A ……………………………….is government official who conducts criminal
cases on behalf of the state. They are sometimes called district attorneys (D.A).
3. The poor, who lack the financial resources to go to court, may qualify for
…………………………………
4. People on either side of a case are represented by ………………………… also
called……………………………..-at-law.
5. In a criminal trial, the defendant is represented by a
………………………….Attorney.
2. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots (the trial).

Acquitted/ appeal/ brought/ convicted/ guilty/ jurors/ sentence (d)/ sit/ verdict
1. The robbers were……………………….. to justice after a year-long chase that

started when they attacked their first bank on january 1st.
2. …………………………in England are citizens who are voters. They do not get
paid for their services.
3. Members of the legal profession, the police force and the armed forces cannot,
by law …………………………on juries.
4. For murderers, there is a mandatory life ………………………….although life
doesn’t normally mean life.
5. After a defendant is ………………………………, the court determines the
appropriate sentence as a punishment.
6. The serial killer was found……………………………of murder and
………………………..to 30 years in prison.
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7. A ……………………………… is given when there is enough evidence to
convict the accused and when it is probable that the person is guilty.
8. Unless you can prove that someone is guilty as stated in the charge, he will be
……………………….
9. The Supreme Court is a court of ………………………… and hears cases that
were first heard in the lower courts
19. IN JAIL EN TAULE

A jail/ a goal (UK) une prison
A jailhouse une prison (le batiment)
A lockup/ a lockdown un mitard, une cellule provisoire
A cell une cellule
A dry cell une cellule de dégrisement
A watchtower un mirador
Barbed wire le fil de fer barbelé
A prison guard, a prison officer, a correction officer, a correctional officer (CO) : un
gardien de prison – a warden (US), a prison governor (US) : un directeur de prison – a
wardress, a warder (UK) : un(e) surveillant(e)
To go / to send to prison aller/ envoyer en prison

To put into prison / behind bars Incarcérer
To be in custody être sous les vérrous
To jail/ to lock up mettre en prison
To detain/ a detainer arrêter/ un mandat de dépôt
To imprison/ imprisonment emprisonner/ l’emprisonnement
A prison sentence / a prison term une peine de prison
To do/ to serve time faire de la prison/ la taule
To serve a prison sentence purger une peine de prison
In custody en détention préventive
An inmate/ a convict un détenu
An ex-convict/ an ex-com un ancien taulard
A lifer un condamné à perpétuité
To be on death row être condamné à mort
Prison overcrowding la surpopulation carcérale
A prison riot une révolte de prisonniers
To be on probation être en liberté surveillée
Escape/ prison break l’evasion, la cavale
To escape (from)/ to bolt s’évader (de)

To break jail/ to fly the coop s’évader de prison
To be on the lam/ on the run/ to be at être en cavale
large
37
Boot / cells/ escaped/ inmate/ liberty/ maximum/ off/ term/ watchtower
1. People who commit offences go to …………………………….

2. Prisons are meant to keep criminals…………………………the streets for a
while.
3. The goal of imprisonment is to deprive people of their…………………………
4. Prison………………………………..vary according to the degree of the
offence.
5. In a prison, inmates are locked in……………………… with bare furniture.
6. It takes about 15,000 dollars to feed and guard an …………………………..for
a year.
7. Young offenders are usually sent to ………………………………… camp (in
the U.S.) or a juvenile detention center (formely a Borstal) (U.K.).
8. From the………………………….prison wardens can spot any disturbance in
the prison yard.
9. The three hardened criminals……………………………by means of a
helicopter. They have been on the lame ver since.
10.Dangerous offenders are locked up in…………………………..-security
prisons where they are being watched 24 hours a day.
2. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots qui conviennent.

Detention/ bars/ trial/ appeal/ suspect/ inmates/ magistrate/ evidence/ length
France has one of the highest rates of preventive (1)…………………………….in

Europe. Of the 65,000 or so (2)………………………… currently in french jails,
the proportion in Britain, thought not as high as in italy. In France, an examining
(4)……………………………..In charge of a criminal investigation can decide to
incarcerate, though there is a periodic right of (6)……………………………, if it
is thought the defendant might abscond, tamper with
(7)……………………………. Or witnesses, or – more vaguely – ‘’constitute a
breach of peace’’. The average (8)…………………………….. of time spent on
remand is nearly eight months. Some innocent people stay behind
(9)……………………………. For years before coming to trial.
20. CAPITAL PUNISHEMENT LA PEINE CAPITALE

The death penalty la peine de mort
To be on death row être dans le couloir de la mort
A death row inmate un condamné à mort
To execute/ an execution exécuter/ une exécution
To put to death Exécuter
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The executioner le bourreau
 Capital punishement s’emploie sans article alors que the death penalty est toujours
accompagné de l’article the.
To abolish/ abolition abolir / abolition
To support / to oppose être partisan de/ s’opposer à
To introduce new evidence présenter de nouvelles preuves
DNA testing des tests AND
To halt an execution arrêter une execution
A reprieve un délai de grâce
To stay an execution surseoir à une exécution
A stay of execution un sursis à exécution
The gas chamber la chambre à gaz
The electric chair la chaise électrique
The firing squad le peloton d’exécution
To inject / a lethal injection faire une piqûre / une Injection mortelle
To hang (hanged) Pendre
To deter (from) / a deterrent (to) dissuader/un moyen de dissuasion
A miscarriage of justice une erreur judiciaire
To go against the grain (of) aller à l’encontre (de)
To take the law into one’s own hands faire justice soi-même
To commute a death sentence commuer une peine de mort
To overturn a conviction casser un jugement
A clemency appeal un appel à la clémence
To violate fundamental rights violer les droits fondamentaux
A juvenile/ a minor un mineur
Abolished/ apply/ books / brooks/ brought back/ commute/ cruel/ deterrent/

opponents/ pardon/ reprieve/ restored/ row/ sentence/ stay/ support
1. More than 3,000 prisoners are currently on death………………………. In the

U.S., waiting to be executed.
2. Most people who receive the death……………………………appeal to higher
courts.
3. In Britain the death penalty for murder was ……………………………. In 1965.
4. In the wake of the heinous crimes committed by child rapists, many-people think
that the death penalty should be……………………………. In Britain.
5. Today, 38 states in America have the death penalty on the ………………………..
6. For most of the past thirty years, according to opinion poils, public
…………………………… for the death penalty has risen.
7. The federal government and the Armed Forces………………………….. the death
penalty, too.
39
8. A state government can grant a ……………………………of execution, which
cannot exceed 30 days.
9. A state government can grant a ……………………………if a prisoner is found
innocent of a charge.
10.Studies have shown that the death penalty doesn’t prevent people from committing
murder : it is not a ………………………….. .
11.……………………………… of capital punishment have promoted life sentences
as an alternative to execution.
12.The governor has decided to………………………….his sentence to life in prison
after a clemency hearing last week.
13. The U.S. Supreme court ruled in 1986 that the execution of the mentally ill
unusual punishement, but the high court left it up to states to define who is sane or
insane.
14.The lawyers asked the state board of pardons and paroles for either a 120-day
……………………………… to try to further prove their client’s innonence or a
communication of his death sentence.
21. GAMBLING LE JEU

The gaming industry l’industrie du jeu
Online gambling Les jeux en ligne, le cyberjeu
To gamble Jouer (pour l’argent)
gaming Le jeu
A bet (on) Un pari
To take bets Accepter des paris
To place a bet/ a wager Placer un pari
A bettor Un parleur
A horserace Une course de chevaux
A gambling table Une table de jeu
A casino Un casino
A slot machine (US)/ a fruit machine(UK) Une machine à sous
A one-armed bandit Un bandit manchot
To hit the jackpot Gagner le gros lot
A roulette Une roulette
Make your bets! Faites vos jeux!
40
No more bets Les jeux sont faits
A chip Une plaque
A croupier / a dealer Un croupier
A cashier’s cage La caisse
A spin of the wheel Un tour de roué
Online poker Le cyberpoker
The odds of winning Les chances de gagner
 Poker (ni): le poker – bridge (ni): le bridge – belote: la belote – blackjack : le black
jack – rummy : le rami – tarot : le tarot – pope Joan : le nain jaune
A card sharper Un tricheur professionnel
To stack the cards / the deck Tricher en battant les cartes
To shuffle Battre (les cartes)
To deal (the cards) Distribuer (les cartes)
To cheat at cards Tricher aux cartes

Atlantic / bingo / casinos / chips / compulsive / croupier / cyberspace / fruit / gaming /
one-armed bandit / placed / slot
1. The two most famous places where you can find ……………………. In America
are Las Vegas Atlantic City.
2. Children under eighteen are not allowed to play the …………………..machines.
3. …………………..gamblers just can’t help playing for stakes. It’s like an
addiction.
4. Since 1998…………………..has been an important source of business revenue for
Indian tribes.
5. A ……………………….is a slot machine which is played by pulling the lever on
the right hand side in order to start the spinning figures.
6. A ………………………rakes in the money at a gaming table and pays out
winnings.
7. ……………………are round tokens that are used on casino gaming tables in lieu
of cash.
41
8. In Britain, casinos are not very popular. People play on …………………..
machines and ……………….. machines you can find in pubs or amusement
arcades.
9. In 1977, ………………………City became America’s second gambling center.
10. Casino bets can be …………………….on games like bingo, keno, roulette and
card games like baccarat.
11. Gambling has gone on-line, although ………………gambling is against the law.
2. Mettez les verbes au temps et à la forme qui conviennent.

