Palpitations/pounding heart with high pulse (in the old)- VT- treated with beta blockers
Pounding heart/palpitations with high pulse (in the young)- SVT- treated with Carotid massage, Adenosine
Missed beats - VE
Palpitations with ankle swelling in a known alcoholic- AFib
Elderly lady, collapsed, ventricular rate of 220- VT
In full thickness burns, there is no pain. A child with full thickness burns doesn't need analgesia, but give IV
fluids (first step) and referral to burns unit (definitive).
Sudden episode of visual loss. Happened before 1yr ago, resolved completely. Upper limb weakness and
hyperreflexia. - Multiple Sclerosis- give Corticosteroids.
The episodic loss of vision is remission and relapse of optic neuritis.
MS patient with loss of sensation in all 4 limbs- Cervical spinal cord lesion.
If on breast examination, lump is suggestive of cancer, but USS and FNAC is normal, do a core biopsy. If
breast examination is suggestive of cancer, and FNAC is inconclusive or shows borderline changes and
patient has positive family hx, do genetic testing.
Chronic diarrhea, mouth ulcers, low back pain, morning stiffness- seronegative arthritis
Child with seizure and CT showing hemispheric lesion- Cerebral Tumor/S.O.L
Mother with conductive deafness, worried for child - Do BrainStem Evoked Response
Loss of color vision. Impaired vision. "When pupil is stimulated with light, it dilates" - Retrobulbar neuritis.
Emergency contraception pills do NOT prevent implantation. They inhibit/delay ovulation (so that the released
sperm/semen in the woman's genitourinary tract will not see an ovum to fertilize). So they actually prevent
conception from starting at all.
But emergency contraception IUCD inhibit implantation.
Trochar btw umbilicus and anterior ischial spine- external and internal oblique
Trochar btw umbilicus and ASIS- ext & internal oblique and transverse abdominis
Macrocytic anemia with paraesthesia, loss of proprioception and joint vibration- B12deficiency
Macrocytic anemia with cognitive impairment- B1 deficiency
Management of hyperkalemia
-IV Calcium Gluconate
-IV Calcium Chloride
-IV Insulin with Glucose
In bilateral renal artery stenosis, there is very high hypertension and no proteinuria
In chronic glomerulonephritis, there is proteinuria with hypertension
That's a simple way to differentiate.
Child born at 34 was with murmur, kept in cot for 4wks, no murmur at discharge- PDA
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's dementia)- change in personality with visuospatial sparing, with sexual
inappropriate behavior and disinhibition
For Hypercalcemia,
-IV fluids
-biphosphonates
-calcitonin
Anaphylaxis doses
In adults 0.5ml 1:1000 adrenaline IM
In children 0.25ml 1:1000 adrenaline IM
Osteoarthritis- bone pain/stiffness gets better as day progresses- Paracetamol
RA and Gout- NSAIDs
Punched out lesions on X-ray is Gout
Nephritis (proteinuria and hematuria) 2-5days post Viral illness - IgA nephropathy (also called Berger's
disease).
Nephritis (proteinuria and hematuria) 2-12weeks post viral illness- Post Strep nephropathy. Viral illness
usually sore throat and URTI
Nephritis, Arthritis, Abdominal pain with Rash on extensor surfaces and buttocks, may follow a viral illness,
usually with normal platelet count but deranged APTT- HSP
Similar presentation as HSP but with low platelets- ITP
Uterine bleeding after sex in pregnant woman- Placenta Previa- Admit and observe
BluishPurple discoloration of catheter bag- Bacteria colonization (by E.Coli)
Calf pain for months. Not diabetic or hypertensive but smokes. Loss of posterior tibial & dorsalis pedis pulses.
Non healing ulcer at base of 1st MTP joint. -Thrombangitis Obliterans/Buerger's disease.
A good way to distinguish this from Chronic Limb Ischemia is to look at the age.
Buerger's usually occurs in young people <40yrs, while CLI is in older people.
Woman stopped using COC, has amenorrhea, normal FSH LH Estradiol and prolactin levels- Post pill
amenorrhea
Woman stopped using COC, with amenorrhea, high FSH LH, low estradiol levels- Premature Ovarian failure
Woman athletic, with amenorrhea, low FSH LH Estradiol levels- hypothalamic dysfx
Woman with normal FSH LH Prolactin Estradiol yet amenorrhic, no history of pill use or athletic activities-
Absent uterus
Poorly controlled DM, earpain, foulsmelling discharge, deafness- Malignant Otitis Externa
Rash on skin, doesn't respond to antibacterial - give antifungal
Child with epistaxis, normal FBC, deranged APTT- hemophilia
Pregnant woman, on IV MgSO4 drip has another fit- MgSO4 bolus
Pansystolic murmur, heart failure, pulm edema DAYS after MI- Ruptured papillary muscle
Widespread ST elevation 2-5Days post MI- Acute pericarditis
ST elevation in v1-v4 about 6wks post MI- Left ventricular aneurysm
Fever, anemia, SOB, raised ESR, pleural effusion, pericardial rub 4WEEKS postMI- Dressler syndrome
Sudden severe pain in left skull, jaw pain- Giant Cell Arteritis- do ESR, give aspirin
Middle aged man with bone pain and highALP- Pagets dx
For hyperemesis gravidarum- Oral antiemetics, then IV antiemetics, then IV steroids
Itchy annular rash- Lyme disease, give PO Doxycycline (taken after meals)
Trigeminal neuralgia- Carbamazepine (1st), gabapentine (2nd), amitryptilline (3rd)
Otherwise in neuropathic pain, Gabapentin (1st), Amytrptylline then Carbamazepine
Hypertensive with sudden visual loss, pale retina and fovea appears as cherry red spot- CRAO- treat with
pressure over eyeballs.
