Met

roMani
l
aTr
ansi
tvsCA

Fact
s:

MMTCi st heoperat
orofafleetofpassengerbuseswi
thi
ntheMet r
o
Manil
aar eaandMusawasi tsdriver.ThespousesRosal
eswer eparent
s
ofLi
zaRosal i
e,athir
d-y
earhighschoolstudentatt
heUni
versi
tyofthe
Phi
li
ppinesIntegr
atedSchool.

Atar oundaquar terpastonei ntheaft er

noonofAugust9, 1986,MMTCBus
No.27, whichwasdr iv
enbyMusa, hitLizaRosaliewhowast hencr ossing
KatipunanAv enuei nQuezonCi ty.Aney ewit
nesssaidt hegirlwasal r
eady
neart hecenteroft hest reetwhenthebus, thenboundf orthesout h,hither.
Shef ellt
othegr ounduponi mpact,r
ol l
edbetweent hetwof rontwheel sof
thebus, andwasr unov erbythelef
tr earti
resthereof
.Herbodywas
draggedsev eralmet ersawayf r
om thepoi ntofimpact.LizaRosal i
ewas
takent othePhil
ippi neHear tCenter,
butef for
tstor ev
iveherpr ov
edf utile.

PedroMusawasf oundguil
tyofrecklessimprudencer esul
tinginhomicide.
Howev er,f
orthecivill
i
abil
it
y,SousesRosal esfil
edani ndependentciv
il
act
ionf ordamagesagai nstMMTC, Musa,MMTCAct i
ngGener alManager
ConradoTol ent
ino,andtheGov er
nmentSer v
iceInsuranceSy st
em (GSIS).
Theysubsequent l
yamendedt heircompl ai
nttoincludeFelici
anaCelebrado,
adispatcheroftheMMTC, asadef endanttherei
n.

Tofreethemselv
esfr
om li
abil
it
y,peti
ti
oner
satt
emptedtoprovethati
t
exer
cisedil
i
genti
ssi
mi pat
ri
sfamili
asinthesel
cet
ionandsuperv
isi
onof
employeesthr
oughoralevi
dence.

TheRTCrul
edi
nfavorofSpousesRosal
es,
butmadeMMTCpr
imar
il
y
l
iabl
eandMusasecondar
il
yli
able.
I
ssue:

Whet
herornotMMTCi
ssol
i
dar
il
yli
abl
ewi
thMusa.

Rul
i
ng

Yes!

Petit
ioner
’satt
empttoproveit
sdili
genti
ssi
mi patr
isfamil
iasinthe
selecti
onandsuperv
isionofemployeesthr
oughor al
evidencemustfail
as
i
twasunabl etobutt
ressthesamewi thanyotherevi
dence, obj
ector
document ar
y,whi
chmi ghtobv
iat
et heapparentbi
asednat ureoft
he
testi
mony.

Although,MMTCsubmi ttedbrochur esandpr ogramsofsemi nar

sf or
prospectiveemploy eesonv ehiclemai ntenance, t raf
ficregul
ati
ons,and
dri
v i
ngskill
sandcl aimedt hatappl i
cantsar egi v
ent eststodetermine
dri
v i
ngskill
s,concent r
ation,r
eflexes,andv ision,t hereisnorecordt hat
Musaat t
endedsucht r
ainingprogramsandpassedt hesaidexaminat i
ons
beforehewasempl oyed.Nopr oofwaspr esent edt hatMusadi dnothav e
anyr ecordoftraf
fi
cv i
olati
ons.Norwer erecor dsofdai l
yinspect
ions,
al
legedlyconductedbysuper visors,everpr esent ed.