In the past few years, the number of casinos in Australia almost (1. double)
…………………..in 1992 there (2. Be) ……………………eight; by 1995 there (3.
Be)……………………14. The mania for building them, from Perth to Queensland, (4.
Feed)……………………a gambling culture inherent in Australia from colonial times.
For years, much gambling (5. Flourish) …………………… illegally, particularly in New
South Wales, the most populous state, where it was a source of police corruption. The
culture (6. Change) ………………..dramatically since Australia‘s two biggest cities (7.
Open) ……………….their first legal casinos, Melbourne in 1992 and Sydney two years
later. Licensed under strict controls, these (8. Be) …………………….. ordinary casinos,
neither discreet like those in London nor glittery like those in Las Vegas. They are mega-
buildings, occupying prime sites of the sort once reserved for cathedrals and town halls.
22. THE ART MARKET LE MARCHE DE L’ART
A fine arts museum/ an art institute une musée des beaux-arts

A museum of modern art Un musée d’art modern
An art gallery Une galerie d’art
To go to / to visit a museum Aller au muse
A collection Une collection
An (art) exhibition / a show Une exposition (artistique)
A preview Un vernissage
To bequeath / a bequest Léguer / un legs
to donate a collection Faire don d’une collection
A curator Un conservateur de musée
An attendant Un gardien
Patronage Le mécénat
42
A patron (of the arts) Un mécène
An art dealer Un marchand d’art
An art collector Un amateur de musées
To invest in art Investir dans l’art
Authentic / genuine authentique
Inauthentic (a) / fake (a) Faux
A fake Un faux
An art thief [pl. thieves] Un voleur d’oeuvres d’art
Stolen artworks / purloined artwork Des oeuvres d’art volées
Looted antiquities Le pillage d’antiquitiés
A public auction / an auction sale Une vente aux enchères
An auction house Une maison de ventes
To auction off Vendre aux enchères
To bid (for) Faire une enchère (de)
“Going, going, gone!” “Une fois, deux fois, troi fois, adjugé”!
To knock down a painting to sb Adjuger un tableau à qn
To go for… S’élever à, s’enlever pour le prix de… être
adjugé au prix de
An art reviewer Un critique d’art
1. Entourez la réponse qui vous paraît correcte.
1. The parts of a museum opened to the public are called :

a. Hail b. parlors c. galleries d. rooms
2. Only a small proportion of the museum’s work is on:
a. Display b. show c. exposition d. exhibit
3. A person in charge of the museum department is a:
a. Guardian b. keeper c. curator d. conservator
4. What is the guide working in U.S. museum and showing visitors around called?
a. Alumnus b. legatee c. docent d. curator
5. There is an opening for an assistant … or the American collection at the met.
43
a. Warden b. warder c. collector d. curator
6. In Britain, … of art are displayed in art galleries and museums.
a. Works b. workings c. workers d. work
7. Money for museums is raised … admission fees.
a. By b. through c. thanks d. by way

Bidders / boom / collector / fetch / gavel / investment / putting / record / sale
1. Van Gogh’s Sunflowers sold for a ………………$39 million in 1987.

2. Getty, a fervent art ……………….donated his collection to the museum that bears
his name.
3. During the art …………………of the 1980s, paintings were sold and bought for
prices unheard of before.
4. Rothko paintings……………….several million dollars today.
5. Buying painting is considered a sound ………………….today.
6. The recent impressionist auction ……………………at Sothby’s showed that the
market had recovered from its lean years.
7. There were several ………………….at the auction competing for a Warhol rare
acrylic and eventually an American collector had the upper hand.
8. Penniless, the old widow resigned herself to…………………….up her husband’s
paintings for sale.
9. The auctioneer pounded his ………………….and declared the 18th-century vase
sold.
23. HOOLIGANISM LES HOOLIGANS
A troublemaker Un pertubateur
A hooligan / hooliganism Un voyou / le vandalism
A lout / a thug / a (football) rowdy Un voyou
Rowdysm (ni) La violence (au football)
Rowdiness Le tapage / le chahut
To be rowdy Chahuter / se bagarrer
An alcohol-crazed fan Un supporter bien imbibe
44
To jeer Huer, conspuer
Boisterous (a) Bruyant
Brawling / a brawl Les bagarres / une bagarre
To riot Provoquer des émeutes
To ransack Mettre à sac
To smash Briser
To rip up Arracher
To hurl Lancer
To wreck Saccager
To invade (the pitch) Envahir (la pelouse)
A pitch invasion L’envahissement d’une pelouse
To stampede Fuir en désordre
To trample Piétiner
To be crushed to death Mourir écrasé
To stop a match Arrêter un match
To bring into disrepute Jeter le discrédit sur
To control / to monitor crowds Surveiller les foules
To search at the gate Fouiller à l’entrée
To frisk fans (for) Fouiller les supporters
To dig a most Creuser un fosse
A wire cage Une cage grillage
A spotter Un physionomiste
A ban on club competition Une interdiction de jouer en championnat

Abuse / apart / banned / crushed / dread / hooliganism / hooligans/ mayhem/ offences
1. Is there really nothing that can be done to control English football

…………………. Abroad?
2. The approach of a major football championship involving the English national
team always seems to involve a mixture of anticipation and ………………….
45
3. Anxiety about ………………….is particularly acute ahead of European football
championships.
4. Riots involving English and Turkish football fans in Copenhagen last month
resulted in ……………………across the city and four stabbings.
5. Keeping rival fans………………….in big cities, and stopping thugs getting to
international games, is difficult to combine with a respect for basic civil liberties.
6. Legislation has now strengthened the powers to ban those convicted of football-
related…………………….in England from traveling to matches overseas.
7. In 1985 violence by Liverpool fans at the Heysel stadium in Brussels caused a
stampede in the crowd-some 39 Italian supporters were………………..to death
and English clubs were…………………..from Europe for five years.
8. Fans who shout racist …………………or give fascist salutes are committing
offences, ranging from breach of the peace to threatening behavior. They should be
kicked out of international games at home and prosecuted.
2. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots.

Disorder / hooliganism / invasions / riot / stadiums / tragedy
Football (1)………………..is said to have first occurred in the late 1960’s,

peaking in the late 1970’s and mid 1980’s before calming down following the
Heysel (2)………………..yet, incidents of crowd (3) ………………… at football
matches have been recorded as early as the 19th century. During a match in 1846 in
Derby the (4)…………………. Act was read and two troops of dragoons called in
to deal with a disorderly crowd, whilst pitch (5)………………….. became
increasingly common from the 1880’s onwards. Yet, new measures, such as all-
seater (6)………………..closed circuit TV appropriate legislation and that
hooliganism has disappeared. Much football disorder has been pushed from the
stadium itself to other meeting places.
24. SPORTS AND DRUGS LE SPORT ET LE DOPAGE
The stakes Les enjeux

To win at all costs Gagner à tout prix
Doping Le dopage
A doping case Un cas de dopage
A doping scandal Un scandale du dopage
Drug use / drug taking L’usage de stupéfiants
A drug-user Un drogue
46
A tainted sport Un sport touché par le dopage
A clean sport Un sport propre
 A banned substance / an illegal substance : un produit interdit – a performance-

enhancing Drug : un anabolisants – steroids : les stéroïdes, hormones –
erythropoietin (EPO) : l’EPO – anabolic steroid : les anabolisants - a painkiller :
un analgésique – an energy builder : un tonique – a human growth hormone (hGH)
: une hormone de croissance – testosterone : le testostérone – a bodybuilding
substance : un stéroïde – to use steroids : prendre des stéroïdes – to increase
muscle bulk : développer la masse musculaire
To boost energy Donner un coup de fouet

To be on drugs Se doper
A random drug check Un contrôle anti-dopage aléatoire
To fail a drugs / doping test Tester positif
To avoid detection Échapper à tou examen
To give a urine sample Donner un échantillon de son urine
A blood test Un test sanguin
To enhance a performance Améliorer une performance
To disqualify [ disqualified ] Disqualifier
A ban from competition Un exclusion de la compétition
To be strpped of a metal / title Être privé d’une médaille / d’un titre
Unsportsmanlike conduct La conduite indigne d’un sportif

Ban / barred / doping / enhancing / implemented / hounded / stripped / suspended
1. In sports, doping refers to the use of performance……………………. Drugs, such

as anabolic steroids.
2. In the 2000 tour de France, a laboratory test to detect residues of pharmaceutical
EPO in urine was introduced for the first time as an anti
……………………measure.
3. Twelve cross-country skiers have been temporarily ………………………. In the
past two days for excessive hemoglobin levels.
47
4. The tennis player was ………………….for one year after losing his appeal for
testing positive in November for using a banned masking agent.
5. In April 2003, the marathon man received a two year………………………… after
testing positive for endurance-enhancing EPO.
6. The first test for athletes were at the 1966 European championship and two years
later the IOC…………………..their first drug test at both the Summer and Winter
Olympics.
7. At the 1988 Summer Olympics, Canadian Ben Johnson was …………………….
Of his title in the 100 m when stanozolol was found in his urine.
8. Armstrong has been …………………….. by groundless allegations that he used
performance-enhancing drugs during his record seven tour wins.

Caught / cheating / contending / edge / exprimental / health / performances / take term
1. Some athletes, footballers and sports people from lots of other fields (1)…...........
many different types of drug. They do it to make their (2)……………………
better. They hope that the drug will give them an (3)……………………… over
all the other people they are (4)…………………………against. But it is very
risky, as this is (5)………………………..and they don’t want to get
(6)…………………taking drugs can also be very bad for a sportsperson’s
(7)……………………often they are (8)……………………drugs and the long-
(9)………………………..effects of taking them are not yet known.
25. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS LA LIBERTE DE LA PRESSE

Free speech/ freedom of speech La liberté d’expression
To inform/ information Informer / les informations
To report (on) Faire un reportage
To cover / coverage (ni) Couvrir / la couverture
To air opinions Donner un avis
To break the news Announcer les nouvelles
To spread the news Répandre la nouvelle
To report news Rapporter des nouvelles
A news source Une source d’information
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To investigate Enquêter (sur une affaire)
 To seek [sought] information: rechercher des informations – to unearth / to dig out

information : déterrer des informations – to fish for information: récolter des
informations – to look for / seek [sought] information : chercher des
renseignements – to collect / to gather information : rassembler des informations –
to leak / to disclose information (to) : divulguer des informations (à) – to withhold
[withheld] information (from) :: faire de la detention d’informations – to suppress /
to cover up information : dissimuler des informations.
To expose (a scandal) Révéler (un scandale)

To uncover / to dig out a scandal Découvrir un scandale
To blow the whistle (on) Denoncer
To hush up / to cover up Éttouffer
A source, a lead / a tip Une source / un tuyau
Libel / slander (ni) La calomnie.
The right to privacy Le droit la vie
To censor / censorship Censurer / la censure
Propaganda La propagande
To suppress press freedom Interdire les journaux
A black out on news Un black-out sur les nouvelles

Borders / censorship/ freedom / propaganda / scandal
1. …………………….of the press implies that all people should have the right to
express themselves.
2. Reporters Without ……………………examines the number of journalists
murdered, expelled or harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and
radio as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face.
3. ……………………..is the use of power to control freedom of speech and
expression, largely in regard to secretive matters.
4. …………………….is he systematic dissemination of a doctrine (usually
government), aimed at winning people over to a certain idea.
49
5. The Watergate …………………, which was uncovered by two Washington post
journalists, was to lead the demise of President Nixon in 1974.
2. Complétez l’article à l’aide des mots qui conviennent.