Cherry red retina- CRAO
Child with HIV due for immunization- give everything except BCG
Child with AIDS due for immunization (MMR)- don't give
Don't give immunization in face of febrile illness or immunosuppression
Child with family history of egg allergy due for MMR. Also has acute otitis media- defer for 2weeks.
Muscle weakness, inability to stand or climb stairs unsupported, raised CPK- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
(in children), Polymyositis (in adults. Or dermatomyositis, if there are palm fissures involvement).
Fever, tachycardia 2hrs PostOp Appendectomy, with pain radiating to shoulder tip and abdominal pain- intra
abdominal bleeding
Anastomotic leak is a close differential but it always occurs 2-5 days postOp.
Not as early as a few hours post op.
Beck's triad- in cardiac tamponade- muffled heart sounds, raised JVP, hypotension
Sudden onset breathlessness, trachea central, clear chest, raised JVP, muffled heart sounds, hypotension
(usually 50/0 to 80/0), globular heart on chest Xray- cardiac tamponade.
Weight loss, night sweats, fever +/- splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy is TB (if patient is coming from
Africa or Asia especially India).
But if patient is coming from Europe or US with same symptoms, it is Lymphoma
Fall in a child, forearm pain, no swelling no deformity- Greenstick fracture- even if symptoms are around the
elbow, it is still greenstick fracture.
Only consider a fracture if there is swelling and deformity along with tenderness.And consider Supracondylar
fracture if there is fall on an outstretched arm with pain, swelling, deformity. It is a spiral fracture if there is a
twisting force that caused the injury.
"DVT" Symptoms of deafness,(vertigo +/-vomiting), tinnitus (without any extra issues)- Menierres disease-
give Cyclizine (1st line) or Buccal Prochlorperazine (if vomiting)
The same "DVT" symptoms plus headache, loss of corneal reflex, ear discharge, mass in the eardrum etc-
Acoustic Neuroma
When u start seeing yellow ear discharge, perforation of the ear drum- think Cholesteatoma
For all of them, do MRI.
MRI internal auditory meatus>>MRI brain
Tragal tenderness, recent travel, intact eardrum- Otitis Externa- Drop antibiotic+steroid
Fever, previous URTI, earache, bulging eardrum +/- ear discharge and relief- AOM- Amoxycillin.
Elderly patient on Alendronate. Sudden collapse with inability to move/lift leg- Fracture neck of femur (?
Osteoporosis).
Elderly patient, anemic, enema shows ascending colon mass- Cecal carcinoma
Chickenpox mode of spread- Airborne- spreads from trunk to limbs and face
Measles- spreads from face and neck to trunk
Coxsackie- feco oral.
Schizophrenia patient laughs talking about father's death- Incongruent affect
Intractable nausea and vomiting in malignancy- IM ondasentron
Patient with hypotension & abdominal pain, post abdominal trauma and splenectomy, on insertion of Ryles
tube drained 2litres of coffeground fluid- Acute gastric dilatation.
Young boy with leg pain, settled with aspirin- Osteod ostoma
Young man, sudden severe lower back pain on getting up from bed- Disc Prolapse
Elderly man, deaf, fractured hip, bilateral pedal edema- Paget's disease
Child on 70% oxygen- TOF
Hypertensive whites <55yrs ACEi first. Then add C/D if ACEi fails.
Hypertensive blacks- CCB OR diuretics, then add ACEi if C/D fails.
Hypertensive whites >55yrs, treat like hypertensive blacks.
Constipation, blood on side of stool, painful defecation, impossible PR- Anal fissure
Sharp rectal pain, no painful Per Rectum examination- Proctalgia
Homosexual male with urethral discharge, if untreated- Epididymorchitis
Homosexual with weight loss and retinal hemorrhage- CMV
Chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction, bloodstained nasal discharge, no ear affectation- Sinus squamous cell
cancer
Frank epistaxis, nasal obstruction, no sinusitis, otalgia, deafness, smoking & alcohol use- Nasopharyngeal
cancer.
Progressive hoarseness, hemoptysis, regular cannabis user- Squamous Cell Laryngeal Ca
Change in shoe size, preference for hot weather, painful wrist- Pseudogout
Carpal tunnel syndrome- median nerve- inability to move thumb, index and middle fingers- release of flexor
retinaculum/transverse carpal ligament
2days Fever, dry cough, hoarse voice with edematous vocal cords- do no investigation
Weak hands, burn marks on fingertips, weak spastic legs, "dissociated sensory loss" -Syringomyelia
Severe colicky RIF pain, no bleeding, no amenorrhea, no fever, mass felt - Ovarian cyst
Severe RIF pain, no bleeding, no amenorrhea wit fever & mass felt- TuboOvarian abscess
Severe RIF pain, amenorrhea, +/-bleeding, previous PID, - Ectopic Pregnancy
Lower abdominal pain, fever, vagina discharge- Acute PID
If very foulsmelling or ph <4.5- BV (Gardnerella).