Thef ai
lur
eofthedefendantcompanyt oproduceincourtanyr ecordor
otherdocumentar
ypr ooftendingtoestabli
shthatithadexercisedallthe
di
ligenceofagoodfat herofaf amil
yintheselecti
onandsuper visi
onofits
dri
v er
sandbuses,notwi t
hstandingt
hecal l
sthereforbyboththet r
ial
court
andt heopposi
ngcounsel ,arguesst
ronglyagainstit
spretensi
ons.
Asalreadystated, MMTCi sprimari
lyli
abl efordamagesf ort henegligence
ofit
sempl oyeei nv i
ewofArt.2180.Pur suantt oAr t
.2181, itcanr ecover
from i
tsemploy eewhati tmaypay .Thisdoesnotmaket heempl oyee’s
l
iabil
i
tysubsidi
ar y.Itonl
ymeanst hatifthej udgmentf ordamagesi s
sati
sfi
edbyt hecommoncar r
ier,
thelatterhasar i
ghttor ecov erwhatithas
paidfrom i
tsempl oy eewhocommi t
tedt hef aul
tornegligencewhi chgav e
ri
setot heacti
onbasedonquasi -del
ict.Hence, thespousesRosal eshav e
theoptionofenf orcingt
hejudgmentagai nsteit
herMMTCorMusa.

From anot herpoi ntofv iew,Ar t

.2194pr ov i
dest hat“ ther esponsi bi
li
t yof
twoormor eper sonswhoar eli
ablef oraquasi -deli
cti ssolidary.”Wer uled
i
nGel isanv .Aldayt hat“ theregisteredowner /oper atorofapubl icser v i
ce
vehicleisjointl
yandsev eral
lyli
abl ewi t
ht hedr iverfordamagesi ncur redby
passenger sort hi
rdper sonsasaconsequenceofi njuriessust ainedi nt he
operationofsai dvehicle.”InBaliwagTr ansit,
Inc.v .Cour tofAppeal sitwas
heldthat“ toescapesol idaryli
abilit
yf oraquasi -deli
ctcommi t
tedbyan
empl oyee,theempl oyermustadducesuf fici
entpr ooft hatitexer ci
sedsuch
degreeofcar e.”Finally,wehel dint her ecentcaseofPhi lt
rancoSer vice
Enterprises,Inc.v.Cour tofAppeal st hat“ theliabili
tyoft her egistered
ownerofapubl icservicev ehicl
e...f ordamagesar isingf rom thet or t
ious
actsoft hedr iverisprimar y,dir
ect, andj ointandsev eralorsol i
dar ywi ththe
dri
ver.”

Rat
ional
eforI
mposi
ngVi
car
iousl
i
abi
l
ity

Whathasemer gedast hemoder njustif

icati
onf orvi
cari
ousliabi
li
tyi
sar ul
e
ofpoli
cy,adeli
berat
eal l
ocat
ionofar isk.Thel ossescausedbyt hetor
tsof
employees,whichasapr act
ical
mat teraresur etooccurintheconductof
theemployer’
senterpr
ise,ar
eplacedupont hatenterpr
iseit
self,
asa
requi
redcostofdoingbusiness.Theyar epl
acedupont heemployer
because,havi
ngengagedi nanenterprise,whichwillonthebasisofall
past
exper i
encei nvolv
ehar mt oothersthrought het ortofempl oyees, and
soughtt oprofi
tbyit,i
tisjustthathe,ratherthant heinnocentinjured
plainti
ff,shouldbearthem; andbecausehei sbet t
erabletoabsor bthem,
andt odi str
ibutethem,throughpr i
ces,ratesorl iabil
it
yinsurance, tothe
publ i
c,andsot oshif
tthem tosociety,tot hecommuni t
yatlarge.Addedt o
thisist hemakewei ghtargumentt hatanempl oy erwhoi sheldst ri
ctl
y
l
iablei sundert hegreat
estincentivetobecar eful i
ntheselection,
i
nst ructionandsuper vi
sionofhisserv ants,andt ot akeeverypr ecautiont
o
seet hatt heenterpri
seisconductedsaf ely.

