SLENDER MEMBERS
There are two major categories leading to the failure of a
mechanical component:
Material failure and Structural instability, which is often
called buckling.
For material failures you need to consider the yield stress for
ductile materials and the ultimate stress for brittle materials.
The load at which buckling occurs depends on the stiffness
of a component, not upon the strength of its materials.
Buckling refers to the loss of stability of a component and is
usually independent of material strength.
This loss of stability usually occurs within the elastic range
of the material.
Buckling Terms
Slender is a geometric concept of a two‐dimensional area
that is quantified by the radius of gyration. The radius of
gyration, r, has the units of length and describes the way in
which the area of a cross‐section is distributed around its
centroidal axis. If the area is concentrated far from the
centroidal axis it will have a greater value of r and a greater
resistance to buckling.
A non‐circular cross‐section will have two values for its radius
of gyration. The section tends to buckle around the axis with
the smallest value.
Buckling Terms
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of the length of the column to
its least radius of gyration.
Column with slenderness ratio less than 30 are called
short column;
Such columns when subjected to axial compressive load,
fails by yielding of the material due to direct compressive
load rather than by Buckling i.e. the lateral deflection.
Column having slenderness ratio more than 120 are called
Long Columns; fail by buckling.
For very long columns the loss of stiffness occurs at
stresses far below the material failure.
Column with slenderness ratio lying between 30 and 120
are termed the intermediate columns.
Stability of Elastic System
• Consider a bar hinged at one end and subjected to
an axial compressive force P (Figure above)
Stability of Elastic System
• Two springs of stiffness k each provide stability.
Figure (a).
• When the bar is displaced by amount x in either
direction Fig (b), the following forces come into play;
I. Displacing couple, and
II. Restoring couple, 2
Stability of Elastic System
Depending upon the values of P, k and L, the following
situations may arise:
2 , which provides a net restoring couple due to
which the system is in stable equilibrium
2 , which is unstable equilibrium , due to the net
displacing couple.
2 , in which case there is no net couple, either
disturbing or restoring. This condition is called neutral and is
a critical condition.
The value of load P in this condition is called the critical or
the buckling or the crippling load.
Stability of Elastic System
Slight increase in load beyond this value will lead to
instability which will cause the bar to fail ultimately.
Thus, the instability of columns, which are the members
subjected to compressive axial loads, may be considered as a
mode of failure, even though the stress may remain within
the elastic limit.
Euler Theory
This theory is based upon the following assumptions:
I. The column is perfectly elastic
II. The compressive load is ideally axial
The length of the column is very long compared to its
transverse dimensions.
Column pin Jointed at both ends
Moment at any point X
Let m
Then
m 0
Column pin Jointed at both ends
The solution of this equation is
y A cos mx B sin mx
Where A and B are constants
Now y 0 at x 0
y 0 at x L
0 Bsin mL
B cannot be zero, because in that case y is always zero,
which is a trivial solution. Therefore,
0 Bsin mL
Column pin Jointed at both ends
sin 0
0, , 2 , 3
Clearly zero is not admissible, also higher values such as
2 , 3 are of no practical significance. Therefore,
0
Column pin Jointed at both ends
sin
2
sin
2
Deflection curve of column is
sin
The Euler’s buckling or critical load can be calculated for
all these cases proceeding similarly as explained in the
case of a column with both ends pin jointed. These
results are:
For both ends fixed,
4
For one end fixed, other end free,
For one end fixed, other end pin jointed,
2
All the above four cases may be combined into one if
instead of actual length of the column, its effective
length, is used.
1 Both ends pin jointed
2 Both ends fixed
2
3 One end fixed, other free 2
4 One end fixed, other pin jointed 0.7
Limitation of Euler Theory
According to the Euler theory, at loads below the critical
value, the deflection of the column is small so that the
column remains in the stable equilibrium.
However, if the load is equal to or even slightly greater than
, the deflection will increase immediately to cause failure.
We know that
This is the critical stress. From this it is seen, that to
achieve high breaking loads, column should have largest
possible least radius of gyration. This would result in the
smallest possible slenderness ratio for the column.
A member of a pin jointed structure is 1.5m long with a cross section 10mm
by 25mm. Determine the compressive force at which it will buckle. Take
70 ⁄
. 2.08 x 10
12
25 x 10 0.25 x 10
2.08 x 10
2.88
0.25 x 10
1.5 x 10
520.8
2.88
1.5
x 70 x 10 x 2.08 x 10
1500
638