IV drug user in prison, visual hallucinations, odd behavior, incorrect but approximate answers to questions
(Clinton is PM of England)- Ganser Syndrome
"Aliens" have replaced a relation- Capgras syndrome
Jealous and untrusting wife, Pathological jealousy- Othello syndrome
Pregnancy symptoms in a man- Couvade syndrome
Essentially nihilistic delusions- Cotard syndrome
Belief that a popular figure is in love with her - Erotomania
Tics, Shouting expletives, Odd behavior, Barking like a dog- Tourette syndrome
Elderly man falls, loses consciousness, pale, recovers fully within minutes- do ECG- most likely a StokeAdam
attack. They usually have Complete heart block and tachybrady syndrome on ECG.
If it were blood sugar issues, he can never recover on his own within minutes.
Patient with cough, purulent sputum, herpes labialis- GramPositive Diplococci GPD
Patient with bilateral cavitating consolidation BCC- Coagulase+VE Cocci CPC- Staph
Bilateral patchy consolidation- Mycoplasma
Fever and cough after influenza- Staph
Lobar Consolidation- Strept
"Hostel"- Legionella
"Boarding school" - Mycoplasma
Dry cough, Patchy consolidation- Mycoplasma- Cold agglutinins
5yrs treatment for RA, now dizzy&tired, MCV 106. Cause of anemia - Methotrexate
Methotrexate is an anti folate. Causes folic acid deficiency which explains the macrocytic anemia, tiredness
and dizziness.
Offensive greenish-brown breast discharge- Duct Ectasia
Offensive yellow discharge. Previous breast abscess -Duct fistula
Breast abscess causative organism -Staph Aureus
GBBC Green Brown Black Creamy- Duct ectasia
Severe chest pain. ECG shows progressive prolonged PR til QRS is dropped - Mobitz type1 second degree
heart block.
The man that hung his hand across operation table & had wrist drop- Radial nerve
The man that crosslegged for 30mins and could not dorsiflex foot - Peroneal nerve
Regurgitation of stale food, wakes up at night with feeling of suffocation, wakes up in the morning with food
on the pillow- Pharyngeal pouch
Corkscrew oesophagus on X-ray, food suddenly getting stuck in throat but then cleared with water-
Esophageal spasm
Sudden pain in the medial calf as patient climbs a hill- Popliteal/baker's cyst
Best test to know if a woman is ovulating- Day21 progesterone (or day 25 progesterone if it is a 32 day cycle).
That is for a regular cycle.
If it is an irregular cycle, do day3 FSH.
Repeated UTI in the past. Now has hematuria and loin pain - Acute Pyelonephritis
Repeated UTI in the past. Now has hypertension in early cyesis - Chronic Pyelonephritis
Persistent crushing central chest pain radiating to neck in a DM patient- Aortic Dissection (or is it MI?)
To detect early menopause/premature ovarian failure- Serum FSH
Recurrent facial and tongue swelling. Father has same. - C1 esterase deficiency (Hereditary angioedema)
Recurrent parotid swelling. Gritty eyes on waking up. Speech difficulty -Sjogren's synd
Bone/back pain following rough car ride.- Myofacial pain.
Patient on Lithium, planning pregnancy. -Reduce lithium gradually till pregnancy confirmed
Patient with goiter, planning pregnancy- Use propylthiouracil for 18months
Acute back pain radiating to legs. Relieved by lying, worse on sitting. -do MRI
Prolonged heartburn. PreviousCAPancreas. Now with hypotension, tachycardia, rigid abdomen- do XRay
abdomen.
Prolapsed disc, bone metastatic lesions, spinal cord compression- do MRI
For Crohn's dx, ideal is colonoscopy followed by barium enema. Tx- Sulfasalazine
Prolonged Epistaxis with normal clotting profile- anatomical causes
History of chest pain radiating to Left arm. Normal ECG. -Do cardiac enzymes
Obesity, short height, previous renal transplant, bullied in class -Cushings syndrome
Management of tremor in Parkinson's dx- benzhexol.
Diabetic on antiHTN developed chest pain with cold sweating & dyspnea- MI
Collapsed in shoppingmall. Now conscious. Irregular rhythm on ECG - do echo
Rapid temporary loss of vision, previous episode a yr ago, upper limb weakness, hyperreflexia- Multiple
sclerosis- treat with corticosteroids
Difficulty moving right shoulder, post surgery of posterior neck triangle- Accessory nerve injury- Trapezius
weakness.
Weak hands, stiff legs, dysphagia, tongue fasciculations, impaired pain and temperature sensation-
syringobulbia
Farmer with fever, cough, wheeze, tachypnea and fluffy nodular shadowing on CXR- extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Diarrhea post treatment of UTI with antibiotics- Pseudomembranous colitis- Treat with metronidazole or
vancomycin
Frequent change of glasses in a young person, Cupping in optic disc, sickleshaped Scotoma- Glaucoma- Give
pilocarpine
Cervical lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly- NonHodgkins Lymphoma
Hematuria, proteinuria, renal failure 2days-2weeks after bloody diarrhea- HUS
Hypothyroidism, jaundice, altered sleep pattern- Autoimmune hepatitis
Grey membranes on tonsils and uvula- Diphtheria
Diplopia on downward gaze- trochlear nerve
Diplopia on upward gaze, fixed dilated pupil- occumulotor nerve.