Authoritarian / classified / express / first / fourth / gagged / guarantee / harassment /
interest / monopoly / organizations / universal
Freedom of the press is a (1)…………………….given by a government that there will be
free press, and that the news gathering (2)…………………….. Will be free to exercise
the right to obtain information. In the US, this right is guaranteed by the
(3)……………………….. Amendment to the Constitution, but not all countries is
protected by such a provision. The information that the government will not authorize to
disclose is called (4)……………………or secret. It may concern affairs concerning the
national (5)……………………. In developed countries, press freedom also implies that
people should have the right to (6)………………….. themselves in writing or other
ways of expression. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that
freedom of expression is a (7) …………………… right, in many countries – especially
(8)…………………….regimes where the press is (9)……………………… - journalists
are victims of persecution and (10)………………….some are even murdered. In such
countries, where there is a state (11)…………………… on TV, radio and the written
press, censorship is the rule. (12)………………………. Branch of government. It is an
essential component of the social contract binding the state and the people.
26. AIDS LE SIDA

A scourge Un fléau
A pandemic Une pandémie
A killer disease / deadly disease Une maladie mortelle
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Le sida (syndrome d’immuno déficience
Syndrome) aquise)
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) Une maladie sexuellement transmissible
(MST)
HIV (human immunodeficience virus) Le virus HIV ( virus d’immunodéficience
chez l’homme) (VIH)
An HIV positive Un séropositif
To be HIV negative Etre séronégatif
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An AIDS carrier / patient / an AIDS Un malade du sida
sufferer
To be infected with AIDS Être Contaminé par le sida
To test positive (for) Subir un contrôle positif
Tainted blood / contaminated blood Le sang contaminé
To be transmitted (through) Se transmettre (par)
Semen (ni) Le sperme
A risk group Un groupe à risque
A drug user Un toxicomane
Contaminated needles Des seringues contaminées
A live-in partner Un partenaire
A one night stand Un partenaire occasionnel
To practice safe sex Faire l’amour sans danger
A condom / a rubber Un préservatif
Circumcision La circoncision
To sterilize needles Stériliser les seringues
Bleach L’eau de javel
Triple-drug therapy La trithérapie
Anti-retrovial drugs (ARVs) Des drogues antirétrovirales
To find a vaccine/ a cure Trouver un vaccine / remède
A blood screening program Un programme de dépistage

Carrier / epidemic / incubation / orphaned / partners / sin / spread / tainted / testing
/ vaccine / weakens
1. The AIDS………………….. has swept the African continent for several

decades.
2. In the view of the Roman Catholic Church, a government campaign to urge the
use of condoms would be encouraging people to commit mortal
………………………
3. The risk of AIDS increases with the number of sexual ……………………….
A man or woman has.
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4. Because of the long…………………period, no sexually active homosexual can
be sure he does not already have the disease.
5. The AIDS virus………………..the body’s immune system, thus making an
infected person susceptible to other diseases.
6. The virus can also be transmitted through the transfusion of ………………….
Blood.
7. If present trends continue, as many as 7 million children in East and Central
Africa will be………………..by AIDS in the next decade.
8. Hundreds of thousand Americans who work for the federal Government are
required to submit to AIDS …………………..
9. Once identified as a ………………….of the AIDS virus, an individual runs the
risk of losing friends, employment, housing and insurance.
10.Ultimately finding a ……………………offers the only real solution to halting
the pandemic.
11.Researchers are still pondering why AIDS has .…………………so rapidly
through so many sectors of the population.
1. Insérez les prépositions qui conviennent.
1. More than 90 percent of the world’s HIV and AIDS victims are too poor to the
expensive new therapies.
2. Public health experts agree that AIDS money is better spent ……………………
prevention and education, not expensive treatments.
3. How will governments cope………………….. the cost of treating thousands of
AIDS victims over the coming decades?
4. In 2000, AIDS experts convened in South Africa, one of the nations suffering most
…………… the plague.
5. With only one tenth of the world’s population Africa accounts
……………………more than half the globe’s AIDS cases.
27. GENETICS GENETIQUE
A gene Un gene
Genetics La génétique
A geneticist Un généticien
To carry a gene: être porteur d’un gene – to pass on a gene: transmettre un gene – a
defective gene : un gene défectueux – a genetic defect : une anomalie génétique – a
genetic disease : une maladie génétique – the genetic code : le code génétique – the
genetic make-up : la composition génétique – a genetic tracer : un marqueur génétique –
a faulty gene / a defective gene : un gene défectueux
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A gene bank Une banque de gènes
Gene mapping La cartographie génétique
A gene pool Un capital génétique
Gene testing Les tests génétiques
bioengineering La bio-ingénierie
Genetic engineering Le génie génétique
A cell : une cellule – the DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) : l’ADN ( acide

désoxyribonucléique) – a chromosom : un chromosome – a sequence : une suite –
a helix / a double helix: une hélice / une double hélice – a protein : une protein –
amino acids : les amino acides
The human genome Le génotype

The genotype / genetic inheritance Le patrimoine génétique
genomics Le science du génome
 A genetic abnormality : une anomalie génétique – a gene mutation : une mutation

génétique – a birth defect : une malformation congénitale – a genetic disorder : une
maladie génétique – a screening test : un test de dépistage – gene therapeutics : la
thérapeutique génique – gene therapy : la thérapie génique – to clone a gene :
cloner un gène – cloning : le clonage - eugenics : l’eugenism
1. Associez les verbes à leurs compléments.

A genetic disorder – genes – genetic – research
1. To carry out, conduct, do ……………………

2. To screen, splice, isolate ……………………
3. To treat, cure, eradicate………………………
4. A…………………disorder, error, manipulation.
2. Trouvez les réponses aux définitions.
1. The smallest living part of an animal or a plant………………..

2. The molecule that encodes genetic information in the nucleus cell
………………………
3. The genetic constitution of an individual…………………..
4. To make an exact copy of something……………….
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Breeding / chromosomes / concerns / encoded / engineering / heredity / modified /
offspring / traits
Genetics (which comes from a Greek word meaning to give birth) is the science of genes
and (1)…………………., how particular qualities or traits are transmitted from parents
to (2)……………………… a British scientist, William Bateson, suggested the word to
describe the study of inheritance, in 1905 and used the term genetic publicly in a
conference in London in 1906. Genetics can be applied to other domains, such as the
(3)……………………of plants and animals. Genetic information in carried in
(4)……………………..where it is represented in the chemical structure of DNA
molecules. The information necessary to synthesize the amino acid sequences in proteins
is (5)……………… in genes. The phenotype, determined by the genotype, is a set of
observable (6)…………………. or characteristics of an organism, for example hair
color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease. Genetics can determine how
humans act although other factors a role too. Genetic (7)……………………… which has
let to genetically (8)……………………food and transgenic plants has raised
environmental and health (9)…………………..in public opinion.
28. EUTHANASIA L’EUTHANASIE
Mercy / compassionate killing L’euthanasie

Active / passive euthanasia L’euthanasie active / passive
A right to die Le droit de mourir
A doctor-assisted suicide Un suicide médicalisé / assisté
médicalement
A DNR order ( do not resuscitate) Un ordre de ne pas ranimer
To shorten a patient’s life / to hasten death Abréger la vie d’un malade
A patient’s consent Le consentement d’un malade
A living will / an advance directive Un testament de choix de mourir
To linger in a vegetative state Se maintenir dans un état végétative
A lingering death Une mort lente
A vegetable Un légume
To be kept alive artificially Être maintenu en vie artificiellement
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Heavy mechanical support Des équipements lourds
A life-support system / respirator Un respirateur artificial
To turn off a respirator Débrancher un respirateur
To prolong life at all costs Prolonger la vie à tout prix
To be forced-fed through a tube : être alimenté de force – to be clinically dead / brain

dead : être mort cliniquement – to be terminally ill : être attaint d’une maladie incurable –
to fall into an irreversible coma : sombrer dans un coma irreversible – to suffer
intolerable / unbearable pain: des douleurs qu’on ne peut soulager – to put sb out of
misery : abréger les souffrances de qn – to be relieved of suffering : être soulagé de ses
souffrances – withdrawal of treatment : l’arrêt du traitement – aggressive therapy / heroic
measures : l’acharnement thérapeutique
The Hippocratic oath Le serment d’Hippocrate

Assisted / carried / end / ending / hasten / ill / practiced / right / terminally / termination
1. Euthanasia is popularly taken to mean any form of …………………… of life by a

doctor at the express wish of a patient.
2. Voters in Oregon passed a referendum making it the only state in the country that
allows doctors to prescribe life-……………….drugs for terminally ill patients. It
went into effect in 1997.
3. Doctor-…………………….suicide is usually taken to mean that the doctor
provides the know-how and the mean to commit suicide, but the patients is the one
who take the pills or pulls the trigger, with or without the doctor’s presence.
4. The Netherlands is the only country in Europe where Euthanasia is openly
………………..
5. Euthanasia can be ………………………out at the patient’s request and when
there is insufferable pain without prospect of improvement.
6. The………………….. ill patient, who was in intractable pain asked the doctor to
put him out of misery.
7. There is an on-going debate in the U.S. about whether terminally………………
patients should be allowed to kill themselves.
8. The …………………to die debate has been ignited by Dr Jack Kevorkian, who in
the 1990s was arrested for helping several people to die.
9. There is no more profoundly personal decision than the choice which a terminally
ill person makes to ……………….. his or her suffering and ……………….. an
inevitable death.
55
2. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots
Arguments / dignity / end /intractable / living / resuscitated / terminal
There are religious, ethical and practical (1) ………………….. surrounding the
controversial issue of euthanasia. The reasons why people choose to put an (2)
………………..to their lives are many. Some may live in (3)…………………. Pain or
have (4)…………………………illnesses and ask their lives not to be prolonged. Their
desire to die is expressed in a (5)……………………. Will, in which people require not to
be (6)………………..if they become too ill. Others just want to die in
(7)……………………..
29. HUMAN RIGHTS LES DROITS DE L’HOMME

The free world le monde libre
The western world Le monde occidental
 To enjoy freedom : jour de la liberté – to achieve freedom : parvenir à la liberté –

to gain, to obtain, to win freedom : obtenir la liberté – to secure freedom : garantir
la liberté – to give up freedom : renoncer à la liberté – to lose [lost] freedom :
perdre la liberté – to curtail , to restrict freedom : limiter la liberté – the universal
declaration of Human Rights : la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme – a
human rights activist : un militant des droits de l’homme.
An individual / analienable right Un droit individuel / inalienable

Basic / fundamental rights Les droits fondamentaux
Naturals rights Les droits naturels
Civil liberties Les libertés civiles
An infringement of liberty Une violation de la liberté
Habeas corpus L’habeas corpus
A bill of rights Une déclaration des droits
To champion rights Défendre les droits
To exercise a right Exercer un droit
Human rights abuses : les atteintes aux droits de l’homme – to suppress / to curtail
rights : supprimer des droits – to trample on rights : bafouer les droits – to deny
56
(sb) a right : refuser un droit – to violate / to infringe on rights : violer, entendre les
droits – to enforce human rights : faire respecter les droits de l’homme
A human rights record Un bilan en matière de droits de

l’homme
An international court of justice Une cour internationale de justice
A crime against humanity Un crime contre l’humanité
Ethnic cleansing Le nettoyage ethnique
Genocide Le génocide
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot prison ou d’un de ses dérivés.
1. After a summary judgement, he was found guilty and ………………………

2. The United States has been accused of trampling on human rights in the way they
have treated their………………….. at Guantanamo.
3. In the United States, life ………………….usually lasts until the
……………………..dies.
4. The Abu Graib ………………….came to the notice of the world when an
American television network publicized several graphic and disturbing photos of
coalition…………………abuse there.
5. According to amnesty international, ………………conditions in the United States
are problematic, with prisoner violence and rape widespread, and medical care for
inmates deemed inadequate.
2. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots fournis.

