Midterm #1 Prep Solutions

Monday, September 22, 2008
2:17 PM

1. A stress‐strain curve for a steel tensile specimen which has an initial length of 3" and initial diameter of 
0.5" is shown in the figure below. For the elastic region (the linear portion of the curve from σ = 0 to the 
"yield point", σy) stress is directly proportional to strain, i.e., σ = Eε, where E is the modulus of elasticity 
(29.5 x 106 lbf/in2 for steel). For this particular type of steel, the yield point σy = 100 x 103 lbf/in2, and 
beyond the yield point, the σ vs. ε curve is flat up to the fracture point, εfrac = 0.200 in/in.

(a) How much work (ft‐lbf) is required to cause the specimen to yield? 

(b) What total work (ft‐lbf) is required to fracture the specimen?
8

please see last two pages for solution.

2. An electric dip heater is put into a cup of water and heats it from 20C to 80C. 

Show the energy and mass flow(s) as well as energy storage terms. 

Explain what changes with words and with a T vs. v (specific volume curve)

3. Determine whether refrigerant R‐22 in each of the following states is a compressed liquid, a 
superheated vapor, or a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.  Also indicate where these values 
might be found on a vapor compression cycle ( see figure).

a. 50C, 0.05 m^3/kg
b. 1.0 MPA, 20C
c. 0.1 MPa, 0.1 m^3/kg
d. ‐20C, 200 kPa

condenser

Exams Page 1
 condenser

expansion
valve
compressor

evaporator

4. A sealed rigid vessel has volume of 1 m3 and contains 2 kg of water at 100°C. The vessel is now heated. 
If a safety pressure valve is installed, at what pressure should the valve be set to have a maximum 
temperature of 200°C?  Take into account that the safety pressusre valve as a repeatiblity specification 
equal to +/‐ 10 kPa.  Indicate the heating process on a T vs. v plot.

P ~ 430 kPa

5. A steel tank contains 6 kg of propane (liquid + vapor) at 20°C with a volume of 0.015 m3. The tank is now 

Exams Page 2
 slowly heated. Will the liquid level inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? 
What if the initial mass is 1 kg instead of 6 kg?

Hint ‐‐ Use Table A.2

6. A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at 100°C with the liquid volume being 1/10 of the vapor 
volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches 2.0 MPa. Find the final temperature. Has the final state 
more or less vapor than the initial state?

T = 212.4°C

7. A bottle with a volume of 0.1 m^3 contains butane with a quality of 75% and a temperature of 300 K. 
Estimate the total butane mass in the bottle using the generalized compressibility chart.

Exams Page 3
 Mass = 1.303 kg

8. 10 kg of water in a piston cylinder arrangement exists as saturated liquid/vapor at 100 kPa, with a 
quality of 50%. It is now heated so the volume triples. The mass of the piston is such that a cylinder 
pressure of 200 kPa will float it, see the figure below
a) Find the final temperature and volume of the water.
b) Find the work given out by the water.

T2 = 829°C ; V2 = 25.425 m3
Work  = 3390 kJ

Exams Page 4
9. A balloon behaves such that the pressure inside is proportional to the diameter squared. It contains 2 kg 
of ammonia at 0°C, 60% quality. The balloon and ammonia are now heated so that a final pressure of 
600 kPa is reached. Considering the ammonia as a control mass, find the amount of work done in the 
process.

Work = 117.5 kJ

Exams Page 5
 The key with this problem is to take 
a broad look at what was given and what 
you are seeking.

In these case they offer you a polytropic 
relationship with out saying 

"polytropic".

Exams Page 6
Prob 2 6 t2/29/2004

PROBLEM 2.6 s.L^,x{

PROBLEM STATEMENT. A stress-strain curve for a steer tensire specimen which
has an initial length of 3" and initial diameter of 0.5" ls shown in the frgure betow.
For the elastic region (the linear portion of the curve from o = O to the "yield
point", or) stress is directly proportional to strain, i.e., o = Er. where E is the
modulus of elasticity (29.5 x 1O' lbflin' fot steel). For this particular type of steel,
the yield point or= 100 x 103 lbf/in2, and beyond the yjeld point, the o vs. r curve
is flat up to the fracture point, sr,ac = 0.200 in/in.
(a) How much work (ftlbf) is required to cause the specimen to yield?
(b) What total work (ftlbf) is required to fracture the specimen?
DIAGRAM DEFINING SYSTEM AND PROCESS:
'- ), 61 tV

oy

GIVEN: L=3",D=0.5"
o

Si u It

].
- -
,l
r!J

E=29.5 x 106 lbf/in2, ov= 100 x 103 lbf/in2, er,ac = 0.200 in/in ..: r
L
FIND: Wyi"ra and Wr,". (ftlbf)
AL/
GOVERNING RELATION: o = Ee,
E2 E2

117^ ,,= [ o"V^0e,, (note that llIo,de, is the area under the o-e curve)
Jl
QUANTITATIVE SOLUTION
6-.
The volume of the steel specimen is given by:
n .) h1,l F -,WI
V =-U-L=-{U.cl xJ
+
,ro. *c I l" xn
= 0.589 in3
a). Work required to yield is V'lu1' tr tv,
o7 , --->

Exceqrts from this worli Inay be reproduced by instructor for dist ibution on a not-for-profit basis for tesdng or iislructional purpos€s only
to students enrolled in coulles for wiich lhe texlbook has been adoptcd. A
, other rcprcduction or tlanslation of this votk bevond tlMI

pemited b| sectio,Lt l0t- or lo8 ofthe t9:6 unned states cop|i?tlt Ad vithdn fie Frnission ofthe coPvght o'ne. ts Lnl@fn
 Prob 2.6
12/29/2004

W^v.o = V"'
l","f,n.;",[?]
=058e{in.}^]f tooooo'?
1'1ror1'f ,n l
11
rot
' '_ 2129.5.10u ,Jl.in' ) lin' J llzin)
/ WNy"d = 8.32 fttlbf J
b). Total work required to fracture is

vv.N.=L - vvtN y,e,o

,lt -;lo,
-'.,Iu"
..",.r" -,i
=e sz(t'ot)+[o seolin.y[o zo0 l!0001
,).,r**r[#J][#)
= 8.32 + 965.03
nn'nt-]
rw|L,":=e73.35
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS,
The term "strain energy" is commonry used in materiars science and engineering to
describe the energy (put in as work) required to stretch the intermoleculir bondi ot
matenals to produce reversible ("elastic') deformation, and to produce irreversible
("plastic") .defirmation Note that the work can often be visualized as the area under
the curve of a force-related vanable (e.g., stress or pressure) plotted against a
displacem ent-related variable such as strain or volume.

Excerpts frorn this work nay be reprodrced by instructoru for disr.ibution on a not-for-profit basis for tesring or in trucrionat purposes
onty
to students e.rollei in counes for which ihe rextbook has bem adopted. An! other reprcihLtion ot ttunslaton of thts *o;k beyont)
th;t
penrtted b Sectiot6 107 ar 108ofthe 1976United States Cory,right,!ctwtthout the pem1snn ofthe copvryht olrnet is nt6s1it.