Headache, unilateral; jaw muscles pain- Temporal arteritis- do ESR- give aspirin, steroids, and prophylactic PPI
to prevent gastric ulcers.
Give biphosphonates too to treat osteoporosis from prolonged steroid use.
Once an adult suffers >15% TBSA burns, or child >10%TBSA burns- give IV fluids
Preferred IV fluids for resuscitation in Burns is Crystalloids (especially Hartmann's soln)
IV fluid resuscitation in acute burns is 4mls x bodyweight kg x TBSA =Total mls in 24hrs
You give half of total mls in 8hrs, the other half in the other 16hrs (from the time of burn).
Once a patient "wakes up with stroke" or presents in the hospital with stroke features, and CT shows an
infarct/ischemia, the stroke is already >4.5hrs - give Aspirin.
But if the presentation is within 4.5hrs of stroke occurrence or CT is plain, with no hemorrhage, then give
Alteplase
Breast cancer patient with nonproductive cough not relieved by codeine.- nebulize with 0.9% Normal Saline
Swollen leg. Increased calf diameter and tenderness. Small movement cause pain - DVT
Continous Projectile vomiting in a child. 6weeks old. Olive shaped mass in the abdomen.- Hypertrophic Pyloric
Stenosis- do USS and Check Serum Pottasium- prone to metabolic alkalosis.
PostOp complications
Day1- Atelectasis
Day3- UTI, Pneumonia
Day5- DVT
Day 7- Wound infection
Day 10- Abscess with swinging pyrexia
Patient on warfarin for A-fib. Confusion for days. Multiple bruises- Subdural hematoma
Ring-enhancing lesions on CT- Toxoplasmosis- Tx: Sulfadoxine+Pyrimethamine OR Trimethoprim (for AIDS
patients).
Once BMI <15, admit into Acute Medical Ward.
14yr old girl. Amenorrhea. No secondary sexual characteristics. Normal height and weight.- Constitutional
delay.
Premature menarche is <8yrs. Late menarche is >16yrs.
Average age of menarche is 13yrs.
14yrs old. Amenorrhea. No secondary sexual characteristics. Short height- Turner's Syn
Dinnerfork deformity- Colles fracture- posterior/backward angulation of distal radial fracture- seen in elderly
people with osteoporosis
Gardenspade deformity- Reverse Colles fracture/Smith fracture- anterior/forward angulation of distal radial
fracture- seen in young people
Gunstock deformity- Supracondylar fracture
Mallet finger- avulsion of the extensor tendon at fingertip
Gamekeeper thumb- rupture of ulnar collateral ligament of thumb- severe pain trying to "grasp" any object
Trigger finger- click sound heard on flexion or extension of middle finger
Valgus test positive on knee- Rupture of medial collateral ligament of knee
Itching, excoriations, redness, ulceration of nipple plus bloody discharge- Paget's disease
Painless bloody discharge without any nipple changes- Duct Papilloma
Thirst, frequency, confusion, abdominal pain in a cancer patient- Hypercalcemia
Twitches, spasms, Chvostek sign, paraesthesia- hypocalcemia
Mechanism of scabies- Allergy
In SIADH, restrict fluids +/- demeclocyclin
Tinnitus and vertigo associated with "turning on bed"- BPPV- do DicksHallpike/HeadTilt test- Treat with
Betahistine (first line), Prochlorperazine (second line)
Code:BP for BPPV
Slow shallow breaths with fruity smell. Altered sensorium. ABG of ph7.20. Ketones in urine- DKA- Urgent
rehydration with IVFluids, monitor ABG.
Young person with Prolonged Diarrhea. Stool is mixed with blood and mucus. Abdominal pain. -Crohn's
Disease- Treatment of choice is Mesalazine (1st line) then Steroids.
Greenish vagina discharge. Vulval itching. Speculum reveals strawberry cervix. -Trichomonas infection- give
Metronidazole.
Fever with rash on face and neck of a child. Now spreading.- Chicken pox.
Clinically obese child. Difficult to feed as a baby. Has learning difficulties. Always eating despite measures by
parents to hide food- PraderWili Syndrome
Chlamydia- Doxycycline
Trichomonas and Gardnerella- Metronidazole
Nesseria Gonorrhea- Azithromycin+Ceftriazone
Terminally ill patient with metastatic disease and bilateral hydronephrosis wants to attend daughter's
wedding- Do a Palliative Nephrostomy
Widespread ovarian cancer. Now has bowel obstruction and severe intermittent colic and pain- do a Palliative
colostomy.
Child with hypertrophic villi- Allergy.
Dry skin and severe itching in a young boy whose mother is asthmatic and brother has hay fever.- Eczema- To
use Emollient first then steroid.
Dry skin in a young boy with no family history of asthma,eczema or atopy- Emollient only
Poor feeding, facial swelling, oliguria, proteinuria in a child- Nephrotic Syndrome- give Prednisolone
Severe intermittent breast pain, no lump, not related to menses- NonCyclical Mastalgia
Severe intermittent breast pain, no lump, related to menses- Cyclical Mastalgia
Case of placenta abruption. After all measures, still bleeding.- Do clotting profile. (Most likely patient now has
DIC).