Annihilation / barbarous / bloodthirsty / concentration / humanity / dictator / dictatorship
/ exterminate / genocide / grip / violated / hunted / imposing / murder / rid
Hitler embarked from early on in his (1) …………………… the idea that he played with
victory. Once faced with war, Hitler reveled in the role of warlord (2)………………….
His will on the country. The Holocaust was inseparable from Hitler: there was no single
document ordering systematic (3)…………………..but along the road to mass
(4)…………………… we find Hitler’s nodding approval. The process that led Hitler to
fight a world war and try to (5)…………………..the Jews was largely hidden from the
public. Hitler had a remarkable (6) ……………….. over his people. The bonds that held
Germans in thrall to the (7) ……………………..gradually weakened in 1942 and 1943.
In the eyes of history, he was the overseer of six years of (8)…………………..war,
(9)………………….. in (10) ……………………. Camps which have left an indelible
scar on world history. The faithful lieutenants who survived him have been
57
(11)………………….down to this day and judged for crimes against (12)
………………………. The victory of the allies (13) ………………………. The world of
a (14)……………………. Tyrant but no-one can forget to what extent human rights
were (15) ………………….. (Adapted from the Economist).
30. WAR LA GUERRE

warfare Les hostilities
The First World War /WWI: la première guerre mondiale – the Second World War /
WWII : la seconde guerre mondiale – the Civil War: la guerre de sécession – the cold
war : la guerre froide - the Middle East conflicts : les conflits au Moyen Orient – the
Gulf War: la guerre du golfe – the War in Iraq / against Iraq: la guerre en Irak – star wars
: la guerre des étoiles
 A nuclear war : une guerre atomique – a civil war: une guerre civile – a colonial
war : une guerre coloniale – a jihad : une djihad – cyberwarfre : la cyberguerre –
guerilla warfare : la guerre de guérilla – germ / biological warfare : la guerre
bactériologique / biologique – chemical warfare : la guerre chimique
 The horrors of war : les horreurs de la guerre – in a state of war : en état de guerre
– in times of war : en temps de guerre – on a warfooting : sur le pied de guerre –
on the brink of war : à deux doigts de la guerre – a theatre of war : un théâtre des
opérations
 To be at war : être en guerre – to fight [fought] in a war : combattre dans une

guerre - to make war / to wage war : faire la guerre – to win [won]/ to lose [lost] a
war : gagner / perdre une guerre – to declare war : déclarer la guerre – to go to war
: partir en guerre – to avert / to prevent war : éviter / empêcher la guerre – to break
out [broke / broken] : éclater – to last : durer
Patriotism Le patriotism
Patritic (a) Patriote
A patriot /patriot (a) Un patriote / patriote
Jingoism / jingoistic (a) Le nationalism / nationaliste
Chauvinism / chauvinist(ic) (a) Le chauvinisme / chauviniste, cocardier
Nationalism / nationalist(ic) (a) Le nationalism / nationaliste
58
To wrap / to drape oneself nationalism Se draper dans le nationalisme
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot juste.
2. The ……………….also referred to as the Great war, lasted from 1914-1918.

3. It was only after Pearl Harbor that the United States decided to enter
…………………
4. The conflict between the northern states and the southern states from April 12,
1861 to April 9, 1865 is known as the secession war in France and as the
…………………. In the United States.
5. ………………….warfare, which stresses deception and ambush as opposed to
mass confrontation, has played a significant role in modern history, especially
when waged by Communist liberation movements in Southeast Asia.
6. The …………………officially ended in the late 1980s with the collapse of
communism in the Soviet Union and the rise of democratic governments in Eastern
Europe.
1. Complétez les phrases à l’aide d’une expression comprenant le mot war.
1. ……………….is a series of science fantasy films created by writer / producer/

director George Lucas.
2. The …………………era saw the emergence of a labor government in Britain and
the development of the welfare state.
3. Despite years of peace in the area, there had been a fresh …………………..in the
mountainous regions.
4. The American citizen had not been able to marry the Russian girl he had met and
fallen in love with. But of course it was the days of the ………………..and things
were difficult then.
5. The two African countries were ……………….over where the frontiers should be.
6. There was no way the journalist could move freely around the country, which was
then in the grip of an ……………….
7. Milosevic was prosecuted for the ……………..committed during the war In
Kosovo.
8. In 1964, President L.B. Johnson decided to …………………on poverty at home
and on communism abroad.
42. ON STRIKE EN GREVE
Industrial action La grève

An industrial dispute / upheaval Un conflit social
A labor disruption Un conflit social
A day of action Une journée de revendication
59
A grievance / A claim Une revendication
A shop steward Un délégué du personnel
Labour (US labor) law Le droit du travail
The right to strike Le droit de grève
An advance notice Un préavis de grève
Without advance warning Sans préavis
To give notice of strie action Déposer un préavis de grève
To call a strike (against) Lancer un mot d’ordre de grève
To call out a strike Appeler a la grève
To call off a strike Annuler un mot d’ordre grève
To organise / to stage a strike Organiser une greve
A strike (in support of / against) Une grève de soutien a / à l’encontre
de
To strike / to be on strike Faire grève
To go on / to come out on strike Se mettre en grève
A sriker Un greviste
A strike fund Une caisse de solidarité
A wild strike / an unofficial strike: une greve sauvage – a work-to-rule strike: une
greve zelée – a go-slow strike / a slowdown strike: une greve perlee – to go slow /
to work to rule: faire une greve du zelé – a general strike: une greve générale – a
lock out / shutdown: une fermeture d’usine.
A work / labor stoppage Un arret de travail

To walk out / to walk off the job Debrayer
To picket (a factory) Faire un picket de grève
To scab / a blackleg / a strike Un jaune / un briseur de grève
breaker
To resume work Reprendre le travail
I. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots

call / dispute / hit / picket / reach / strike
1. Leaders of the transit workers’ union rejected the contract offer last night, and voted
to……………………………. a strieshrtly after 1 a.m according to two members if
the union’s executive board.
2. The transit …………………………… prevented people from going to work, caused
hundreds of millions of dollars in economic damages and upended the life of the city
in the week before Christmas.
3. With just an hour to go before the deadline, the plant’s spokesman said that efforts to
settle the…………………… had faltered after the union turned down the
management’s offer.
60
4. The union began its strike against two bus lines in the hope of pressuring the
authority to……………………….. an overall settlement.
5. Stores and restaurants were especially hard………………..by the strike, losing
customers and workers at what was ordinarily their busiest season.
6. Abuse was hurled at workers who crossed the……………………..line.
II. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots

Advance notice / all-out strike / blacklegs / called out / grievances / on strike / picketing /
resume work / round table discussion / shop steward / strikebound / strike funds / strikers
/ walk-out.
Strikes
Workers usually go (1)…………………because they have (2)………………….
i.e cause for companies or precise (3)……………….., for example related to wages, that
they want to put to the management. Most of the time, they are supported or suggested by
their (4)……………………………......who has to give (5)…………………………….to
obtain government authorization. The strike is then (6)…………………………….and
the workers (7)…………………………..
An (8)…………………….., i.e a strike where every worker stops work is rare nowadays
but (9)…………………………is common, which means that
(10)………………...............are present outside the gates of their factories, talking their
fellow-workers into striking and trying to stop the (11)…………………….. from going
to work. This is is the difficult sage for both sides: the factory is (12)……………….; the
risk is deadlock; the workers have to negotiate and try to get the management to hold a
(13)……………………., find an agreement in order to (14) …………………as, if the
strike is too long, 15…………………………………will run out anyway.
43. ON THE DOLE AU CHOMAGE
The unemployment rate Le taux de chômage

Younthunemployment Le chômage des jeunes
To beidle Etre oisif / inactif
The labormarket Le marché du travail
To be (made) redunctant Etre licencie
To dismiss / dismissal Licencier / le licenciement
To lose one’s job / to be displaced Perdre son employ
To discharge / to sack / to fire Mettre a la porte
To get the sack / to get the boot Se faire renvoyer
Jobs cuts / squeeze La compression de personnel
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A dismissal procedure Une procedure de licenciement
A notice of dismissal Un preavis de licenciement
Wrongful dismissal / discharge Le licenciement abusive
The notice period La période de préavis
To offer a severance package Offrir une prime de licenciement
To seek unemployment relief Demander des indemnités de
chômage
To be entitled to / to be eligible (for) Avoir droit (a)
Unemployment compensation / severance / Une indemnité de licenciement
termination pay (US)
Unemployment / jobless insurance L’assurance chomage, les ASSEDIC
An industrial tribunal Un conseil des prud’hommes
To sign on for / to go on the dole S’inscrire au chomage
To be on the dole Etre au chomage
Unemployment dole / benefit Les allocation chomage
Community programs Les travaux d’unités collectives
(TUC)
Income support (UK) Le revenu minimum d’insertion
(RMI)
To get into the labor force Entrer sur le marché de l’emploi
To find a job (again) Retrouver un employ
a fractured country / the social fracture La fracture sociale
I. Completez les phrases à l’aide des mots

employ / employment / unemployment / unemployed
1. What is the nature of your……………….. ?

2. She was laid off last year and hasn’t been in regular……………………
since, drifting from one job to another.
3. ………………….in France has reached more than 11 percent whereas it is a mere 5
percent in the United States.
4. There are far fewer……………………….people in Japan than in Germany.
5. Thousands of people used to be…………………………the textile industry.
6. She’s been………………………as a nanny since the birth of our second son.
7. Even young people who have never worked can qualify for……………….. benefits.
8. Britain has often been accused of tinkering with the……………………….. statistics.
9. The most worrying problem is that of the long-term………………..
II. Des mots ont été omis dans le passage.

Retrouvez-les à partir de la liste fournie
62
Squeeze / land a job / long-term jobless / in search of a job / National Employment
Agency / on the dole / rate of unemployment / redundancy letter / redundant / short-
time working.
A job (1)………………………affects everybody, the young as the older population.