PHI
LIPPI
NERABBI
TBUSLINESandFELI
XPANGALANGANv .PHI
L-
AMERICANFORWARDERS,
ARCHIMEDESBALI
NGI
T,andFERNANDO
PI
NEDA

1975/Aqui
no/Appeal
from CFIor
der

FACTS

Pinedareckl
essl
ydroveaf rei
ghttruck[ownedbyPhil-
Amer i
canForwarder
s]
alongthenati
onalhi
ghwayatPampanga, andt
het r
uckbumpedt hePRBL
busdrivenbyPangalangan.Asar esult
,Pangal
angansufferedi
njur
iesand
thebuswasdamagedandcoul dnotbeusedf or79days,thusdepr
ivi
ng
PRBLofear ni
ngsamount i
ngt oP8,665.51.Bal
i
ngitwasthemanagerofPhi l
-AmericanForwar
ders.

PRBLandPangal anganfi
ledacompl aintfordamagesagai nstPhil-
Amer i
canForwarders,
Bali
ngit,andPineda.DefendantssaidBalingi
twas
notPineda’
sempl oy
er.Bali
ngitmovedt hatthecomplaintagainsthim be
dismissedonthegroundthatPRBLandPangal anganhadnocauseof
acti
onagainsthi
m.CFIdismi ssedthecompl ai
ntagainstBali
ngit,onthe
groundthatheisnotthemanagerofanest abli
shmentascont empl at
edin
NCC2180.

I
SSUEANDHOLDI
NG
WONt heterms“employers”and“
owner sandmanagersofan
establi
shmentorenterpr
ise”embracethemanagerofacorpor
ati
onowning
atruck,thereckl
essoperati
onofwhichall
egedl
yresul
tedi
nthevehi
cul
ar
accidentfr
om whichthedamagear ose.NO.

RATI
O

Thoset ermsdonoti ncludethemanagerofacor por

ati
on.Itmaybe
gatheredf r
om thecont extofNCC2180t hatthet
erm“manager”(“
dir
ector
”
i
nt heSpani shversi
on)i susedinthesenseof“ empl
oyer”
.Hence,no
tor
tiousorquasi -
deli
ctual li
abi
li
tycanbei mposedonBali
ngitasmanager
ofPhil-Amer i
canForwar ders,i
nconnectionwitht
hevehi
cularacci
denti
n
question,becausehehi msel fmayber egardedasanemployeeor
dependi ent
eofPhi l
-Amer icanForwarders.

CFIAFFI
RMED

Sps.
Jay
mev
sApost
ol

FACTS:

OnFebruary5,1989,May orMi guelofKor onadal,

SouthCotabat
owason
boardt
heIsuzupick-upt r
uckdr i
venbyFi delLozano,anemployeeofthe
Munici
pali
tyofKoronadal.Thepi ck-
upt r
uckwasr egi
ster
edunderthe
nameofRodr i
goApost ol,butitwast heninthepossessionofErnest
o
Simbul
an.Lozanobor r
owedt hepick-uptruckfrom Si
mbulantobring
Miguelt
oBuay anAir
por tatGener alSantosCitytocatchhisManil
afli
ght
.

Thepick-
uptruckaccidental
l
yhi
tMarvinC.Jayme,aminor,whowast hen
crossi
ngtheNationalHighwayi
nSouthCotabat
o.Theintensi
tyofthe
coll
isi
onsentMar v
insome50met er
sawayf rom t
hepointofimpact,a
cl
earindi
cati
onthatLozanowasdriv
ingatav er
yhighspeedatthet i
meof
theacci
dent
.Marvi
nsustai
nedsevereheadinj
uri
es.Despi
temedi
cal
att
enti
on,Marv
inexpi
redsi
x(6)daysaft
ertheaccident
.

I
SSUE:

MAYamuni ci
pal
mayorbehel
dsol
i
dar
il
yli
abl
efort
henegl
i
gentact
soft
he
dr
iverassi
gnedtohi
m

MAYanLGUbehel
dli
abl
efort
het
ort
uousactofagov
ernmentempl
oyee.