Prolonged Epistaxis with deranged APTT- Hemophilia
Prolonged Epistaxis with normal clotting profile - Anatomical causes
LFT for Breastmilk jaundice- unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia- low Total bilirubin, low conjugated bilirubin.
Child with metal spike puncture to foot. "Next Best" step- Clean the wound.
Now if child was vaccinated at birth and received any TT in the last 10yrs, give Ig only.
If child was never vaccinated at birth, give full DPT and Ig.
UTI in children, do Clean Catch Urine for MCS first, then USS next.
Single best test to evaluate HPylori eradication by PPI- Urea breath test
Heroin addict, after car crash, can't remember the accident- Organic brain injury
Child, tall for age, refractory error, crushing chest pain- Marfans syndrome
Young man/College student brought unconscious. No medical history.- check blood sugar
Stab in the upper chest. No rib fractures. Unequal chest movement- Phrenic nerve damage
Parents unsure if child will use prescribed bronchodilator- Peak flow rate diary
Midshaft femoral fracture- femoral artery amd femoral nerve injury
Severe chest pain, ECG shows ST elevation- Percutanous angiography
Decreasing vision in a patient on multiple asthma medication. Cause: Oral steroid use.
Hematuria, hypertension, proteinuria in a young person. - Renal biopsy diagnostic.
Once vagina ultrasound reveals endometrial thickness >5mm- suspect Endometrial CA
30yr old woman. Gradual decrease of vision over 3yrs. Now has "disability due to low vision"- Retinitis
Pigmentosa.
Woman with "widespread metastases" now has severe back pain. Primary tumor? Breast.
If it were a man, primary tumor would be in the lungs.
Child with nephrotic syndrome. Later presents with hematuria, loin pain, "fluctuating urea levels"- Renal vein
thrombosis.
Cause of renal vein thrombosis- Loss of antithrombin 111
In panic disorder, rebreathing bag is for acute presentation, beta blocker is prophylaxis for upcoming stressful
event like giving a public speech or writing exams.
Extremely severe panic attacks, give benzodiazepine.
Perioral paraesthesia, tingling, numbness in the hands, shortness of breath is peculiar to panic disorder, and
not seen in generalized anxiety disorder. In GAD, patient excessively worries for "many days for months" over
different issues, while a panic disorder patient only has episodes of anxiety and palpitations.
Best treatment for panic attacks, phobias and generalized anxiety disorder is CBT.
Branchial cyst- midline anterior neck swelling- USS, FNAC- surgical removal
Thyroglossal cyst- transilluminating midline neck lump- moves on tongue protrusion
Every breast lump must undergo "Triple Assessment"- Clinical examination, Imaging and Cytology. If <35yrs
old, do USS. If >35yrs, do mammo first, then USS.
If aspiration, gives clear fluid, no need for FNAC. If bloody aspirate, do FNAC.
Painful, paralyzed, pulseless, pale leg with paraesthesia- Acute Limb ischemia- urgent vascular surgery ASAP.
Severe pain. Purple-blue lump in anal region.- Perianal hematoma (thrombosed hemorrhoids)- do I and D with
antibiotics.
Severe pain.Purple-blue lump in anus.Diabetic patient -Perianal abscess- i&d +antibiotics
Congenital hypothyroidism- prolonged neonatal jaundice
Hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in tunica mucosa. Testes not palpable. No pain, but transilluminates.
Varicocele is dilatation of veins. Bluish color. Feels like worms. Disappears on lying flat.
Testicular tumor is painless progressive enlargement (teratoma if 20-30yrs old, seminoma if 30-40yrs old).
Orchidectomy and biopsy is definitive treatment.
Investigation for all the above 3 conditions is USS.
Painful vesicles in the ear with facial palsy- RamsayHunt syndrome/herpes zoster oticus
Complete anuria in patient with hypotension and shock from placenta abruption- acute cortical necrosis
Testicular torsion- severe sudden scrotal pain, for hours, one testis above the other, no fever, usually
associated with sports, but not trauma. Tx Urgent surgical exploration
Epididymorchitis- fever, dysuria, scrotal pain for days, swelling, redness. Tx :MSU for MCS plus antibiotics
MalloryWeiss tears usually occur in nonalcoholics who do binge drinking. They are hemodynamically stable
with little blood loss. Tx: Monitor vital signs closely.
Esophageal varices is common in alcoholics. There is massive hematemesis with hemodynamic
compromise. There is usually signs/stigmata of chronic liver disease (eg spider naevi). Tx: Urgent endoscopy
with band ligation.
All patients with upper GI bleeding need endoscopy except MalloryWeiss tears that has little blood loss.
Abd USS is the investigation of choice in Cholecystitis, Biliary colic, Gall stones.
In passing a chest drain, the structure most likely damaged is intercostal nerve.
In pancreatitis, initial confirmatory investigation is serum amylase, CT Abdomen is gold standard if diagnosis
not clear with amylase results.
Abdominal pain with per rectal bleed in a patient with IHD, AF or Valvular heart disease. No rigidity. - Acute
mesenteric ischemia
Once u see a shipyard worker, or exposure to asbestos, with pleural effusion -Mesothelioma - pleural biopsy is
diagnostic
Once u sea farmer with shortness of breath and wheezing- Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Chronic SOB, erythema nodosum, pleural effusion on CT, bilateral perihilar lymphadenopathy on CXRay, raised
ACE and raised calcium- Sarcoidosis
Most likely damaged structure in chest drain passage- intercostal nerve.