Unemployment sometimes starts with (2)………………………and then you see more
and more (3)………………………. In a company, employees dread receiving the
(4)…………………………….or pink slip which will tell them that they have been made
(5)……………………………
It only remains for them to go (6)………………………………… and, better, to go
(7)………………….or job-hunting. Tis means going to the (8)………………..and
sending dozens of resumes to as many companies as possible. With the going high
(9)…………………………, they will be lucky if they (10)………………..
44. THECONSUMER IS KING LE CONSOMMATEUR EST ROI
To consume Consommer
Consumerism Le consumerisme
Consumption La consommation
A consumer Un consommateur
Consumer needs / wants Les besoins des consommateurs
Consumer confidence La confiance des consommateurs
The feel – good factor L’indice de satisfaction des ménages
Consumer goods Les biens de consommation
A household Le ménage
Household consumption La consommation des menages
Buying /purchasing power Le pouvoir d’achat
Compulsive buying / shopping La frenesie d’achat
addiction
Customer service Le service des reclamations
After-sales service Le service après-vente (SAV)
To be disgruntled / dissatisfied Etre mecontent
To cater to customers’ needs Satisfaire aux besoins des clients
To meet customers’ needs Repondre aux besoins des clients
A Cousumer Affairs minister Un ministre a la Consommation
A consumer organisation Une association de consommateurs
Consumers’ rights Les droits de consommateurs
A consumer boycott Un boycott des consommateurs
Consumer dissatisfaction. to complain (about sth) : se plaindre de; a complaint : une

plainte; poor / low / shoddy quality : la mauvaise qualite; faulty / defective : defectueux;
price-gouging : l’arnaque; to rip off / a rip off : arnaquer / une arnaque; high-way
robbery : du vol pur et simple.
63
I. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient
Associations / attitudes / boycott / buying / habits / purchasing / typology
1. Consumer ………………………….. are closely monitored by marketers

who try to define what tomorrow’s trends in fashion or food will be like.
2. Consumer………………………….. is defined according to sex, occupation,
motivation, among others elements meant to draw up a portrait of the
prospect.
3. Consumer…………………………..towards a product can vary for
immediate acceptance to outright rejection.
4. Surveys show that the………………………..habits of the Americans
haven’t changed over the past decades: the period from Thanksgiving to
Christmas is when they go on shopping spree.
5. Although the cost of living has skyrocketed in France, the French
people’s……………………….power has kept decreasing over the years.
6. Consumer…………………across Europe have campaigned for mandatory
labeling of GMOs and of meant form animals fed with GM feed.
7. Animal rights group for ethical treatment of animals have called for a
consumer…………………. Of all for products, asking consumers not to buy
them.
II. Complétez les phrases à l’aide de consumer, consume, ect.
1. Modern economies try to stimulate the appetite of………………

2. Government of every hue have wrestled over the issue of
improving………………….spending.
3. The British tend to………………more and more goods and services, as the
economy grows and thrives.
4. The……………………..of alcohol is hazardous especially for motorists and
pregnant women.
5. With a stagnant economy, household……………….... has decreased over
the past year.
6. At the Kyoto summit, governments tried to find a way of reducing
the………………of fossil fuels.
7. Many……………………..associations have alerted the Americans on the
dangers of rich food.
8. …………………………...rights advocates are concerned about the impact
of GM foods
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45. IS EUROPE DEAD ? L’EUROPE EXISTE – T-ELLE ENCORE ?
A political framework Un cadre politique

A founding treaty Un traité fondateur
The founding fathers Les pères fondateurs
The Treaty of Rome (1957) Le Traite de Rome
The European Union L’Union Européenne
The Maastricht Treaty (1992) Le traité de Maastricht
A treaty of accession Un traite d’accession
To come into force Entrer en application
An applicant country Un pays candidat a l’adhésion
A member state Un Etat membre
To join the EU Adhérer a l’EU
To enter the EU Entrer dans l’UE
Entry to / into the EU L’entrée dans l’UE
Community law Le droit communautaire
The single market Le Marché unique
A customs union Une union douaniere
Free movement / flow (of) La libre circulation (de)
To remove / to scrap / to knock Supprimer les barriers
down barriers
A monetary union Une union monetaire
The Eurozone L’eurozone
The European Central Bank La Banque Centrale Europeenne
To set monetary policy Fixer la politique monetaire
The EU Constitution La Constitution Européenne
To draft a constitution Rediger une constitution
A referendum (on) (pl. referenda) Un referendum
To ratify Ratifier
A European Union summit Un sommet européen
Farm subsidies Les subventions agricoles
The European Parliament Le Parlement europeen
A directive Une directive
A Eurosceptic / eurosceptical Un eurosceptique
To surrender sovereignty (over) Renoncer à la souveraineté (sur)
To stay separate / to go it alone Faire cavalier seul
I. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots qui conviennent

1. European………………….are usually held June and December.
Their conclusions tend to map out the agenda for the whole EU.
2. The European……………………, presided over by 20 commissioners, is
the EU’s executive branch.
65
3. The European……………………started life in 1952 as a mere “common
assembly” of the European Coal and Steel Community. It is directly elected
by EU citizens every five years.
4. The Treaty of the European Union (TEU), also known as Treaty of……….
For having been signed in that Dutch town, was a turning point in the
European integration process.
5. The European Community was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the
signing of the Treaty of………………..under the name of
European…………………Community.
6. Not before 1973 and after two vetoes by De Gaulle did Britain manage to
successfully………………..the European Community.
7. In 2005, voters in France and the Netherdands rejected the European
Constitution in popular…………………
II. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots

Apply for / Community Market / European and Steel Community / enter /
European Parliament / institutional framework / join / member state(s) / MEPs /
Single European Act.
Britain and Europe

Britain failed to join the (1)………………….and the (2)……………when they
were first launched in the 1950s; and when they decided to (3)…….........., it had to
(4)…………………………..community membership three times. It was denied
membership in 1962 and in 1967 and it was only in 1973 that it could
(5)………………… the E.C. Britain found it difficult to come to terms with being
a (6)……………….. complaining that the (7)……………..was too heavy as well
as the contributions it had to pay to the community. Nevertheless, it contributed to
the setting up of the (8)………………..which was implemented in 1992. Since
then, the number of (9)……………….has increased.
So has the (10)……………..to which every country elects their (11)…………… .
46. THE THIRD WORLD LE TIERS – MONDE
The Third world countries Les pays du tiers

A developing country Un pays en voie de développement
(PVD)
The Home of Africa La Corne de l’Afrique
Black Africa L’Afrique noire
The north-south divide La fracture Nord-Sud
Deforestation Le deboisement
Logging L’abattage (des arbres)
Overgrazing Le surpaturage
66
Soil depletion L’epuisement des sols
Soil erosion / topsoil erosion L’erosion des sols
To exhaust natural resources Epuiser les resources naturelles
Dirt-poor / bone poor Desherite
Child labor La main d’oeuvre enfantine
A famine- ridden country Un pays frappee par la famine
A food crisis Une crise alimentaire
Starvation / famine La famine
Drought / a drought La secheresse / une secheresse
A shantytown / a slum Un bidonville / un taudis
Health / sanitary conditions Les conditions sanitaires
Infant mortality La mortalite infantine
A short life expectancy Une Esperance de vie courte
An epidemic / a pandemic Une epidemie / une pandemie
Illiteracy / illiterate L’analphabetisme / analphabete
A non- government agency (an Une organization non gourvernementale
NGO) (ONG)
A colonial past Un passe colonial
Political unrest / instability L’agitation / l’instabilite politique
Guerrilla warfare La guerilla
Debt relief L’annulation de la dette
To cancel debt Annuler la dette
Humanitarian aid L’aide humanitaire
I. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots

catch up with / colonies / cooperation / deforestation / developing / drought /
encroachment / eradicate / unproductive / tag / growth / underdeveloped
Third World countries

Third World countries are often called (1)……………….. or emerging countries
when they are really (2)………………… . The reason why they
(3)……………behind are numerous but the primary causes are often an
(4)…………………..soil and the lack of rain leading to (5)…………In the tropical
areas, trees are cut down at an relentless pace, resulting in (6)…………… and, in
the medium term, in the (7)…………of desert. In many cases; these countries are
former (8)…………. . One of their goals must be the control of
(9)……………..but without international aid and population
(10)…………………, they will never (11)…………….hunger and poverty and
(12)…………………….the rich countries.
67
II. Complétez les articles à l’aide des mots
Cardbalityoard shacks / epidemics / illiteracy / innumeracy / infant mortality / life
expectancy / malnutrition / measles / hygiene / shantytowns / vaccines.
Poor countries conditions

The living conditions in developing are often appalling : lack of food, i.e
(1)……………….and poor housing conditions; namely life in (2)………………
or even sometimes in (3)…………………….makes it difficult for the population
to hold a job or to find something to live on , all the more so as there is often a
complete lack of education, (4)………………….and
(5)…………………..prevail. (6)………………. Is therefore poor, generally
reducing (7)………………….in the population and increasing
(8)…………………… (9)…………………………….are rampart and children
often die from infantile diseases such as the
(10)……………………………..which is harmless in developed countries but
deadly for them because they have no (11)…………..to fight them.
47. ECONOMIC CRISIS LA CRISE ECONOMIQUE
Rosy / bleak (prospect(s)) Les (perspectives) optimiste(s) /

pessimiste(s)
Economic ills Les maux economiques
Economic troubles Les difficulties economiques
An ailing / a battered economy Une economie mal en point
A faltering economy Un economie chancelante
An economic failure / setback Un echec economique
To be in dire economic straits Etre dans une situation economique
desesperee
To fail / to go bankrupt / to go bust / to Faire faillite
go belly up
A bankruptcy Un faillite
A recession Une recession
An economic slowdown Un ralentissement economique
A depression Une depression
A slump / the doldrums Un marasme
An austerity measure / program Une mesure / un programme
d’austérité
A slowdown Un ralentissement
A slowturn Une baisse d’activite
To tighten one’s belt Se serrer la ceinture
A shortage / a ration Une penurie / une ration
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A breadline / a soup kitchen Une soupe populaire
Economic recovery La reprise economique
To turn the economy around Remettre l’économie sur pied
To make an economic U-turn Changer radicalement de cap
To prime the economy’s pump Amorcer la pompe, renflouer
To ride out a depression Surmonter une depression
Thriving / booming Prospere
To be hit by recession: etre frappé par la recession; to go into recession: entrer

en recession; to plunge into / to sink into recession: sombrer dans la recession; to
slip into recession: glisser dans la recession.
I. Completez l’article a l’aide des mots

Austerity / dampen / ills / freeze / the grip / rationed out / shock / short supply /
sluggish / tumble / tighten its belt.
An economic depression
We are used to hearing about economic crisis here and then but economic
(1)…………………….vary in size and intensity. There is a huge difference between a
country with a (2)………………economy and a country activity has taken a
(4)…………………….. . In the latter case, (5)…………………measures must be
imposed or even a (6)………………therapy applied. It may be a matter for the
government to (7)…………………….. wages or
(8)……………………………...consumer spending. Food need not be
(9)……………………….unless some goods are in (10)…………………………but the
population will in any case have to make effort and (11)…………………………, which
will not be appreciated.
Completez le texte a l’aide des mots qui conviennent