RULI
NG:

1.Iti
suncont estedt hatLozanowasempl oyedasadr i
verbyt he
muni cipali
ty.Thathewassubsequent lyassignedt oMay orMi gueldur i
ng
thetimeoft heacci dentisofnomoment .TheMuni cipal
ityofKor onadal
remai nstobeLozano’ sempl oyernotwit
hstandingLozano’ sassignmentt o
May orMi guel .Evenassumi ngarguendot hatMay orMiguel hadaut hori
tyto
giveinstructionsordi r
ectionst
oLozano, hest i
llcannotbehel dliable.In
Bensonv .Sor rell
,theNewEngl andSupr emeCour trul
edt hatmer egi vi
ngof
dir
ect i
onst ot hedr iverdoesnotestabli
sht hatthepassengerhascont rol
overt hevehi cle.Nei t
herdoesitrenderonet heempl oyeroft hedriver.

MayorMi guel
wasneitherLozano’
semployernorthevehi
cle’
sregist
ered
owner.Thereexi
stednocausalrel
ati
onshi
pbetweenhim andLozanoor
thevehi
cleusedthatwil
lmakehim account
ableforMarvi
n’sdeath.Mayor
Miguelwasamer epassengerattheti
meoft heacci
dent.

2.Themunici
pali
tymaynotbesuedbecauseiti
sanagencyoftheStat
e
engagedi
ngov er
nmental
functi
onsand,
hence,i
mmunef r
om suit
.This
i
mmuni t
yisil
l
ustrat
edi
nMuni ci
pal
it
yofSanFernando,
LaUnionv.Fi
rme,
wheretheCour thel
dt hatmuni cipalcorporat i
onsaresuabl ebecauset hei
r
chart
ersgrantt hem thecompet encet osueandbesued.Nev ert
heless,
theyaregener all
ynotliablefortortscommi t
tedbyt hem i
nt hedischargeof
governmental funct
ionsandcanonl ybehel danswer abl
eonl yi
fitcanbe
shownt hattheywer eact i
nginpr oprietarycapacity.Inpermitti
ngsuch
enti
ti
est obesued, theSt atemer elygivest heclaimantther i
ghttoshow
thatt
hedef endantwasnotact i
ngi ngov ernment alcapacit
ywhent heinj
ury
wascommi ttedorthatt hecasecomesundert he

except
ionsr
ecogni
zedbyl
aw.Fai
l
ingt
his,
thecl
aimantcannotr
ecov
er.

Liabili
tyat tachestother egister
edowner ,
thenegl
igentdriverandhisdirect
empl oyer .Settl
edisther ulethattheregister
edownerofav ehi
cl
eisjointl
y
andsev erallyli
abl
ewi ththedr iv
erfordamagesi ncurr
edbypassenger sand
thir
dper sonsasaconsequenceofi nj
uriesordeathsustainedinthe
oper ati
onofsai dvehicles.Regardlessofwhot heactualowneroft he
vehicleis, theoperatorofr ecordcontinuestobetheoper atorofthevehicle
asr egardst hepubli
candt hir
dpersons, andassuchisdi r
ect l
yand
primar i
lyr esponsi
blef ortheconsequencesi nci
denttoitsoper ati
on.

Thepet
it
ioni
sDENI
ED

MARTI
NV.CAANDMERALCO

G.
R.No.82248Januar
y30,
1992

FACTS:

Er
nestoMar t
inwastheownerofapr
ivat
ecarbear
ingl
i
censeplat
eNo.
NPA-930.Ataround2o’
cl
ockinthemorni
ngofMay11,1982,
whilebei
ng
dri
venbyNest orMar t
in,i
tcr ashedintoaMer al
coel ectri
cpostonVal ley
GolfRoad,inAntipol
o,Rizal.Thecarwaswr eckedandt hepolesev erely
damaged.Mer alcosubsequent lydemandedr eparationfrom ErnestoMar ti
n,
butthedemandwasr ejected.Itthereuponsuedhi mf ordamagesi nthe
RegionalTri
alCourtofPasi g,all
egingt hathewasl iabletoitast he
employerofNest orMarti
n.Thepet iti
oner’smaindef ensewast hatNest or
Martinwasnothi semploy ee.Mer alcodidnotpr esentanyev idenceto
provethatNestorMar t
inwast heempl oy eeofErnest oMartinandEr nest o
Martindidnotrebutsuchal legati
on.