Abdominal migraine
Common in children. Abdominal pain with headache.
All clinical examination: normal.
All investigations: normal.
Tx- Reassure.
Measles:
3rd day disease
Presents with 1F3CK fever cough conjunctivitis coryza and koplik spots
Rash develops on 3rd day
Rash starts from head and neck and spreads to trunk
Symptomatic treatment
Footdrop can be caused by both sciatic nerve and common peroneal nerve. A trauma to the hip presenting
with foot drop is most likely sciatic nerve, a man who crossed his leg for a long period of time presenting with
foot drop is most likely common peroneal nerve.
For epidemiology:
Incidence- number of new cases divided by total population
Prevalence- number of all cases (old+new) divided by total population
Sensitivity- number of true positives (Code: SnP)
Specificity- number of true negatives (Code: SpN)
Once u see "old people in nursing homes" (or a child) with itchy lesions in between fingers, inbetween toes or
in groin, it is Scabies- Mechanism is Allergy (to toxins released by mites)- and treatment is 5% permethrin
Chest XRay shows bilateral fibrosis and pleural effusion. - Do pleural biopsy.
Woman whose husband just died. Given antidepressants, got better, wants to stop medication but "still talks
about her husband"- Bereavement counseling
Woman whose husband just died. Given antidepressants, got better, but now thinks she "has cancer too like
her husband"- Neuropsychiatric analysis
Patient on metoclopramide and fentanyl developed neck stiffness and fever- metoclopramide side effects
Clinically obese child. BMI >95th centile. No other medical problems. Normal clinical examination- Primary
obesity.
Once Hb is <8g/dl, give blood transfusion. If between 8-10.5, give oral ferrous sulphate.
If Hb level is >10.5, just reassure patient that this is physiological anemia of pregnancy.
Delusions of any kind and abnormal thought processes (of insertion, withdrawal, and broadcasting) are
primarily schizophrenia. Except u see depression symptoms, then it may be psychotic depression.
Patient going for liver biopsy. Most important investigation- Coagulation profile
A woman who just had debulking surgery for ovarian ca, now presents with intestinal obstructions- do a pelvic
CT
Neonate with high fever- admit for infection screen, start iv antibiotics
7day old baby, birth weight 3.5kg, now 3kg- continue child care, reassure.
Discharge from left ear after fight- Coming from the CSF- do CT- possibly basal skull fracture.
Obesity, easy bruising and striae, with cortisol suppression only at high dose dexamethasone suppression
test - Pituitary adenoma.
Vagina discharge, unpleasant odor, ph >4.5 -Gardnerella- BV- give metronidazole
Middle aged man brought in unconscious. Has distended abdomen with caput medusae and spider naevi.
Has previous hx of esophageal varices. Skin is pale and clammy. Cause of loss of unconsciousness? -
alcoholic hypoglycemia.
Previous esophageal varices and stigmata of CLD confirms he's a chronic alcoholic. And chronic alcoholics
are prone to hypoglycemia which may lead to LOC.
Pathological jaundice- within 24hours, after 14 days
Physiological jaundice- between 24hrs of life to 14days of life.
Terminally ill patient with rattling breath sounds- Give scopolamine, hyoscine or antimuscarinic drug.
Pregnant woman. Hb 10.5 -do nothing. Only give oral FeSO4 at levels <10.5.
Patient with liver mets having severe pain and cholestasis, doesn't want opioids due to constipation- give
cholestyramine.
Chest pain and breathlessness after exercise- do exercise ECG
Abdominal pain and rigidity in patient with diverticula disease- do X-ray chest (erect) it may show
pneumoperitoneum.
Right sided facial swelling with pain, tenderness and swelling "around the eye". No proptosis or
ophthalmoplegia- Periorbital cellulitis- give IV morphine and antibiotics.
Orbital cellulitis however Requires urgent referral to the ophthalmologist cos it may cause cavernous sinus
thrombosis. If there is pain "in the eye" with phthalmoplegia and proptosis, it is Orbital cellulitis.
Right upper quadrant pain, postCS in patient with preeclampsia- HELLP syndrome- LFT
Baby cried a lot last time he was immunized- Go ahead with immunization anyway.
PID on treatment, still getting worse. Do pelvic USS.
Annual incidence of Down's syndrome- 700
Glandular fever- infectious mononucleosis- Paul Bunnel positive- rash after giving Amoxyl or ampicillin to child
with sorethroat/flu/coryza symptoms.
Rash after giving penicillin for sorethroat- Erythema multiforme
Elderly man with large gallstone that is an incidental finding- Medical management- wait and watch. But if it is
symptomatic, do a lap cholecystectomy.
For TIA
Carotid Doppler- initial
Carotid angiography -most definitive
Young Waitress, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, Generalised pelvic tenderness without
peritonism. -Pelvic congestion syndrome.
Also called pelvic vein incompetence. Due to varicose veins in the abdomen/pelvis. Worsened by prolonged
standing. Relieved by lying. Common in waitresses, bartenders.
