okwya'ompmapmif

twGJ (44)? trSwf ( 8)

2017 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

rm wd um
um

&if a oG ; i,f r sm;twG u f rd c if E d k Y \ tusKd ; aus;Zl ; (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)

- &ifaoG;i,fwdkYtwGuf twkr&Sdonfh rdcifEdkY a'gufwm jrifhoef; 4
(trsKd;om;pmayqk&)
- uav;rsm;twGuf touf&SifoefcGifh a'gufwm ckdifckdif0if; 10
uAsm
- aysmf&Tifjcif;ESifh 0rf;enf;jcif; OD;boef; (r[m0dZÆm) 29
- EGm;EdkY&om ? rodygokdY zkd;&efEdkif (ausmufBuD;) 31
Oya'qk d i f & m
- vlYtoufESifh Oya'tjrif OD;[efñGefY (Oya') 15
tawG ; tac:ES i f h wuf u srf ; qk d i f & m
- tem*wftwGuf BuKdwifjyifqif armifay:xGef; 24
- 'orajrmuf ynwfawmf [def;vwf 51
- ynmacwf pdefac:rIwJhvm; at;jzL 130
vl i ,f q k d i f & m
- vli,frsm; tvGJ rvGJMuzkdY ukdaZmfaX; (,Ofaus;rI) 57
- EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ukdrsKd; (jynf) 135
vlrIa&;e,fy,ftwGif;&Sd vli,frsm;
ppf a &;qk d i f & m
- r[mAsL[majrmuf AHk;BuJav,mOfBuD;rsm; pnfolvIdif 32
- avaMumif;o,fykdYtul auau (r[m0dZÆm) 42
od y Ü H E S i f h e nf ; ynmqk d i f & m
- urÇmESifhwlaom N*Kd[f jynfBuD; 105
- enf;ynmukd em;vnfMunfhjcif; wifñGefY 125
- urÇmhpuf½kyfrsm; uGefz&ifh aomif;xkdufOD; 140
(oCFef;uRef;BuD;)
pD ; yG m ;a&;qk d i f & m
- pawmh&S,f,m todynmrQa0jcif; oef;apm (pD yD at) 20
- CEO \ tcef;u@ armifarmifjrifhodef; 53
(pufrIwuúodkvf)
obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif ½ I a xmif h q k d i f & m
- ukd,fwGif;t*Fgukd xGif;azmufjrifEdkifwJh vJhvJh0if; (owåaA') 39
ta&jym;&Sd zm;rsKd;EG,fopf
- t,loD;tpGJtvrf;BuD;olwdkYaMumifh ausmf&Sif; 46
ouf&Sdavmu ysufpD;jcif;
rl ; ,pf q d k i f & m
- ruftifzufwrif;ESifh vlwdkYzefwD;aom omvl&n
S f 69
rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;tEÅ&m,f
- jrefrmEdkifiHESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;tEÅ&m,f &nf0if;vIdif 81
- vli,fvl&G,frsm;ESifh aq;vdyf jrodef; 92
usef ; rma&;qk d i f & m
- qef;opfazG&Sm aq;ynm (188) a'gufwm jrifhoef;(oaE¨om;) 74
jzpf & yf r S e f
- uRefrazaz vlowform; pkd;pkd; (yef;awmif;) 114
- arG;arh arwåm jc,frIef;oD 146
- a&olr rDvm*a&mhpf wuúokdvfrkd;jrifh 154
0w¬ K wk d
- a0;vGifhjcif;&JUaemufuG,frSm aqmif;0if;vwf 65
- aemufawmh uRefawmfwdkYoHk;a,mufaygh Edkifaomif;xG#f 109
taxG a xG
- tawG;xJu pHtdrf tdrGefokef (ref;wuúokdvf) 86
- tdyfrufurÇm ukdukdatmif (tvkyform;) 96
- zwforQ 'óe pdef0if;armf 102
- [mo armf (oefvsif) -
 &if a oG ; i,f a v;rsm;uk d rd c if E d k Y w pf r sKd ; wnf ; om wd k u f a uR;jcif ; jzif h
&&S d E d k i f o nf h tusKd ; aus;Zl ; rsm;taMumif ; ? rd c if E d k Y & nf w G i f yg&S d o nf h
"mwf y pö n f ; rsm;\ *k P f o wå d r sm;taMumif ; ES i f h rd c if E d k Y & nf E S i f h Ek d Y r I e f Y
wdkY\ uGJjym;onfh "mwfobm0rsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/

owåavmurSm xdyfwef;tqifh&SdwJh owå0g[m EdkYwkdufowå0gawGyg/ xkdYtxJrSmrS vlwdkYu

tqifth jrifq
h ;kH vdYk qd&k rSmygyJ/ Edw
Yk u
kd o
f wå0gtkypf rk mS uke;f aeowå0gawGu trsm;pk jzpfygw,f/
a&xJaewJh EdkYwkdufowå0g&Sdovkd avxJysH0JaeEdkifwJh EdkYwdkufowå0gvnf; &Sdaeygw,f/ EdkYwkduf
owå0gcsif;wlayr,fh rsKd;EG,frwlovkd EdkYt&nftaoG;awGvnf; rwlMuygbl;/ olYvkdtyfcsufeJY