I
SSUE:

WONEr
nest
oMar
ti
ncanbehel
dli
abl
e.

HELD:

NO.Mer al
cohadt heburdenofpr oof,ortheduty“topr esentevidenceon
thefactinissuenecessar ytoestablishhisclaim”asr equiredbyRul e131,
Secti
on1oft heRev i
sedRulesofCour t.Fail
uretodot hi
swasf at alt
oi ts
acti
on.Ast heempl oymentrelat
ionshipbet weenEr nestoMar t
inandNest or
Mar t
incouldnotbepr esumed, i
twasnecessar yforthepl ai
nti
fftoest abli
sh
i
tbyev idence.I twasenoughf orthedef endanttodenyt healleged
employmentr elationshi
p,withoutmor e,forhewasnotunderobl igat
iont o
provethisnegat i
veav er
ment .ThisCour thasconsi st
entlyappli
edt her ul
e
that“i
fthepl ainti
ff,uponwhom r estst heburdenofpr ovinghiscauseof
acti
on,fail
st oshowi nasati
sfactorymannert hef actsuponwhi chhe
baseshi sclaim, thedefendantisundernoobl i
gationt oprovehisexcept i
on
ordefense.”
Pet
it
ionwasgr
ant
ed.

CARTI
CIANOVS.NUVAL

FACTS: Plaintif
fZacar i
asCar ti
cianowasonhi swayhomet oImus, Cav i
te.
Hewasdr ivi
nghi sf ather’
sFor dLasercar .Ont hesamedat eandt ime,
defendantNuv al’
sowner -
typeJeep, thendr i
venbydef endantDar wi nwas
traveli
ngont heopposi tedirecti
ongoi ngtoPar añaque.Whent het wocar s
wer eaboutt opassoneanot her,Darwi nveeredhisv ehi cletohi sleftgoing
tothecent erislandoft hehi ghwayanoccupi edthel anewhi chpl aintif
f
Zacar i
aswast raversing.Zacar i
as’For dLasercol l
idedhead- onwi thNuv al’
s
Jeep.Dar winimmedi atelyfl
edf rom t hescene.Zacar iassuf feredmul ti
ple
fracture.Heunder wental egoper ationandphy si
cal ther apy.Nuv al offer
ed
P100, 000.00ascompensat ionf orthei nj
uri
escaused.Pl aintif
fsrefusedt o
accepti t.Plaintif
fsfil
edacr iminalsui tagai
nstDar winandaci vi
lsui t
againstdef endant sf ordamages.Tr i
al courtrul
edinf av orofpl ai
ntiffs.CA
reversedt hedeci sion.

I
SSUE:
W/Nempl
oyerNuv
alcanbehel
dli
abl
e.

RULI
NG:
Pet
it
iongr
ant
ed.

RATI O:Art
icl
e2180oft heCivi
lCodeprovi
desthatemployer
sshal
lbel i
abl
e
fordamagescausedbyt hei
remployeesacti
ngwithi
nthescopeoftheir
assignedtasks.Thefactsest
abli
shedinthecaseatbarshowthatDarwin
wasact ingwit
hinthescopeoftheauthori
tygiv
enhim whenthecol
li
sion
occur red.Thathehadbeenhi redonlytobringrespondent’schil
drentoand
fr
om school mustber ej
ected.True,t
hismayhav ebeenoneofhi s
assignedt asks, butnoconv i
ncingproofwaspr esentedshowingt hati
twas
hisonl ytask.Hisaut hor
it
ywast odri
veNuv al
’svehicle.Onceadr i
veri
s
prov ennegligentincausingdamages, t
helawpr esumest hevehicleowner
equal l
ynegligentandi mposesupont helat
terthebur denofprovi
ngproper
selectionofempl oyeeasadef ense.Respondentf ai
ledtoshowt hathehad
satisfactori
l
ydi schargedthisburden.

