DEFINITION
TYPES OF PNEUMONIA
Bacterial pneumonia
Usually occurs when the body is weakened in some way,such as illness, malnutrition, old
age, or impaired immunity, and bacteria are able to work their way into the lungs.
Can affect all ages, but those at great risk include persons who abuse alcohol, persons
who are deliberated, post-operative patients, persons with respiratory diseases.
Viral pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
An inflammation of the lungs and bronchial tubes caused by inhaling foreign material,
usually food, drink, vomit, or secretions from the mouth into the lungs.
May progress to form a collection of pus in the lungs (lung abscess). Aspiration of
foreign material (often the stomach contents) into the lung can be a result of disorders
that affect normal swallowing, disorders of the esophagus (esophageal stricture, gastro-
esophageal reflux), or decreased or absent gag reflex (in unconscious, or semi-conscious
individuals).
Old age, dental problems, use of sedative drugs, anesthesia, coma, and excessive alcohol
consumption are also causal or contributing factors.
Atypical pneumonia
Pneumonia due to Legionella, in particular, can be quite severe and lead to high mortality
rates.
Atypical pneumonia due to Mycoplasma and Chlamydophila usually cause milder forms
of pneumonia and are characterized by a more drawn out course of symptoms unlike
other forms of pneumonia which can come on more quickly with more severe early
symptoms.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
85% of cases of CAP are caused by the typical bacterial pathogens, namely,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
INCIDENCE
WHO data suggest that there are 450 million cases of pneumonia each year and that it
causes 3.9 million deaths. Pneumonia is the biggest cause of child deaths in the world, killing 1.8
million children under five years of age every year, more than 98% of which occur in 68
developing countries
The occurrence of pneumonia is also associated with certain illnesses such as flu
and asthma
People who have weak immune system are very prone to pneumonia, in such a
way that they are very vulnerable of being infected to the bacteria and viruses causing
pneumonia. For instance, the infants, they are still on the stage of developing their fragile
bodies, and that, making them to be very week to fights against bacteria causing such
disease. Thus, this is also true to the elderly who have weak immune system due to old
age.
Smoking
Frequent exposure to cigarette smoke can affect the lungs in ways that make a
person more likely to develop pneumonia. The risk for pneumonia in smokers of more
than a pack a day is three times that of nonsmokers. Those who are chronically exposed
to cigarette smoke, which can injure airways and damage the cilia, are also at risk. Toxic
fumes, industrial smoke, and other air pollutants may also damage cilia function, which is
a defense again bacteria in the lungs.
Aspiration
Occupational exposure to toxic chemical fumes and/or smoke can weaken your lung’s
defenses, predisposing you to pneumonia.
Cold climates
Many studies have provided evidence that mortality rates increase during periods
of cold weather. In general, total mortality is about 15% higher on an average winter day
than on an average summer day (National Center for Health Statistics). The impact of
cold on human well-being is highly variable. Not only is cold weather responsible for
direct causes of death such as hypothermia, influenza, and pneumonia, it is also a factor
in a number of indirect ways.
Age
If you're age 65 or older, particularly if you have other conditions that make you
more prone to developing pneumonia, you're at increased risk of pneumonia. Very young
children, whose immune systems aren't fully developed, also are at increased risk of
pneumonia.
They are less able to breathe deeply, cough, and get rid of mucous. People who
have had surgery or who are immobilized from a traumatic injury have a higher risk of
pneumonia because surgery or serious injuries may make coughing — which helps clear
your lungs — more difficult, and lying flat can allow mucus to collect in your lungs,
providing a breeding ground for bacteria.
Alcohol, Drug Abuse
Bacterial pneumonia
Shaking
Chills
Chattering teeth
High temperature
Heavy perspiring
Rapid pulse
Rapid breathing
Tiredness
Muscle aches
Chills
Clammy skin
Headache
Joint stiffness
Sore throat
Sweating
Shortness of breath
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Chest pain
Chills
Excessive sweating
Headache
Sore throat
Neck lump
Rapid breathing
Aspiration pneumonia
Chest pain
Cough
Fatigue
Fever
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Breath odor
Excessive sweating
Difficulty of swallowing
Atypical pneumonia
Chills
Cough
Fever
Headache
Loss of appetite
Rapid breathing
Shortness of breath
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Chills
Easy fatigue
Excessive sweating (rare)
Fever
Headache
Loss of appetite
Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse with deep breathing or coughing
Shortness of breath
Community-acquired pneumonia
problems breathing
a high fever that may be accompanied with sweating, chills, and uncontrollable shaking
Fever
Rapid breathing
Shortness of breath especially with activity (exertion)
Use a sterile suction catheter, and discard catheter after each insertion.
Do not store suction catheters in any type of solution, including antibacterial solutions.