4
olyg/ pm;aomuf&SifoefMuwJhyHkpH rwlovdk
ygyJ/ vlEkdY[m vltwGuf toifhavsmfqHk;jzpf
ouJhokdY EGm;EdkY[mvnf; EGm;aygufrsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk; jzpfygw,f/
arG;uif;p uav;i,fukd rdcifEdkY wdkuf&
wm[m uav;i,f&JUtpmvrf;aMumif;awG
tqifoifh rjzpfao;vkyYd g/ pwif&ifqidk af wGUqHk
vm&wJ h vl Y a vmu0ef ; usif o pf e J Y v nf ;
vdkufavsmnDaxG aeEdkifzkdY zGHUNzKd;Mu&ygOD;r,f/
avxkxJ&Sd ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom rjrifEdkifwJh
yk d ; rT m ;awG e J Y &if q k d i f E d k i f z d k Y uk d , f c H t m;awG
t&G,fra&mufMuao;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh rdcifEdkY
[m arG;uif;puav;i,f&JU vdktyfcsufawGukd
jznf h q nf ; ay;Ek d i f r ,f h wpf c k w nf ; aom
taumif;qHk; tm[m&ygyJ/
uav;i,farG;zGm;vmNyDqkdwmeJY rdcifEdkY
ukd tqifoifhjzpf&if wdkufauR;EdkifygNyD/ arG;NyD;
yxroHk;av;&ufcefYrSm xGufvmwJh rdcifEkdYOD;
&nf (Colostrum) [m aemufvkdufvmwJh EdkY&nf
awGavmuf rjzLwwfygbl;/ 0gusiu
&Sdygw,f/ 'gayrJh tqD"mwfeJY EdkYoMum;"mwf
yg0ifrIenf;NyD; tom;"mwfeJY ukd,fcHtm;"mwf
ukd,fcHtm;"mwf[m ckepfvcGJwkdif rdcifEdkYxJrSm
trsm;tjym; yg&Sad erSm jzpfygw,f/ EdrYk eI aYf wGxJ
rSmyg&SdzkdY rvG,fulwJhtwGuf rdcifEdkY rpkdY&wJh
uav;i,fawG[m 'Dtm;omcsuu f dk vufvw T f
qHk;½HI;vkduf&r,fh oabmygyJ/ 'ghtjyif EdkYOD;&nf
rSm 0rf;aysmhap? 0rf;oGm;apEdkifwJh *kPfowåd
&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh oaE¨om;b0uwnf;u
tltwGif; yg&SdvmwJh i,facs; (Meconium) ukd
oG m ;apEd k i f y gw,f / aoG ; eD O ysuf p D ; &mrS
xGufvmwJh t0ga&mif"mwfawG pkyHkaerIukd
wm;qD;ay;EkdifwJhtwGuf arG;NyD; tom;0gvmrI
avsmhenf;apEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh obm0
w&m;u tm[m&ay;jcif;xuf EdOYk ;D &nftm;jzifh
arG;uif;p uav;i,fukd ukd,fcHtm;t"du
jzpfay:apwmvkdY qkdEkdifygw,f/
rd c if E d k Y w G i f yg&S d o nf h "mwf y pö n f ; rsm;
tqD"mwf (g/100 ml)
pkpak ygif; 4.2
tqDtufppf (Fatty Acids-length 8C) trace
hf sit hf a&mif tqDtufppfwpfrsKd; (Polyunsaturated 0,6
Fatty Acids)
udkvufpxa&m (Cholesterol) 0,016

awG trsm;tjym; yg&Sdygw,f/ txl;ojzifh tom;"mwf (g/100 ml)

pkpak ygif; 1.1
uk, d cf t H m;tom;"mwfwpfrsK;d (Immuno-Globu- EdkYtom;"mwf (Casein) 0,4
lin A) jrifhrm;pGm yg&Sdygw,f/ EkdYtom;"mwfwpfrsKd; (a-lactalbumin) 0.3
tqdkyg ukd,fcHtm;"mwf[m arG;uif;p oH"mwfo,ftom;"mwf (Lactoferrin) 0.2
uav;&J U tpmvrf ; aMumif ; wpf a vQmuf ukd,fcHtm;"mwfwpfrsKd; (LgA) 0.1
ysHUESHYoGm;um uav;i,f&JU ukd,fcHtm;tzGJU ukd,fcHtm;"mwfwpfrsKd; (IgG) 0.001