Af
ri
cav
sCal
tex

Facts: I
ntheaf ternoonofMar ch18, 1948, af i
rebr okeoutatt heCal tex
servi
cest ationatt hecornerofAnt i
poloSt .andRi zalAv enue,Mani l
a.I t
start
edwhi l
egasol inewasbei nghosedf rom at ankt ruckintot he
under gr
oundst orage, ri
ghtatt heopeni ngoft her eceivi
ngt ankwher et he
nozzleoft hehosewasi nserted.Thef irespr eadt oandbur nedsev er al
houses.Theowner s,amongt hem pet i
tionerspousesAf ri
caandhei rsof
Ong, suedr espondent sCal t
exPhi l.
,Inc.,t
heal l
egedowneroft hest at i
on,
andMat eoBoqui ren,theagenti nchargeofi tsoper ati
on,fordamages.The
CFIandCAf oundt hatthepet iti
onersf ai
ledt opr ov enegli
genceoft he
respondent s,andt hattherewasduecar ei nt hepr emisesandwi t
hr espect
tothesuper vi
sionoft heirempl oyees.

I
ssue:Whetherornot,
withoutproofastothecauseandorigi
nofthefi
re,
thedoct
ri
neofresipsaloquit
urshouldapplysoastopresumenegli
gence
onthepartoft
herespondents.

Hel
d:Yes.Resipsal
oquit
url
it
eral
l
ymeans“thethi
ngortr
ansact
ionspeaks
f
orit
sel
f.”Fort
hedoctr
ineofresi
psal
oqui
turtoappl
y,t
hefol
lowing
requisitesshoul dbepr esent:(a)theacci dentisofaki ndwhi chor di
naril
y
doesnotoccuri nt heabsenceofsomeone’ snegl i
gence; (
b)itiscausedby
aninstr ument ali
tywi thintheexcl usivecont rolofthedef endantor
defendant s; and( c)thepossi bil
it
yofcont r
ibuti
ngconductwhi chwoul d
maket hepl aintiffresponsi bl
ei seliminated.I nthecaseatbar ,thegasoli
ne
stati
on, withal l
itsappl iances,equipmentandempl oy ees, wasundert he
control ofrespondent s.Af i
reoccur redt hereinandspr eadt oandbur ned
thenei ghbor inghouses.Theper sonswhokneworcoul dhav eknownhow
thefirestar t
edwer er espondent sandt hei rempl oyees, buttheygav eno
explanat i
ont her eofwhat soever.Itisaf airandr easonabl einf
er encethat
theincidenthappenedbecauseofwantofcar e.Thenegl i
genceoft he
empl oyeeswast hepr oximatecauseoft hef ir
e,whi chi ntheor dinar
y
courseoft hingsdoesnothappen.Ther efore,thepet i
tionersar eentit
ledto
theawar dfordamages.

Fi
l
amerv
sIAC

DanielFuntechawasawor ki
ngst udentattheFi lamerChr i
sti
anI nsti
tut
e.
Hewasassi gnedast heschool j
anitortocleant heschool 2hour severy
morning.AllanMasawast hesonoft heschool presidentandatt hesame
ti
mehewast heschool ’sjeepneyser v
icedriv er.OnOct ober20, 1977at
about6:30pm, afterdr i
vi
ngt hestudentst othei rhomes, Masar et ur
nedt o
theschool t
or eportandt hereaft
erhav etogohomewi t
ht hejeepsot hat
hecouldf et
cht hest udentsearlyinthemor ning.MasaandFunt echal i
vein
thesamepl acesot heyusual l
ygohomet oget her .Funtechahadast udent
dri
ver’
sl i
censesoMasal ethimt akethedr i
v er’sseat .Whi l
eFunt echawas
dri
vi
ng, heaccidentallyhitanelder l
yKapunanwhi chledt ohis
hospit
alizat
ionfor20day s.Kapunanf i
ledacr i
mi nal caseandan
i
ndependentci vil
act ionbasedonAr ti
cle2180agai nstFunt echa.
Intheindependentci vi
l acti
on, t
helowercour truledt hatFi l
ameri s
subsidiarilyliabl eforthet orti
ousactofFunchet aandwascompel l
edt o
payf ordamagesbasedonAr ti
cle2180whi chprov i
dest hatemploy ers
shallbel iablef ort hedamagescausedbyt heirempl oy eesandhousehol d
helpersact ingwi t
hinthescopeoft heirassignedt asks.Fi l
amerassai l
ed
thedeci sionandi targuedt hatunderSect i
on14, RuleX, BookIIIofthe
LaborCodeI RR, workingschol arsareexcludedf rom t heempl oy ment
coveragehencet her
ei snoempl oyer-
empl oyeerelationsbet weenFi lamer
andFunchet a; thatthenegl igentactofFunchet awasduet onegligence
onlyattributabl et ohim al oneasi ti
sout si
dehi sassignedt askofbei ngthe
school janitor .TheCAdeni edFilamer’
sappeal buttheSupr emeCour t
agreedwi thFi lamer .Kapunanf i
ledforamot i
onf orreconsi derati
on.