Bottom / cut / growth / peak / slump / strains / success / turmoil
The country is stuck in a severe economic (1)…………………………….that after three

years at best beginning to (2)……………………out-maybe. Though the stock market
has turned up, it is still 50 percent below its (3)……………….The banking system is
staging under bed (4)………………..and almost every week another big manufacturer
announces plans to (5)………………..production and (6)………………its workforce.
The nation is going through political (7)…………………., unprecedented in four
decades. It is experiencing social (8)………………………..a generation gap, a
progressive greying of the population, a growing refusal by women to accept their
traditional roles-that are profoundly disconcerting to a country that moves in orderly
lockstep. The era of unrestrained (9)…………………..and infinite
(10)…………………………is over. (Time)
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48. OUR ENVIRONMENT NOTRE ENVIRONNEMENT
The environment : l’environnement ; environmental : environnemental, écologique ; an

environmentalist : un défenseur de l’environnement ; evironmental-friendly : qui préserve
l’environnement ; ecology : l’écologie ; natural equilibrium / balance : l’équilibre
naturel ; the earth’s resources : les ressources de la terre ; biodiversity : la biodiversité ;
nature / wildlife : la nature ; a natural habitat : un habitat naturel ; the wilderness : la
nature sauvage.
Natural resources Les ressources naturelles

The biosphere La biosphère
An ecosystem Un écosystème
A wildlife reserve Une réserve naturelle
Air / water pollution La pollution de l’air / de l’eau
To pollute / a pollutant Polluer / un polluant
The ozone layer La couche d’ozone
Acid rain Les pluies acides
Carbon dioxide Le dioxyde de carbone
Global warming Le réchauffement planétaire
Climate change Le changement climatique
The greenhouse effect L’effet de serre
Waste disposal Le traitement des déchets
Sustainable development Le développement durable
The fauna and the flora : la faune et la flora ; a species : an extinct / species / an
endangered species : une espece disparue / menacee ; to be threatened with extinction :
etre menace de disparition ; to be on the verge of extinction : etre sur le point de
disparaitre ; to kill of / to wipe out a species : exterminer un espece ; a human habitat / a
biotope : un biotope humain
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (US): l’Agence (federale) pour la

protection de l’environnement; an ecologist / a conservationist: un ecologiste; ecological
/ ecology-minded: ecologique; the Green / Green Party / Ecology Party : les Verts / les
Ecologistes.
I. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.

Acid rain / biosphere / carbon dioxide / damage / ecosystem / endangered /
environmentalists / extinction / global warming / greenhouse effect / Kyoto / ozone layer
/ recycle / threatened / waste.
1. The exploitation of the rain forest has has driven species to……………
2. In order to limit their greenhouse gas emissions and curb global warming, many
developed countries have agreed to the……………….Protocol.
3. The………………………captures the sun’s energy and keeps the Earth warm.
70
4. Cars and factories emit……………………, a greenhouse gas which causes the
atmosphere to warm and hold more water vapor.
5. The basic facts of………………are not disputed. Average temperatures have risen
about half a degree Celsius in the past century and carbon dioxide levels have
increased.
6. During the past century man has done great…………………..to the environment.
7. ……………………..have urged the American Congress to pass in order to enforce
stricter gas emissions standards for cars.
8. In my country, people are encouraged to……………………….newspapers and
bottles so they can be used again.
9. Scientists have found holes in the……………………., notably over Antarctica.
10. ……………………….contains toxic chemicals that form in the atmosphere when
industrial gas emissions combine with water.
11. The………………………is the part of the earth’s atmosphere and surface in
animals and plants can live.
12. Jordan has appealed for assistance to help save the……………………of the Dead
Sea, whose water level is dropping.
13. The sea turtle has been put on the list of………………………..species.
14. The accelerating loss of the Artic ice has led biologists to designate polar bears as
a……………………species.
15. Nuclear……………………………comes from the process used to generate
electricity via nuclear power and using nuclear technology in hospitals,
laboratories and industry.
49. POLLUTION LA POLLUTION
Air pollution La pollution atmospherique

Marine pollution La pollution marine
Water / land pollution La pollution de l’eau / des sols
Chemical pollution La pollution chimique
Noise pollution Les nuisances sonores
Chemical industries : les industries chimiques ; a power plant / a power station : une
central electrique ; a nuclear power plant / a nuke : une centrale nucleaire ; a smokestack
: une cheminee d’usine ; a coal mine : une mine de charbon ; asbestos : l’amiante.
An oil / a black tide / a spillage Une maree noire

An oil slick Une nappe de petrole
A fertilizer / manure Un engrais / le fumier
pesticides Les pesticides
71
Runoff : les infiltrations ; sewage : les eaux d’egout ; wastewater : les eaux usees ; heavy
metals : les metaux lourds ; a water table / an underground aquifer / groundwater : une
nappe phreatique ; eutrophication : l’eutrophisation ; non drinking : non potable.
Noxious gases : les deleteres ; carbon monoxide (CO) : le gaz carbonique (CO) ;
greenhouse gases (GHGs) / emissions : les gaz a effet de serre ; carbon dioxide (CO2) : le
dioxide de carbone (CO2) ; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) : les chlorofluorocarbones, le
CFC, le frelon ; nitrogen oxide (NOx) : les oxydes d’azote ; exhaust fumes / auto
exhausts : les gaz d’echappement.
Household waste Les ordures menageres

Hazardous waste Les dechets dangereux
Rubbish / junk / garbage / trash Les ordures, detritus, dechets
A landfill Une decharge amenagee
Waste disposal L’elimination des dechets
To recycle / recycling Recycler / le recyclage
I. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots.

Aerosol sprays / asbestos / CFCs / exhaust pipes / gases / health hazards / lead /
nuclear power plants / power / slag heaps / smokestack / soot
Sources of pollution
The sources of pollution are numerous and no one can say which industry pollutes
most : (1)……………………..that produces the electricity we need, chemical
industries or (2)…………………….that have given rise to so much protest against
nuclear energy. Nowadays the old polluting industries using coal, also called
(3)……………………industries, or sunset industries, tend to disappear. In the
past, the burning of coal resulted in (4)…………………blackening the
surroundings and (5)……………….marring the landscape. However, today; we do
not see how we could get rid of cars and the polluting (6)………………..emitted
through their (7)………………… But (8)…………………..or risks to our health
are also present in the (9)……………………….contained in
(10)………………..and that we release into the atmosphere. Environmentalists
have fingered (11)………………..too, which has long been used in the
construction materials and which might give lung cancer.
II. Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots.

Annoying / billboards / blare / disfigure / eyesore / honk / impair / intrusive / nerve-
racking / pneumatic drills / scratch / squeal.
Noise and pollution are just as (1)…………………… (=irritating) and

(2)………………………... (=invading) as other forms of pollution. When you live in the
72
city, you can hear the cats all day long: tires (3)…………………., brakes
(4)……………………., and radios (5)………………………………
Impatient drivers (6)……………......even though it is strictly forbidden. Don’t try to take

a walk through the city: the (7)…………………on construction sites create a
(8)…………………..noise but worse they probably (9)…………………..of the workers
who use them day after day. And please; let us do away with the
(10)……………………..that (11)……………………. (=deface) the landscape! Just like
the neon sign that oftentimes is an (12)……………………hanging on the front of an
elegant 18th century building.
50. EARTH IN THE BALANCE LA TERRE EN DANGER
The society of affluence / abundance La societe d’abondance

The by-products of civilization Les consequences de la civilsation
A throw away society Une société du gaspillage
Profligacy / profligate Le gaspillage / gaspilleur
Affluence L’abondance
To waste Gaspiller
To throw away Jeter
To dispose of / to get rid of Se debarrasser de
An awareness-building campaign Une campagne de sensibilisation
A health hazard Un danger pour la santé
Harmful, unsafe / harmless, safe Nuisible, nocif inoffensif
A carcinogen Un produit cancérigène
Carcinogenic Cancérigène
Sustainabe developpement Le développement durable
Depletion of resources L’épuisement des ressources
To go green Se convertir à l’écologie
Environmentally-friendly / eco- Sans danger pour l’environnement
friendly
Green activism Le militantisme
An eco-warrior Un défenseur de la nature
Alternative energy Des énergies alternatives
Renewable energy sources (RES) Les sources d’énergie renouvelables
Fuel efficient Econome en carburant
Bottle redemption La récupération du verre
A collection point / a bottle bank Un point verre
To collect (used glass) Ramasser (le verre usage)
An environmental law Une loi sur l’environnement
A Green party Un parti écologique
To crack down on polluters Reprimer les pollueurs
The polluter-pay principle Le principe du pollueur payeur
73
1. So as to curb air pollution caused by exhaust fumes, cars are equipped

with………………………..
2. Energy-……………………..windows help to lower your heating costs.
3. Many cars today run on ………………………petrol, which is far cleaner than
regular or premium.
4. It is now possible to return empties to…………………………which are
conveniently located at street comers throughout cities.
5. Over the past months police officers have been stopping vehicles in Liverpool
to test…………………………fumes. Those who didn’t comply with the law
were fined.
6. There are two kinds of plastic bottles: ………………………bottles and single-
service bottles.
7. Often glass fiber is used as roof……………………………. Which helps keep
the heat and preserve from the cold.
8. With fears mounting that high energy costs will crimp economic growth, the
US President called on the Americans to……………….....gasoline by driving
less.
II. Conseils pour protéger l’environnement.

Completez les phrases.
Bulbs / carpooling / fertilizer / insulator / recycle / transportation / walk
1. Take a ………………………! Each gallon of gasoline used by a vehicle

releases 22 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
2. If you must drive, consider…………………..to reduce energy consumption.
If not, use public……………………….
3. Switch incandescent light…………………….in your home to more energy
efficient compact fluorescent bulbs.
4. Leave grass clipping on the lawn after mowing. The clippings act as a
natural…………………….
5. Planting trees and shrubs along sides of your house acts as a
natural………………………, making it cooler in the summer and warmer
in the winter.
6. Sort out your garbage and……………………………old newspapers and
plastic or glass bottles.
74
51. GLOBAL WARMING LE RECHAUFFEMENT PLANERAIRE
Global warming / climate change Le rechauffement climatique

Climate extremes Les dereglements climatiques
To heat up the Earth Rechauffer la Terre
To trap heat Retenir la chaleur prisonniere
The Kyotott Protocol Le protocole de Kyoto
Greenhouse gases / emissions Les gas à effet de serre
To keep excess heat (from) Empecher l’exces de chaleur (de)
To release greenhouse gases Rejeter du CO2 dans l’atmosphere
To threaten the Earth’s climate Menace le climat de la terre
To alter weather patterns Modifier le cours du temps
To produce climatic change Provoquer des changements
climatiques
To drive up temperatures Elever les temperatures
To melt Fondre
The polar ice cap La calotte glaciare
To thaw / thaw Fondre / la fonte
To flood / flooding Inonder / les inondations
To raise the sea level Elever le niveau de la mer
A heat wave Une vague de chaleur
A drought Une secheresse
The ice floe La banquise
Glacier retreat Le recul des glaces
A need for prompt action Le besoin d’agir rapidement
A search for non-polluting energy Une recherché de sources
sources energetiques non polluantes
To curb the greenhouse effect Diminuer l’effet de serre
To curb greenhouse gases Reduire les gaz à effet de serre
To capture carbon dioxide Capturer le CO2
To increase energy efficiency Accroitre l’efficacite energetique
Climate-friendly technologies Des technologies non agressives pour
le climat
I. Completez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.