aumif;pGmvkyfukdifEkdifcsdeftxd uav;i,fukd "mwfulypönf;wpfrsKd; (Lysozyme) 0.05

aoG;tom;"mwf (Serum Albumin) 0.05
a&m*gydk;ul;pufcH&rIrS umuG,fay;ygw,f/ EkdYtom;"mwfwpfrsKd; (ß-lactoglobulin) -
tpmvrf ; aMumif ; zG H U NzKd ; rI e J Y yH k r S e f w m0ef uqD"mwf (g/100 mL)
xrf;aqmifEdkifrIrSm ulnDay;ygw,f/ tqdkyg EkdYoMum;"mwf (Lactose) 7

5
 uqD"mwfwpfrsKd; (Oligosaccharides) 0.5
owåK"mwf (g/ 100 mL)
xHk;"mwf (Calcium) 0.03
rD;pkef;"mwf (Phosphorus) 0.014
qm;owåK"mwf (Sodium) 0.015
ykdwufpD,rf"mwf (Potassium) 0.055
uvkd&if;"mwf (Chlorine) 0.043
aemufykdif;xGufwJh rdcifEdkY&nfrSm EkdYoMum;
"mwfeJY tqD"mwfawG ydkrkdyg0ifvmMuygw,f/
tqD"mwfawGuawmh wjznf;jznf; tcsdefMum
vmwmeJt Y rQ wd;k wk;d yg0ifvmMurSm jzpfygw,f/
tMurf ; tm;jzif h rd c if E d k Y x J r S m tom;"mwf
1ç000 yHk ukd;yHk? tqD"mwf 1ç000 yHk 45 yHk?
uqD (oMum;) "mwf 1ç000 yHk 71 yHkeJY owåK
(tjcm;) "mwfypönf; 1ç000 yHk ESpfyHk yg&Sd
ygw,f/
rdcifErYkd mS ygwJh EdoYk Mum;"mwfu arG;uif;p
uav;i,ftwGuf cGeftm;udk jzpfay:apyg
w,f/ vIyf&Sm;rIawG? tyl"mwf xkwfvkyfrIawG
rSm oH;k pGMJ uygw,f/ rdcifErYkd mS yg&Sw d hJ tom;"mwf
uawmh trsKd;rsKd;ygyJ/ olYwm0efeJY olyg/ tcsKdU
uawmh uav;i,fBuD;xGm;zGHUNzKd;zkdY vdktyfwJh
ukefMurf;tjzpf toHk;csMuw,f/ tcsKdUuawmh
ukd,fcHtm;"mwftaeeJY uav;i,f&JU rzGHUNzKd;
ao;wJh ukd,fcHtm;tzGJUukd,fpm; a&m*gykd;rTm;
&efrS umuG,fay;Muw,f/ tcsKdUu ukd,fwGif;
"mwk jzpfysufrIawGtwGuf vdktyfwJh "mwful
ypönf;awG jzpfygw,f/
txl;ojzifh rdcifEdkYrSmyg&SdwJh tom;"mwf
wpfrsKd; (Alpha Lactalbumin) [m tjcm;"mwf
wpfrsKd; (Oleic Acid) eJY aygif;pyfNyD; tzktusdwf
(uifqm) uvmyfpnf;rsm;&SdcJh&if okwfoif
6
zsufqD;ay;r,fh "mwfwpfrsKd; jzpfvmygw,f/
wpf e nf ; tm;jzif h uif f q mumuG , f " mwf v d k Y
qdkEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ azmfjyygtmedoif[m rdcifEdkY
pk&Yd olrsm;twGuo f m jzpfygw,f/ rdcifEw Ykd pfrsK;d
wnf;ukd ajcmufvxuf ykpd cYdk iG &hf ol uav;i,f
awGrSm aoG;uifqmwpfrsKd; (Acute Lympho-
cytic Leukemia) jzpfEkdifajc 20 &mckdifEIef;eJY
tjcm;aoG ; uif q mwpf r sKd ; (Acute Myeloid
Leukemia) jzpfEdkifajc 15 &mckdifEIef; oufom
apEkdifygw,f/
rdcifEdkYcsKd[m &ifom;xJu xGufvmwmqkdk
ayr,fh oefYraeygbl;/ olYrSm tPkZD0ykd;rTm;
trsKd;aygif; 600 cefYtxd yg&Sdaewwfygw,f/
olwdkY[m tpmvrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufrSm
ae&m,lMur,fh rdwfaqGykd;u trsm;pkyg&Sdyg
w,f/ 'ghtjyif rdcifEdkYrSmygwJh oD;oefYoMum;
"mwfwpfrsKd;[m uav;i,f&JUtlu rauscsuf
Ed k i f a yr,f h tl v rf ; aMumif ; wpf a vQmuf r S m
rdwfaqGykd;rTm;rsm; ae&m,lrIukd tultnDay;
ygw,f/ tEÅ&m,fjzpfapr,fh a&m*gykd;rTm;awG
ae&mr,lEkdifatmif ae&mOD;xm;ovdkygyJ/
ckcHtm;us a&m*gykd;vdk ul;pufa&m*gykd; &Sdaeol
qdk&ifawmh rdcifEYdk rwku d o
f ihyf gbl;/ rdcifErYdk S
wpfqifh uav;i,fqD a&m*gyk;d awG ul;pufomG ;
EkdifvkdYyg/
2012 ck E S p f x k w f ? uav;aq;ynm
pmapmif (Pediatrics) ? twGJ 129 rSm azmfjy
xm;wJh avhvmcsuft& rdcifEdkYukd av;vxuf
yk d N yD ; aomuf p k d Y c G i f h & ol uav;i,f r sm;[m
touf & S L vrf ; aMumif ; atmuf y k d i f ; a&m*g
ul;pufcH&r,fhab;rS 72 &mckdifEIef; uif;a0;
apygw,f / tenf ; qH k ; ajcmuf v rd c if E d k Y
csnf ; pk d Y & ol uav;i,f a wG r S m jyif ; xef w J h
tat;ywfjcif;? em;? vnfacsmif; ul;pufa&m*g
&ifaoG;i,fwdkYtwGuf
jzpfyGm;jcif;wdkYukd 63 &mckdifEIef; enf;yg;wm
awGU&SdcJhMuygw,f/ rdcifEdkYpkdYcGifh&ol uav;i,f
Ed k Y r I e f Y a wG
rsm;[m EdkYjzwfNyD; ESpfvMumonftxd tpm
vrf ; aMumif ; ul ; puf a &m*g jzpf y G m ;rI 64 b,fvkdaumif;aumif;
&mckdifEIef; avsmhenf;apw,fvkdY qdkygw,f/
rd c if E d k Y u k d