I
SSUE:
Whet
herornotFi
l
amershoul
dbehel
dsubsi
diar
il
yli
abl
e.

HELD: Yes.Thi stime, theSCr uledinfav orofKapunan( act uall

yhi sheirs
causebyt hist i
meKapunanwasal r
eadydead) .TheprovisionsofSect i
on
14,Rul eX, BookI IIoft heLaborCodeI RRwasonl ymeantt oprov i
de
guideli
nesascompl iancewithl aborprov i
sionsonwor kingcondi t
ions,rest
periods,andwagesi sconcerned.Thi sdoesnoti nanywayaf fectthe
provisi
onsofanyot herlawsliket hecivi
l code.TheI RRcannotdef eatthe
provisi
onsoft heCi v i
lCode.Inot herwor ds, RuleXismer elyagui det othe
enforcementoft hesubst anti
vel awonl abor .Thereisadi sti
nctionhence
Sect i
on14, RuleX, BookI I
Ioft heRulesi snott hedecisi
v elawi naci vil
suit
fordamagesi nstit
utedbyani njuredpersondur i
ngav ehicularacci dent
againstawor kingst udentofaschool andagai nsttheschool itself.

Thepresentcasedoesnotdeal
withalabordi
sput
eonconditi
onsof
employmentbetweenanall
egedemployeeandanall
egedemployer
.It
i
nvokesaclaim br
oughtbyonefordamagesfori
njur
ycausedbythe
patent
lynegli
gentact sofaper son,agai
nstbothdoer-
employeeandhis
employer.Hence,ther eli
anceontheimplementingrul
eonlaborto
di
sregardtheprimar yliabi
li
tyofanemployerunderArt
icl
e2180oft heCi
v i
l
Codeismi spl
aced.Ani mplementingrul
eonlaborcannotbeusedbyan
employerasashi eldtov oidli
abi
li
tyunderthesubst
anti
veprovi
sionsofthe
Civ
ilCode.

Funtechai sanempl oy eeofFi l

amer .Heneednothav eanof fi
cial
appointmentf oradr iver ’
sposi tioninor dert hatFil
amermaybehel d
responsi blef orhisgr ossl ynegl igentact, i
tbei ngsuffici
entt hattheactof
driv
ingatt het imeoft hei ncidentwasf ort hebenef i
tofFilamer( t
heactof
driv
ingt hej eepf r
om t heschool toMasa’ shousei sbenef icialt
ot heschool
becauset hisenabl esMasat odoat imelyschool t
ranspor tati
onser vicein
themor ni ng) .Hence, thef actt hatFunt echawasnott heschool dri
veror
wasnotact ingwi ththescopeofhi sjanitori
al duti
esdoesnotr el i
eve
Fil
ameroft hebur denofr ebuttingt hepr esumpt ionjuristantum t hatthere
wasnegl igenceoni t
spar teitheri nthesel ecti
onofaser v antorempl oy ee,
orint hesuper visionov erhim.Fi l
amerhasf ailedtoshowpr oofofi t
s
havingexer cisedt her equi r
eddi ligenceofagoodf atherofaf ami lyov eri
ts
empl oyeesFunt echaandAl l
an.