Shear Properties

Equivalent shear stiffness Keq, equivalent damping ratio Heq, initial stiffness K1, post-yield stiffness
K2, characteristic strength Qd
Shear properties of LRB is dependent on shear strain amplitude.
The shear strain dependency of each property is expressed by the following equations.
Post-yield stiffness : K2 = Kd = CKd  (Kr + Kp) Q
Shear stiffness of laminated rubber : Kr = Gr  Ar /H
Additional shear stiffness by lead plug : Kp = αp  Ap /H
Where, CKd : post-yield stiffness correction factor due to strain dependency Kd

{
Gr : shear modulus of rubber 0.385N/mm2 0.779  − 0.43 [ < 0.25] Qd
 : shear strain CKd  − 0.25 [0.25   < 1.0] Keq
αp : apparent shear modulus of lead 0.583N/mm2  − 0.12 [1.0   < 2.5] - δ0 δ0
δ

{
W
Characteristics strength : Qd = CQd  pb  Ap 2.036  0.41 [  0.1]
Where, CQd : characteristic strength correction factor due to strain dependency CQd 1.106  0.145 [0.1 <  < 0.5] - Qd
pb : Shear stress at yield of lead 7.967N/mm2 1 [0. 5  ]
Initial stiffness : K1 =   Kd
Where,  : Ratio of initial stiffness to post-yield stiffness which is between 1015. (recommended value: 13)
Equivalent shear stiffness Keq Equivalent damping ratio Heq

{ }
Qd Qd
Keq =   H + Kd Qd   H −
2 ( − 1)Kd
Heq = π 
Keq  (  H)2

Temperature dependency
Each shear properties shall be corrected to the value at standard temperature of 20°C by the following equations
(Applicable range: −20  T  40°C) (T: Temperature during inspection)
Temperature correction equation : Kd (T°C) = Kd (standard value at 20°C) × (1.052 − 2.955 × 10−3  T + 1.895 × 10−5  T2)
: Qd (T°C) = Qd (standard value at 20°C) × (1.192 − 1.017 × 10−2  T + 2.722 × 10−5  T2)
Standard value of temperature dependency Standard temperature (20°C)*1
Properties values −10°C 0°C 30°C 40°C *1
: The standard value takes into account the variation of 20% to the value obtained by the temperature correction
equation.
Post-yield stiffness Kd +10% +6% −3% −5%
Characteristic strength Qd +36% +23% −11% −21%

Performance variation
The rate of change of main causes (manufacturing variation, aging, temperature change) which affect shear properties as shown below.
Rubber materials G0.4 : The variation of each product (standard value) shall be within 20% and
*2
variation of total units of products per project (total of standard values) shall
Properties Post-yield stiffness Kd Characteristic strength Qd be within 10%.
Manufacturing variation*2 Within 10% Within 10% *3
: Predicted rate of change after 60 years at 20°C standard temperature.
Aging*3 Within +10% − (20% variation is considered in the rate of change)

Ambient temperature varia- (+) side Within +6% Within +23%

tion 20°C ± 20°C (−) side Within −5% Within −21%
(+) side Within +26% Within +33%
Total
(−) side Within −15% Within −31%

Compressive Properties
Compressive stiffness Kv PV

Compressive stiffness Kv is determined by the following equation. P1

Kv = αv . Ec A Ec = E(1+2S12) A : Laminated rubber plane area Ar : Effective plane area Ap : Lead plug plane area P0
H 1+E(1+2S12)/E A = Ar + Ap KV : Compressive
P2
αv : Young’s modulus correction factor = 1.23 stiffness

Ultimate compressive stress (refer the figure on the right)

δv
Critical stress cr at zero shear strain is determined by the following equation. δ2 δ0 δ1
cr = π  1.26  αc  (Geq  Eb)0.5  S2
4
However, Eb = E (1 + 2/3    S12) / {1 + E (1 + 2/3    S12) / E}
αc : Correction factor based on S2 determined from our test data 
If S2  5 : αc = 1, if S2 < 5 : αc = 0.25  (S2 − 5) + 1
cr Ultimate compressive
Ultimate compressive stress at any shear strain cr’() is determined by cr by the following equation. (γo,o) stress

 L (γ1,1)
cr, () = cr  (1 − 0.9 )
S2 cr' (γ)

The ultimate compressive stress shall not exceed the upper limit L determined as below and the strain region
corresponding to the ultimate strain L at 0 compressive stress. (γ2,2)

L = 60 (N/mm2)
L = min (400%, S2 × 100%) γL γ

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