By / dimming / dioxide / emissions / fossil / gases / greenhouse / melting / rise / rose /
trigger.
1. For atmospheric scientists, adding carbon………………………(CO2) or methane

(CH4) to an atmosphere will tend to make a planet’s surface warmer.
2. The combustion of fossil fuels contribute about 22 billion tons of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse………...................into the Earth atmosphere each year.
75
3. The effects of the phenomenon of global……………………………(the reduction
in sunlight reaching the surface of the planet, possibly due to aerosols) may have
masked some of the effects of global warming.
4. ………………………..Artic ice may open the Northwest Passage in summer,
which would cut 5, 000 nautical miles from shipping routes-between Europe and
Asia.
5. The Earth’s temperature could………………………under the impact of global
warming to levels far higher than previously predicted.
6. If we continue to burn………………………fuels at current rates, levels of carbon
dioxide in the temperature will reach 550 ppm (parts per million) double pre-
industrial levels by around 2050.
7. The temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean………………………by 0.17 °C
(0.31 °F) between the 1950s and the 1980s, nearly twice the rate for the world’s
oceans as a whole.
8. Some experts fear that global warming may be able to…………………….abrupt
massive temperature shifts such as the ones that occurred during the last
glaciations.
9. The………………………….effect release to the gases which humans release and
which keep the Earth warm.
10.The global average temperature is expected to increase…………………...between
1.4°C and 5.8°C this century.
11.For all the enthusiasm about alternatives to coal and oil; the challenge of
limiting……………………..of carbon dioxide, which traps heat, will be immense
in a world likely to add 2.5 billion people by midcentury.
52. ACTS OF GOD LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES
An act of God Une catastrophe naturelle

A man-made catastrophe Une catastrophe humaine
A volcano (volcanoes) Un volcan
A volcanic eruption Une eruption volcanique
Dormant / extinct en inactivite / eteint
To erupt / an eruption Entrer en eruption / une eruption
An earthquake / a quake Un trembelement de terre, un seisme
An earth tremor Une secousse sismique
An epicenter Un epicentre
A magnitude Une magnitude
To measure / to register 8.0 (on) Mesurer sur 8
The Richter Scale L’echelle de Richter
A fault line Une ligne de faille
An after shock Une replique
A tsunami Un tsunami
A sea wave / a tidal wave Un raz de marée
76
A storm : une tempete ; a rainstorm : un orage de pluie ; a thunderstorm : un orage ; a
snowstorm : une tempete de neige ; a tornade (pl. tornadoes) / a twister (US) : une
tornade ; a hurricane : un outragan ; a typhoon : un typhon ; a monsoon : une mousson ; a
blizzard : un blizzard ; a dust storm : une tempete de poussière
A wildfire Un feu de broussailles

A blaze Un sinistre, un incendie
Drought / a drought La secheresse / une secheresse
Hunger / famine / starvation La faim / la famine
To rescue / a rescuer Sauver / le sauveur
To relieve / relief (workers) Secourir / les secours
Emergency aid L’aide urgence
A victim / a casuality / a fatality Une victime
A disaster area / zone Une zone sinistre
I. Distinguer les catastrophes naturelles des catastrophes créées par

l’homme. Complétez le tableau en mettant une croix dans la colonne
appropriée.
a. Acts of God b. Man-made

catastrophes
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Tidal wave
3. Acid wave
4. Earthquake
5. Ozone depletion
6. Flooding
7. Landslide
8. Avalanche
9. Forest fire
10.Drought
11.Famine
12.Tornado
13.Typhoon
14.storm
II. complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots.

Catastrophes / crust / dams / earthquakes / floods / overflows its banks /
sandbagged / tornadoes / typhoons / wash away
Man finds himself utterly powerless in front of

natural…………………(2)…………………..(or whirlwinds), or
77
(3)………………………(i.e) large-scale tempests) are unheard of in temperate
zones; but (4)…………………………..i.e rivers leaving their beds or
(5)………………………..resulting from tremors in the earth’s
(6)……………………..can happen anywhere.
When a river (7)…………………, it can (8)…………………..everything on its
path, houses, roads, vegetation; people can also be caught.
In such countries as China, where are common, embankments are
(9)………………….and (10)………………………are built to contain floods.
53. THE GREAT FAMINE LA GRANDE FAMINE

World hunger La faim dans le monde
Famine / starvation La famine
The hungry / hungru people Les affamés
A scourge / a blight / a plague Un fleau
To be hungry Avoir faim
To die of hunger Mourir de faim
the Horn of Africa : la Corne de l’Afrique ; Somalia : la Somalie ; Sahel : le Sahel ;

Ireland : l’Irlande ; Ethiopia : l’Ethiope ; Mauritania : la Mauritanie ; North Korea
: la Coree de Nord ; Erytra : l’Erytree ; Sudan : le Soudan ; Darfur : le Darfour
Malnutrition La malnutrition
Underfed / mal nourished Sous- alimente
To starve to death Mourir de fgaim
Food releif L’aide alimentaire
A lack of food / a food shortage Une penurie de nourriture
To beg for food Mendier de la nourriture
To forage (for food) Fouiller (à la recherche de
nourriture)
To ration Rationner
A famine-stricken country / a famine- Un pays frappé par la famine
ridden country
Wasted / gaunt: decharné ; a hollow face : un visage creusé ; sickly looking : a

l’air malingre ; a skeletal figure : une silhouette squeletique ; emaciated : emacié ;
skinny : maigre ; bony / scrawny : efflanqué, decharné ; spindly : grele ; a swollen
belly : un ventre ballonné ; to be stunted : etre deformé.
To take / to exact a heavy toll (on) Prelever un lourd tribut (sur)

To alleviate world hunger Soulager la faim dans le monde
To relieve hunger Soulager la faim
Humanitarian aid L’aide humanitaire
78
A food aid agency Une agence d’aide alimentaire
An NGO Une ONG
A glut Une surabondance
I. complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.

Abroad / bowl / famine / forage / grams / handouts / health / malnutrition / poverty /
shortages / starvation / water
1. children in Somalia are so stunted by…………………….that they could easily

pass for half their age.
2. People in North Korea receive no more than 100………………………of grain
each day, equivalent to four small digestive biscuits.
3. Without aid from……………………., thousands of Africans will die in a matter of
weeks.
4. About 30m Chinese died in the awful…………………………that followed the
Great Leap Forward of 1958-62.
5. Mao never admitted that China was facing mass…………….and refused to ask the
outside world for aid.
6. Millions in some Third World live with a horror called extreme ………………..,
and many die of it.
7. ………………………., dirty……………………..and lack
of………………….care kill far more children every week than the maybe 20.000
lives swept away by central America’s latest floods.
8. If Russians are cold and hungry, it is less because of large……………….. of food
fuel than because of bad government.
9. In Third World countries, people can go hungry several days on end, surviving on
a……………………..of soup or a…………………of bread.
Some………………………in trash, others rely on…………………… from the
passers-by.
II. Complétez l’article à l’aide des mots.

Crops / granaries / harvest / maize / scorched / starvation.
A drought had already (1)…………………..the southern edge of the Sahara desert

before locusts burst out of the oases around Kidal Mali last year, setting on cereal
(2)………………………..there and nearby in even more destitute Niger. As a
result of a meagre (3)……………….., the cost of millet went up by 30percent,
sorghum by 50 percent and (4)……………….60 percent. In both countries, state
and village (5)………………………..are low or empty. Officials in Mali’s capital,
Bamako, reckon that 4m in the two countries risk (6)………………….around
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1.1m of them in Mali – around 10 percent of its population. Mortality for under-
five-years-olds already among the highest in the world at over one in live, risen to
record heights.
54. FOREST FIRES LES INCENDIES DE FORET
A fire Un incendie
A brush fire Un feu de brousse
A forest fire Un incendie de foret
A blaze Un brasier, un sinistre
An inferno Un enfer
An arson fire un incendie criminel
An arsonist / a pyromaniac Un pyromane
A fire hazard Un risque d’incendie
To start a fire Declencher une incendie
A match / a matchbox Une allumette / une boite d’allumettes
A spark / a lfying spark Un etincelle
To be on fire Etre en feu
To blaze / to rage Faire rage
To burn / to scorch Bruler
To catch fire Prendre feu
To fan / to fuel a fire Attiser les flammes
To set fire (to) Mettre le feu a
To spread / to propagate Se propager
To touch off / to ignite Se declencher
The fumes Les fumées
To go up in flames S’embraser
To go up in smoke S’envoler en fume
To fight a fire Combattre un incendie
To battle the flames / a fire Combattre les flammes / un incendie
A fire department / brigade Une brigade de sapeurs-pompiers
A firefighter / a fireman Un pompier
An aerial tanker / air tanker Un Canadair
A fire hose Une lance a feu
A fire engine / a fire truck Une voiture de pompiers
Charred Carbonisé

breaks / bring / cigarette / fireworks / outbreaks / scorched / smoldering /spark /
swept / tinderbox / underbrush
80
1. A fire……………………through a dilapidated apartment building in
southern Paris early on Friday, killing at least 17 African immigrants and
injuring 22, fire officials said.
2. The fire…………………..out shortly after midnight in a stairwell between
the second and the fifth floors of the seven-story building.
3. About 200 firefighters spent three hours to………………..the blaze under
control.
4. The number of forest fires could be reduced if small-forest owners met their
responsibilities to clear…………….and cut fire………….
5. With weather conditions still right for………………….., local officials are
so worried about New Year’s weekend that they are stringently enforcing a
ban on open, outdoor fires and………………….and declaring some
disasters areas.
6. Though fire has destroyed homes and property in Texas, the prairie land it
has……………………..is far from ruined, ecologists with the department of
Parks and Wildlife say.
7. Grass fires started by as little as a………………....... from a car have burned
more than 600, 000 acres across a drought-stricken stretch of the South-
West in the past week and a half.
8. Firefighters contained at least seven new and long-…………… blazes with
no reported injuries, but hundreds of additional acres of the drought-parched
grassland and dozens of building were scorched or destroyed, officials
reported.
9. A wet spring combined with parched conditions for the last six months have
mad Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico a giant……………………..
10.The cause of that fire and many of the others is not known, but a chief
suspicion is that they were man-made. Officials suspect either a serial
arsonist or accidental fire starters, in the form of a child hiding in the reeds
to smoke a first …………………….., or a teenager riding
a……………………….-spitting moped.
55. EARTHQUAKES LES SEISMES
A quake Un tremblement de terre, un seisme

To shake Ebranler, secouer
To monitor seismic activity Surveiller l’activite sismique
A seismograph Un sismographe
Geophysics La geophysique
A geophysicist Un geophysicien
Plate tectonics La tectonique des plaques
The continental drift La derive des continents
A tsunami / a tidal wave Un tsunami
81
The epicenter / the epicentre L’epicentre
The (Earth’s) crust La croute (terrestre)
The mantle Le manteaux
Magna Le magna
On the Richter scale Sur l’echelle de Richter
Magnitude L’amplitude
Intensity L’intensite
A fault line Une ligne de faille / de fracture
A landslide Un gisement de terrain
An after shock Une replique
To rock Ebranler
To hit Frapper
To rattle Trembler, agiter, secouer.
To sway Osciller
To teeter Vaciller
To sag / to collapse S’effondrer
To crumble S’effriter
To be trapped Etre prisonnier
To be entombed Etre emmuré
The rubble Les decombres
Rescue workers les sauveteurs
To be earthquake-proof Etre à l’épreuve des séismes
I. Complétez les phrases à l’aide des mots.