If using the same catheter, suction the major bronchi first before suctioning the mouth
and the nose to prevent contamination of the lungs.
Insert catheter during inhalation and apply intermittent vacuum while withdrawing
catheter.
Insertion, suctioning, and removal of catheter should not exceed 10-15 seconds.
Instruct client how to use nebulizers or metered dose inhalers for aerosolization.
PREVENTION
Prevent aspiration of food, fluids or medications in at-risk clients, which can cause
aspiration pneumonia.
- Vaccines can’t prevent all cases of infection. However, compared to people who
don’t get vaccinated, those who do and still get pneumonia tend to have:
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more
of the penicillin-binding proteins.
Bronchodilators (albuterol)
CLASSIFICATION: Sympathominetics
CLASSIFICATION: Adrenocorticosteroids
Mucolytics/Expectorant ( guiafenesin)
CLASSIFICATION: Expectorants
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Thought to act an expectorant by irritating the gastric mucosa
and stimulating respiratory tract secretions, thereby increasing respiratory fluid volumes and
decreasing phlegm viscosity.
CLASSIFICATION: Decongestant
- Also known as full blood count (FBC) or full blood exam (FBE) or blood panel,
is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information
about the cells in a patient's blood.
- This procedure is done to the client to determine general health status and to
screen for a variety of disorders and in order to determine whether there are
evaluations in the blood components.
Chest X-ray
- Commonly used to detect abnormalities in the lungs, but can also detect
abnormalities in the heart, aorta, and the bones of the thoracic area.
Sputum Culture
Blood Culture
- A test designed to detect if microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are present
in blood. A sample of blood obtained using sterile technique is placed in a culture
media and incubated in a controlled environment for 1 to 7 days.
-
Blood gas analysis is used to diagnose and evaluate respiratory diseases and
conditions that influence how effectively the lungs deliver oxygen to and
eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood.
PERTINENT DATA
NAME: Mr.Neumi
GENDER: Male
NATIONALITY: Filipino
WEIGHT: 87 kgs.
HEIGHT: 5’9”
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Mr. Neumi belongs to an extended family. He is living with his parents-in-law and he is the
head of the family.
Hypertension has been the prevailing disease in the family as well as arthritis, this may me
cause credited as a manifestation of being in the old age bracket. With respect to hypertension,
they resorted to neoblock 100mg OD while arthritis is being managed through liniments (i. e.,
efficascent) in which they apply it in the affected part.
From the interview with Mr. Neumi, it was found out that several diseases are being
experienced in the family and they are predominant among them. They are as follows: cough,
fever, stomachache and common colds.
As the most convenient and affordable remedy, they usually manage it through herbal
medicines like oregano for cough and common colds. As for fever and stomachache, they
manage it through self-prescription of OTC drugs like biogesic and diatabs, respectively.
Increase in fluid intake is being observed when they are suffering from fever, cough or colds.
The intake of vitamin C rich-foods and calamansi juice is of help to them to be relieved in their
cough and colds.
With regards to childhood illnesses, members of the family had experienced mumps,
chickenpox and measles. Mumps is being managed through “akot-akot”. For chicken pox, bed
rest is being observed as well as exposing to burnt onions when lesions are healing. As for
measles, they usually wear black long-sleeved shirts as prescribed by custom practice.
However, when all these remedies are not tenable, they seek for medical help in their
respective Rural Health Unit. As for severe cases, they usually go to the Hospital for further
consultation.
It was found out also that the elderly of the family are drinking liquor and indulge themselves
also into smoking.
The family maintains healthy diet. They do not have allergy of any sort.
B. PAST HEALTH HISTORY
The facts which shall materialized to this study was derived from the interview with Mr.
Neumi. He lamented that during his childhood days, he had experienced measles and mumps
and these were treated through wearing black long-sleeved shirts and “akot-akot”,
respectively.
As for illnesses, the common ones are cough, colds, fever and stomachache. Most of the
time, Mr. Neumi resorts to OTC drugs like carbocysteine, Decolgen, Biogesic and Diatabs,
respectively.
However,when things get worse and cannot be cured by self medication, Mr. Neumi
seeks for medical assistance in the Hospital.
Mr. Neumi’s immunization,as to his records, he had only a shot of BCG, as to the others,
he had not availed for one.
He was hospitalized once at Gaoat General Hospital because of slight physical injuries in
which he acquired through a vehicular accident. He was given a shot of anti-tetanus of the
said injuries. He was admitted as an OPD patient.
Before his hospitalization, Mr. Neumi had been experiencing cough and chest pain for
two weeks. With that span of him, he had self-madication of carbocysteine and supplemented
it with herbal medicine (oregano). After two weeks of such condition and that no effect has
been noticed, he went to the hospital for consultation. Thereby, he was admitted by Dr.