Postmenopausal Patient on tamoxifen. Worst side effect to look out for? Brown vaginal bleed- usually
signifies endometrial CA
Child with bright red staining of her pants post horse-riding -examine under anesthesia
Child just completed chemo for ALL.Has large scrotum.-Do CT abdomen (for secondaries)
Bloody diarrhea, abdominal vomiting after holiday/vacation abroad- Stool MCS
Child not breathing. Failure of intubation- Incision at cricoid cartilage (cricothyroidotomy)
Baby weighs 1.8kg at birth. Has hepatosplenomegaly and RASH. High bilirubin and liver enzymes- congenital
viral infection.
6month baby, LOC, jerky movements of hands and feet- Infantile spasm
Travelers diarrhea-
Causes are (for <1wk is EColi, >1week is Giardiasis)
This is for acute watery diarrhea.
For bloody diarrhea, after a recent travel, it is Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella.
Intermenstrual spotting. Friable cervix that bleeds on gentle touch.- chlamydia cervicitis- take swab- give
antibiotics.
Previous flu. Now with fever, cough. Bullous appearance on CXRay- Staph pneumo
Heart failure, pulmonary edema and pansystolic murmur a few days after M.I- Ruptured papillary muscle.
Blurred vision. Intermittent clumsiness. Pale optic disc. Brisk arm reflexes.-multiple sclerosis- do MRI
Pituitary tumor>10mm- do surgery. Seems <10mm, give Octreotide.
Alcoholic man with yellow ascitic fluid- decompensated cirrhosis
Once u see "shipyard worker", "asbestos exposure for years", now has cough, weight loss, SOB, and pleural
effusion. - Mesothelioma
To improve symptoms- do thoracocentesis
Most appropriate management- chemotherapy
Bipolar disorder
Lithium -1st line
Carbamazepine -2nd line
15yr old with Knee swelling following a fall. Not subsiding despite rest and analgesia, with palpable mass in
the left inguinal region- Erwing's sarcoma
Inability to extend all fingers at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints- Extensor digitorum.
Chronic RA patient on methotrexate and naproxen. Has microcytic anemia. Most likely cause? GI hemorrhage
gives hypochromic microcytic anemia
Most likely cause of microcytic anemia in adult men and postmenopausal women is GI hemorrhage. In
premenopausal women, it is menorrhagia.
30yrs old woman, chronic diarrhea, mouth ulcers, low back pain, morning stiffness -seronegative arthritis
(arthritis due to inflammatory bowel disease)
Eclampsia means convulsions happening on a background of preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is pregnancy induced hypertension with proteinuria +/- edema
Even then, a patient with no history of hypertension in pregnancy that developed fits 6hours post partum has
eclampsia.
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma FAST- for abdominal injuries
ABCD2 score- assesses risk of stroke in T.I.A
National Early Warning Score NEWS- assess severity of acute illness
CHAD2 score- assess risk of stroke in Atrial fibrillation
ROCKALL score- assess severity of upper GI bleeding
Pregnant woman with fever rigor frequency dysuria. Pain initially in the abdomen, later radiating to right loin
with occasional uterine tightening- Acute pyelonephritis
Intermittent tension, dizziness, anxiety- We need "collateral information" to diagnose.
Whenever u see dyskaryosis, do a colposcopy; and if you see "abnormal cells" with dyskaryosis, do a cone
biopsy.
Hypertension. Sudden loss of vision. Swollen retina- CRVO
Panic disorder
Acute presentation- rebreathing bag
Impending stressful experience- propranolol
Long term treatment- CBT, then SSRI
Unconscious. Rescued from fire. No evidence of burns/external injury/soot- Intubate and ventilate. Altered
sensorium and loss of consciousness after being in a burnt building is an indication to Intubate and ventilate.
Returned to UK from UAE with dry cough, lymphopenia & bibasal consolidation BBC-
Legionella. (BBC is Legionella.)
Dry cough with upper lobe cavitations- Klebsiella
Productive cough with upper lobe cavitations -TB
Dry cough with patchy consolidation - Mycoplasma
Nystagmus, loss of corneal reflex with the "DVT" symptoms of Meniere's dx- Acoustic neuroma
Itchy scaly rash over wrists with white streaks, also over buccal mucosa- Lichen Planus
Hemiparesis with UMNL type of facial palsy with normal tone/reflexes- lacunae stroke
Fever, headache, petechia hemorrhage in temporal & inferior frontal lobe- Herpes simplex encephalitis
Dense hemiplegia, dysphasia, homonymous hemianopia- Middle cerebral artery
Pulsus bisferiens suggests HOCM hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
HPV associates with Verruca Vulgari
Staph aureus- Organism most likely to cause infection in aortoiliacfemoral reconstruction
Nonsteroidal drug that inhibit mast cells from producing histamine- Sodium Nedocromil
Exercise induced asthma- sodium cromoglycate
If exerciseinduced before, but now having asthma at rest or in sleep- Treat as any regular asthma patient.
Follow the ladder of asthma treatment.
Ladder of asthma treatment:
-SABA
-Inhaled steroids.
-LABA
-Increase dose of inhaled steroids
-Oral steroids
Bronchial carcinoma with histology of "large polygonal or giant multinuclear cells"- Large Cell Carcinoma.
COPD patient on many drug treatments but worsening- Assess for long term O2
COPD patient on drug +O2 treatment but worsening- Give nasal IPPV
Acute headache, seeing haloes at night- Glaucoma- Tunnel vision
Central Scotoma, optic nerve inflammation on MRI- Optic neuritis
"Worries excessively wit sleep disturbances most days over months"- Generalised Anxiety Disorder
"Episodes of palpitations" "perioral tingling and paraesthesia"- Panic attacks
Patient with TIA- use Clopidogrel for life
Podocyte fusion- Minimal change disease
Rash on buttocks/extensor surfaces with hematuria- HSP
HSP is similar to ITP but ITP has low platelet counts.