Aftershocks / earthquake-proof / epicenter / fault / Richter scale / toll
1. The strength of earthquakes is measured on the…………………

2. Nuclear power stations built in zones of volcanic activities have to
be……………………..
3. Earthquakes originate from a………………………..of the earth’s crust.
4. ………………………..repeatedly rattled the area as the injured were taken to
hospitals over roads on flatbed trucks, vans buses and even motorbikes.
5. The…………………..of the earthquake, which struck just before 6 a.m, was about
15 miles southwest of Yogyakarta on the southern coast of Java along the Indian
Ocean.
6. The official death………………………..rose to roughly 5.700, according to news
agency reports, with 15.000 injured and more than 100.000 homeless.
II. Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient.

Collapsing / damage / destroyed / epicenter / felt / foreshock / lasted / rescue / rubble /
shaking / swayed / teetered
82
The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 ranks as one of the most significant
earthquakes of all time. At almost precisely 5:12 am, local time, a (1)…………..occurred
with sufficient force to be (2)………………….widely throughout the San Francisco Bay
Sea. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25 seconds later, with an
(3)………………near San Francisco. Violent shocks punctuated the strong
(4)…………………….which………………….. (5)………………………. Some 45 to
60 seconds. The earthquake, which was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los
Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada, caused extensive (6)………………………..
. The earthquake claimed several hundred lives. Hundreds more people, caught in their
sleep, were trapped in their homes while buildings (7)…………………and
(8)………………..before (9)…………………… The road network was completely
(10)…………………. . (11)…………………..teams worked frantically around the
clock searching for victims buried in the (12)………………….. .
56. DEFORESTATION LA DEFORESTATION
The rain forest La foret amazonienne

The tropical rain forest La foret tropicale humide
The Amazon / Amazonia L’Amazone
A virgin forest Une foret vierge
Intensive clearing Le defrichage intensif
To deforest Deboiser
To raze / to level a forest Raser une foret
To fell / to cut down / to chop down Abattre (un arbre)
Slash and burn agriculture La culture sur brulis
The feeling of trees / woodcutting L’abattage des arbres
To axe / an axe Couper a la hache
To chop / to cut up debiter
To log / a logger Tronconner, debiter / un bucheron
Lumber Le bois d’abattage
A woodcutter / a lumberjack Un bucheron
A lumber mill / a saw mill Un scierie
The pulp (and paper) industry L’industrie de la pâte à papier
The forestry / paper industry L’industrie forestiere / papetiere
Ranchland Les terres d’élevage
To plunder Saccager
A habitat Un biotope
To tap the forest’s wealth Exploiter les richesses forestieres
An indigenous people Un people indigene
Reforestation / re-timbering Le reboisement
83
A tree-saving scheme Un plan de sauvetage des arbres
Mahogany : l’acajou ; rosewood : le palissandre ; teak (wood) : le teck ; satinwood : le

bois du citronnier ; sandalwood : le sandal ; ebony : l’ebene ; magnolia : le magnolia.
Complétez les phrases à l’aide du mot qui convient

Cleared / cut / deforestation / impact / logging / rate / warming
1. Commercial……………………is another common form of deforestation,
cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp
2. Every day, species are disappearing from the tropical rain forest as they
are…………………….. .
3. The loss of species will have a great…………………..on the planet
We are losing species that might show us how to prevent cancer or help us find
a cure for AIDS.
4. Scientists study the …………………………of deforestation of tropical forests
by analyzing satellite imagery of forested areas that have been cleared.
5. When the plants and trees are …………………….down to sow the land,
farmers usually burn the tree trunks to release the nutrients necessary for a
fertile soil.
6. Illegal logging is not the cause of all ………………….. . Some trees are cut
down to make way for plantations or ranching, or to provide farmland or
firewood for the poor.
7. We must protect the role that forests paly in mitigating global……….............by
absorbing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
Complétez le texte à l’aide des mots

Chopped down / chopped up / driven out from the forest / felling / indigenous /
logging companies / lumber / lumberjacks / preserve / rafted / reforest / sawmills / top
soil.
Forests
Forests are being (1)………………………….at a rate we cannot accept. We

(2)…………………………… are often responsible for (3)……………………..trees
to get (4)………………………..which is sold to the neighboring countries.
Actually the trees are (5)…………………………on the sites by professional

(6)…………………………..and local (7)……………………………..cut up the wood
which can be (8)…………………….along the rivers for transportation. As a result of
deforestation, (9)……………………….people are (10)……………………..and there
only remains an eroded (11)………………….in place of forest.
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This cannot go on : we must all make it a duty to (12)………………….our forest and
even to (13)…………………………the lands that have been devastated : the task is
enormous.
57. WILDLIFE LA NATURE SAUVAGE
A species Une espece

Wildlife La faune et la flore
The fauna La faune
(Big) game Le (gros) gibier
An ecosystem Un ecosysteme
A natural habitat Un habitat naturel
Big game hunting Une chasse au gros gibier
A game reserve Une reserve de grands fauves
A hunter / a huntman Un chasseur
The ivory trade Le traffic d’ivoire
Fur La fourrure
A tusk La defense
Poaching Le braconnage
A poacher Le braconnier
A safari / to go on a safari Un safari / faire du safari
A gamekeeper / a game warden Un garde-chasse
Game laws La legislation sur la chasse
A game licence (UK) / a shooting Un permis de chasse
licence
An extinct / endangered species Une espece disparue / menace
To be driven to extinction Etre amene a disparaitre
To become extinct Disparaitre
To kill off / to wipe out a species Exterminer
An antelope : une antelope ; a bear / a she-bear : un ours / une ourse ; a polar bear : un
ours polaire ; a bison (UK) / buffalo (US) : un bison ; a cheetah : un guepard ; an
elephant : un elephant ; a gazelle : une gazelle ; a giraffe : une giraffe ; a
hippopotamus : un hippopotame ; a koala / a koala bear : un koala ; a panda : un
panda ; a rhinoceros : un rhinoceros ; a wolf (pl. wolves) : un loup ; a zebra : un zebra
; a seal : un phoque ; a baboon : un babouin ; a chimpanzee / a chimp : un chimpanzee
; a gorilla : un gorille.
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2. A FRIEND IN NEED • C’EST DANS LE BESOIN…

3. WOMAN IN THE WORKFORCE • LA FEMME AU TRAVAIL

4. SCHOOL VIOLENCE • LA VIOLENCE À L’ÉCOLE

5. THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY • LE PAYS OÙ TOUT EST POSSIBLE

6. THE IMMIGRATION ISSUE • LE PROBLÈME DE L'IMMIGRATION

8. WOMAN IN POLITICS • LA FEMME EN POLITIQUE

9. DRUG ADDICTION • LA TOXICOMANIE

10. THE HAVES AND THE HAVE NOTS • RICHES ET PAUVRES

11. THE HOMELESS • LES SANS-ABRI

12. ABORTION • L’AVORTEMENT

13. PEDOPHILIA • LA PÉDOPHILIE

14. HOMOSEXUALITY • L’HOMOSEXUALITÉ

15. SUICIDE • LE SUICIDE

16. CRIMES AND CRIMINALS • CRIMES ET CRIMINELS

17. CALL THE POLICE • APPELEZ LA POLICE

18. IN COURT • DEVANT LA JUSTICE

19. IN JAIL • EN TAULE

20. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT • LA PEINE CAPITALE

21. GAMBLING • LE JEU

22. THE ART MARKET • LE MARCHÉ DE L’ART

23. HOOLIGANISM • LES HOOLIGANS

24. SPORT AND DRUGS • LE SPORT ET LE DOPAGE

25. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS • LA LIBERTÉ DE LA PRESSE

26. AIDS • LE SIDA

27. GENETICS • LA GÉNÉTIQUE

28. EUTHANASIA • L’EUTHANASIE 60

30. WAR • LA GUERRE

31. AT WAR • EN GUERRE

32. THE WAR AGAINST TERROR • LA GUERRE AU TERRORISME

33. FRANKENSTEIN FOODS • LES ALIMENTS TRANSGÉNIQUES

34. A WORLD WITHOUT OIL • UN MONDE SANS PÉTROLE

35. JOB HUNTING • À LA RECHERCHE D’UN EMPLOI

36. RETIREMENT • LA RETRAITE

37. THE WIRED SOCIETY • LA SOCIÉTÉ EN RÉSEAU

38. CYBERCRIME • LES DÉLITS INFORMATIQUES

39. SPACE ODYSSEY • L’ODYSSÉE DE L’ESPACE

40. RESTRUCTURING • LES RESTRUCTURATIONS

41. GLOBALIZATION • LA MONDIALISATION

42. ON STRIKE • EN GRÈVE

43. ON THE DOLE • AU CHÔMAGE

44. THE CONSUMER IS KING • LE CONSOMMATEUR EST ROI 92

45. IS EUROPE DEAD? • L’EUROPE EXISTE-T-ELLE ENCORE

46. THE THIRD WORLD • LE TIERS MONDE

47. ECONOMIC CRISIS • LA CRISE ÉCONOMIQUE

48. OUR ENVIRONMENT • NOTRE ENVIRONNEMENT

49. POLLUTION • LA POLLUTION

50. EARTH IN THE BALANCE • LA TERRE EN DANGER

51. GLOBAL WARMING • LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT PLANÉTAIRE

52. ACTS OF GOD • LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES

53. THE GREAT FAMINE • LA GRANDE FAMINE

54. FOREST FIRES • LES INCENDIES DE FORÊT

55. EARTHQUAKES • LES SÉISMES

56. DEFORESTATION • LA DÉFORESTATION

57. WILDLIFE • LA NATURE SAUVAGE

Civilization (US) / civilization (UK) la civilisation

 Contemporary society : la société contemporaine – modern society : la société

Values. Tolerance : la tolérance – solidarity : la solidarité – benevolence : la

The community la communauté

Social work l’assistance sociale

1. Quelles sont les réponses aux définitions ?

2. It is the other name for a society of plenty.

4. A society whose members rely on public aid