Chemistry 22 Tro 2nd Custom ed

EXAM 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1–Introduction to Chemistry

• Know the meaning of or the areas of study of Chemistry
• Understand the Scientific Method

Chapter 2–Measurement and Problem Solving

• Convert numbers from scientific notation to decimal notation and vice versa
• Identify the number of significant figures in a measurement
• Identify when making a measurement the number of significant figures that should be
obtained from the specific instrument
• Determine the correct number of significant figures in any answer from any calculation
• Distinguish between an exact number and a measured number
• Apply rounding principles in writing the correct number of significant figures in a value
• Know the base units and prefix meanings of the system international units (SI units)
• Convert quantities to different metric units
• Convert quantities from English to metric units and vice versa
• Define density, and use the meaning of density to solve for mass and volume in various
calculations
• Use dimensional analysis and good problem solving methods

Chapter 3–Matter and Energy

• Define matter and Distinguish among the three states of matter
• Classify matter into the specific categories of heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous
mixture (solution), pure substance, element or compound
• Distinguish the difference between physical and chemical properties
• Distinguish the difference between physical and chemical changes
• Know several methods of separating a mixture and why they work
• Convert between the three major units of temperature (Fahrenheit, Celsius and kelvins)
• Understand the law of conservation of mass and energy
• Determine the amount of energy change with a temperature change
• Use the equation: q = mass x specific heat x ∆ temperature
• Know the difference in sign and meaning for exothermic and endothermic processes

Chapter 4–Atoms and Elements

• Understand the development of atomic theory, including the contributions of Democritus,
Dalton, JJ Thompson, Rutherford and Chadwick
• Understand the laws of definite proportions and multiple proportions
• Explain how JJ Thomson discovered the electron
• Discuss Rutherford’s Gold-foil experiment and its ties to Thompson’s Plum-pudding
Model (see Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 p 94)
• Explain the new model of the atom given by Rutherford
• Distinguish by properties and location the three subatomic particles (electrons, protons
and neutrons) (see Table 4.1 p 96)

1
• Using the periodic table, identify the atomic number of any element

EXAM 1 Study Guide

Chapter 4–Atoms and Elements continued
• Use the periodic table, mass number and charge from the isotopic symbol to identify the
number of protons, neutrons and electrons in that symbol
• Know the chemical names from the symbol for the first 36 elements and Sn, Pb, Au, Ag
• Classify elements as metals, nonmetals or metalloids by their physical properties or
position on the periodic table
• Identify the atomic number and atomic weight (mass) of an element from the periodic
table
• Identify the main group elements by their group or family name and relate why they are
in a group (see Figure 4.13 p 102)
• Know the meaning of and recognize isotopes
• Know what is meant by atomic weight (mass) as a weighted average of the exact weight
of the different isotopes of an element

Chapter 9–Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table

• Understand the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and the properties of waves
(see Figure 9.4 p 280)
• Use the equation: c = wavelength (λ ) x frequency (ν )
• Understand Modern Atomic Theory and the contributions of Bohr and the quantum
mechanical model
• Define a photon and relate the photon’s energy to the wavelength of light or frequency
• Recognize the energy levels of an atom, as given by the principal quantum number, n
• Identify the subshells and number of orbitals in each energy level (see Figure 9.19 p 289)
• Recognize the shape of s-, p- and d- orbitals (see Figure 9.22 p 290)
• Write electron configurations for all elements up to atomic number = 120
• Write the electron configurations of ions
• Recognize the ground state and excited state of electrons
• Use the aufbau principle, diagonal rule and Hund’s rule to draw out orbital diagrams for
the electron configuration of an atom or ion (see Figure 9.27 p 293)
• Distinguish between core electrons and valence electrons
• Write complete electron configurations, and use shorthand (Noble gas core)
configurations for atoms and ions.
• Understand periodic properties and explain trends for atomic size (radius), ionization
energy and metallic character for elements
• Define atomic radius, ionization energy and metallic character of elements

Memorize:
Basic metric units and prefixes (see Table 2.1 p 22 and Table 2.2 p 23).
One Conversion factor from English units to metric units for mass (1 pound = 453.6 g);

2
Length ( 1 in = 2.54 cm); and volume (1 quart = 946 mL).
Density and specific heat of water.
Element names from the symbol for the first 36 elements and Sn, Pb, Au, Ag.

Review: Expts 1 to 5 and SA 1 to 4