Progressive decrease in vision in a young person- Open angle glaucoma, Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Retinal detachment- scleral buckling
New vessel formation- laser photo coagulation
"Bilateral shrunken kidney with smooth normal pelvic calyces" and hypertension- CGN or bilateral renal artery
stenosis-
A simple way to differentiate is:
Age- CGN happens in older people >40, RAS in younger people
Elevated BP- RAS causes an extremely elevated BP compared to CGN
Proteinuria- This is marked more in CGN.
Man has stroke. CT shows no hemorrhage. ECG shows A-fib. Best prophylaxis- Warfarin
Weight loss. Loss of appetite. Supraclavicular mass.- Gastric carcinoma
Sudden loss of vision. Normal optic disc.- Retinal detachment.
Old woman, "changed glasses a number of time"- Cataract
Lung cancer patient, urinary retention, postural hypotension, hyporeflexia, sluggish pupils- Paraneoplastic
syndrome.
Child brought by mother with bruises on buttocks. Had URTI 2weeks ago. What inv will u do? Do a coagulation
profile.
This is most likely HenochSchonlein purpura. Rash/petechiae on buttocks following URTI suggests that. NAI
usually hav more details(fractures etc) and patient are brought by carer, not parents.
Elderly woman with UTI. Treated with antibiotics and developed UTI. -Pseudomembranous Colitis. - Treat with
Vancomycin or Metronidazole.
Cervical lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly- NHL
Hematuria, proteinuria following bloody diarrhea caused by E.Coli- H.U.S
Ipsilateral UMNL/Cerebellar lesion with contralateral pain temperature impairment- Lateral medullary
syndrome.
Patient who smokes, develops DVT post-splenectomy, what's the biggest risk for having DVT- Splenectomy
Diarrhea, abdominal bloating, elbow rash, villi shortening and lymphocytosis on jejunal biopsy- Celiac disease.
Young woman, lemon-yellow skin, high MCV, diarrhea weight loss- Pernicious Anemia (from Graves' disease).
Toxoplasmosis -Sulfadiazine+Pyrimethamine OR Trimethoprim
Any solid organ tumor can give Hypercalcemia
Travelers diarrhea
-Watery: if <1week, it is EColi, if >1week, it is Giardiasis
-Bloody: Campylobacter, Shigella
Boy with plenty of transparent sticky liquid from eyes. Calm intact mucosa of lids and conjunctiva- Antibiotics
only
For malignant obstruction of urinary tract- Percutanous nephrostomy or ureteric stenting
Pregnant woman, smoker, whitish marks on tongue- Candidiasis
Part of intestine most commonly affected by Crohn's - Ileosigmoid (esp ileum)
There are cases where the presentation of the patient -with multiple delusions and hallucinations- makes the
diagnosis of Psychotic depression or Schizophrenia very likely. Look out for any stressors or triggers(loss of
job, death of a loved one, etc) because that is the clincher, u will find it in depression, never in schizophrenia.
Patient comes from Europe/US to UK with night sweats, splenomegaly, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever-
Lymphoma. If patient comes from Africa or Asia (especially India or Thailand), with same symptoms, it is TB.
Early morning stiffness of small joints with eye pain- Scleritis (from RA)
Lower back pain and stiffness with eye pain- Iritis (anterior uveitis) from A.S
Flashes of light, Sudden loss of vision- Retinal detachment- Scleral buckling
New eye vessels formation- Photocoagulation
Acute headaches, seein haloes. Most likely eye defect- Tunnel vision
Sudden loss of vision, previous episode 1year ago that resolved on its own, Right upper limb paresis,
hyperreflexia- Multiple Sclerosis- give corticosteroids
In cardiac tamponade, give oxygen first before iv fluids.
In tension/spontaneous pneumothorax, do thoracocentesis/give oxygen first before analgesia.
RTA patient in ambulance, sudden deterioration of GCS- give oxygen.
Commonest cause of IDA in adult men and postmenopausal women is GI bleeding. In premenopausal women
however, it is menorrhagia.
So a 40yr old woman with heavy blood loss, pruritus, pallor and tiredness has I.D.A
Alcoholics are at increased risk of heart failure due to thiamine deficiency that can cause wet beriberi and
lead to dilated cardiomyopathy
Patient on chronic use of COCP going for surgery- do arteriography (cos OCPs cause arterial thrombosis)
You can't give fentanyl patch until u know the drug dose that controls patient's pain. Cos fentanyl patch is for
72hrs straight.
And u only move from one level to another on the pain ladder if a patient is not tolerating the current drug or
the pain is not controlled despite very high dose.
study done in two hospitals for same number of cancer patients on treatment. Hospital A was noted to have
higher mortality than hospital B.- Observational Study
Patient "trapped under a rock/car" for hours, now has red urine. -Give IV fluids. If renal failure sets in, do
hemodialysis.
For type 2dm, give biguanides. If there is renal impairment, give insulin and ACEi/ARB (or CCB if none of those
is available). At serum Creatinine >200, don't give ACEi.