Medeldorf M. Gaoat in August 14, 2010 at 9:00 am with the admitting diagnosis of
pneumonia.
D. LIFESTYLE AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
He usually wakes up at 5AM and sleeps between 8 or 9 in the evening. He has his
siesta time from 12 NN to 1:30PM.
Mr. Neumi started drinking alcohol since 1978. However, when he began to
experience chest pains lately, he seldom drinks alcohol.
As for his diet, Mr. Neumi maintains a healthy diet having fish or meat and
vegetable in their menu. He drinks mineral water, however, sometimes, he drinks water
from deep well.
E. PSYCHOLOGICAL DATA
The physical assessment was done last August 17, 2010 at 3:00 PM at Gaoat General
Hospital, male ward.
General Appearance:
Our patient was walking along the corridor of the hospital without any gadget attached to
him. Weak in appearance, afebrile and no complaint of difficulties in beathing. He is wearing a
sando and a maong shorts.
1. Hair
COLOR Black
2. Head
CONFIGURATION Normocephalic
3. Eyes
4. Ears
5. Nose
6. Mouth
LIPS
MOISTURE Moist
TEETH
GUMS
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
7. Neck
8. Chest
9. Abdomen
SHAPE globular
Upper Extremities
Lower Extremities
10. Skin
COLOR Brown
For the first day of appraisal, Mr. Neumi was seen lying on bed without an IV fluid
attached. He is weak in appearance on DAT diet. He has a productive cough with minimal
amount of secretions.
Vital Signs:
Body temp.-36.1 0C
PR-76bpm
RR-22bpm
BP: 110/70mmHg
Second day, he was seen sitting on bed. He is still weak in appearance with productive
cough and a minimal amount of secretion. He is on a DAT diet.
Vital Signs:
Body temp.-36.5 0C
PR-72bpm
RR-20bpm
BP: 110/80mmHg
Vital Signs:
Body temp.-37.1 0C
PR-74bpm
RR-23bpm
BP: 120/90mmHg
We visited our patient and he is watching television with his wife. Still, with cough and
under medication.
Vital Signs:
Body temp.-37.5 0C
PR-70bpm
RR-21bpm
BP: 110/80mmHg
On the last day of appraisal, we had seen our patient watching television. With cough
still.
Vital Signs:
Body temp.-37.3 0C
PR-70bpm
RR-22bpm
BP: 120/80mmHg
I.
Nursing Diagnosis:
Nursing Inference:
The inflammatory response to infection causes tissue edema and exudates formation. In
the lungs, the inflammatory response can narrow and potentially obstruct bronchial passages and
alveoli. This may result to dyspnea, presence of adventitious breath sounds such as crackles
(rales), wheezes, coughing amd it may also indicate hypoxia or decrease level of oxygen.
Nursing Goal:
After 30 min – 1 hour of rendering effective nursing intervention the patient’s airway
clearance will be maintained as will be manifested by absence of dyspnea and verbalization of
“haan nak marigatan nga umangesen”.
Nursing Intervention:
1. Re-assess respiratory status, including vital signs, breath sounds and skin color.
2. Place patient in fowler’s or high- fowler’s position and encourage frequent position
changes.
Nursing Evaluation:
After 1 hour of rendering effective nursing intervention the patient’s airway was
maintained as manifested by absence of dyspnea and verbalization of “haan nak uny marigatan
umangesen”.
II.
Nursing Diagnosis:
Nursing Inference:
Due to the narrowing and constriction of the airway there is obstruction in to the
breathing pattern.
Nursing Goal:
After 20-45 min of rendering effective nursing intervention the patient will be able to
improved his breathing pattern as manifested by normal RR, PR, absence of nasal flaring and
does not use of accessory muscle when breathing.
Nursing Intervention:
Nursing Evaluation:
After 20-45 min of rendering effective nursing intervention the patient has improved his
breathing pattern as manifested by normal RR, PR, absence of nasal flaring and does not use of
accessory muscle when breathing.
III.
Nursing Diagnosis:
Acute chest pain related to localized inflammation, persistent cough, aching, evidenced
by reports of discomfort, expressive behavior, facial mask of pain (grimace) with a pain scale of
8/10.
Nursing Inference:
Unrelieved acute pain leads to debilitation ,diminished quality of life, and depression.
Unrelieved acute postoperative pain leads to development of chronic pain syndromes and
increasedcomplications.In fact, unrelieved pain can kill.
Nursing Goal:
After 3-4 hrs. of rendering effective and appropriate nursing intervention, the pain felt by
the patient will be minimized or reduced. As will be manifested by absence of grimacing face,
absence of expressive behavior, pain scale down to 6/10 and verbalization of “kaasi ni Apu Dios
haan mt unay nasakiten”.
Nursing Intervention:
Radiology report
Impression/s:
Pneumonia
Radiologist- Sonologist
Chest x-ray is the most commonly performed diagnostic x-ray examination. A chest x-ray
makes images of the heart, lungs, airways, blood vessels and the bones of the spine and chest.
An x-ray ( radiograph ) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat
medical conditions. Imaging with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of
ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X- rays are the oldest and most
frequently used form of medical imaging.
You may be asked to remove some or all of your clothes and to wear a gown during the exam.
You may also be asked to remove jewelry, dentures, eye glasses and any metal objects or
clothing that might interfere with the x-ray images.
Women should always inform their physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility
that they are pregnant. Many imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy so as not to
expose the fetus to radiation. If an x-ray is necessary, precautions will be taken to minimize
radiation exposure to the baby. Inform the health care provider if you are pregnant. Chest x-ray
are generally avoided during the first six months of pregnancy. You must wear a hospital gown
and remove all jewelry.
Purpose:
• Chest x-ray is obtained to determine the extent and pattern of lung involvement. Fluid,
infiltrates , consolidated lung tissue, and atelectasis ( areas of alveolar collapse) appear as
densities on the film.
• The chest x-ray is performed to evaluate the lungs, heart and chest wall.
• A chest x-ray is typically the first imaging test used to help diagnose symptoms such as:
Shortness of breath
A bad or persistent cough
Chest pain or injury
Fever.
• Physicians use the examination to help diagnose or monitor treatment for conditions such
as:
Pneumonia
heart failure and other heart problems
emphysema
lung cancer
line and tube placement.
And other medical conditions
ANALYSIS
ECG/ EKG
Measurement Results:
QRS: 84ms
PR: 128 ms
P: 82 ms
Normal ECG
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observe 10 R’s.
2. Review orders and check for allergies or other penicillin and contraindicated.
3. Inform patient that fever and increase WBC are most common reaction.
5. Teach the patient to recognize s/sx of anaphylaxis. Tell him to contact emergency
medical service immediately if these occur.
Diarrhea
-Encourage the patient not to discontinue therapy w/o first consulting the health care
provider. If diarrhea persist, monitor the pt. signs of dehydration
-Report a rash immediately and withhold additional doses pending approval by the health
care provider.
-caution the patient against driving or performing hazardous task until adjusted o the
effect of the medication
Classification: Antiarrhythmics
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observed 10 R’s
3. Discuss the side effect of the drug to the patient such as:
Vomiting
Mechanism of Action: inhibits protein synthesis by binding directly of the 30s ribosomal
subunit; bactericidal
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observed 10 R’s
3. Advise the patient to the take the medicine on regular schedule as prescribed.
4. Discuss the side effect of the drug to the patient such as:
Headache
Nephrotoxicity
- monitor renal function carefully patients with reduced function should have
reduced doses sense of fullness in ears
- advise him to use caution when driving and performing other hazardous activities
- prevent complication
Date Ordered: August 14, 2010
Mechanism of Action: Binds to beta- adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle, leading to
activation of adenyl cyclase and increased levels of cyclic aderosine monophosphate
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observe 10 R’s
2. Check doctors order and review directions for correct useof medication and inhaler( see
administration)
Classification: Antiinffective
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observed 10 R’s
Rationale: Person with a history of penicillin sensitivity may still have an allergic
response.
4. Monitor patient for any signs of hypersensitivity to the drugs such as erythematous,
maculopapular rash.
Classification: Expectorant
Mechanism of Action: Increase the volume and reduces the viscosity of secretions in the
tranchea and bronchi to facilitate secretion removal
Nursing Responsibilities:
1. Observed 10 R’s
Two weeks prior to admission, our patient, Mr. Neumi, had experienced chest pain and
cough. During this span of time, he resorted to self-medication through Carbocysteine and
medical plants like Oregano.
After two weeks of self medication, there was neither development nor signs as to the
effect of the medications taken. He asked for medical assistance at Gaoat General Hospital on
August 14, 2010 at 9:00 AM with a chief complaint of chest pain and cough. He was diagnosed
by Dr. Medeldorf M. Gaoat.
During his confinement, due to his chief complaint of chest pain, he underwent
Electrocardio Gram (ECG) procedure to reflect underlying heart condition. He as well underwent
Chest X-Ray to determine the extent and pattern of lung involvement.
From the X-Ray result, it was found out that there was hazy and streaky densities in both
lung bases.
Our client was discharged on the 19th of August at 2:00 in the afternoon with take home
medicines as follows: Cephalexin 500mg/PO/BID and Carbocysteine 500mg/PO/TID.