rrDEdkifygbl;/

&if a oG ; i,f & J U

ukd,fwGif;jzpfysufaerIrsm;twGuf

vkdtyfcsufeJY udkufnDwJh

"mwfobm0ypönf;awG

rdcifEw
Ykd pfrsK;d wnf;ukd oH;k av;vMum wdu
auR;&if a wmif "mwf r wnf h v k d Y j zpf w wf w J h
yef;em&ifusyfa&m*g (Asthma)? ESif;cla&m*g
(Eczema) jzpfEdkifajc 27 &mckdifEIef;? tpm
vrf;aMumif;a&mifum 0rf;ysuf0rf;avQmjcif;
jzpfEdkifajc 31 &mckdifEIef; avsmhenf;apEdkifyg
w,f/ rdcifEdkY rpkdY&olrsm;eJY EIdif;,SOfavhvmrI
t& rdcifEdkY pkdYcGifh&olawG[m t&G,fa&mufwJh
tcg t0vG e f E d k i f a jc 30 &mck d i f E I e f ; txd
enf;yg;apygw,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdcifEdkY
pk&Yd olawG[m t0vGerf I odoo d mom avsmeh nf;
apwJh oabmyg/
rd c if E d k Y r S m
k f
yg0ifaeygw,f/
1983 ckESpfrS 2005 ckESpftxd avhvmrI
av;ckt& vraphbJarG;vmol uav;i,frsm;
teuf rdcifEdkYpkdYcGifh&olawG[m tlvrf;aMumif;
a&mifum ysufpD;rI (Necrotizing Enterocoli-
tis) jzpfyGm;Edkifajc 58 &mckdifEIef; enf;yg;wwf
MuNyD; wpfESpfatmufuav;i,f ½kwfw&uf
aoqH;k jcif; jzpfEikd af jc 36 &mckid Ef eI ;f avsmeh nf;
apw,fvkdY qdkygw,f/ tdyaf epOf aoqHk;wwf
7
wmjzpfNyD; ajcmufvatmufuav;i,fawGrSm
jzpf w wf y gw,f / tjzpf t rsm;qH k ; uawmh
oHk;veJY av;vt&G,f uav;i,fawGrSmyg/
ynm&S i f w d k Y \ wG u f c suf r I r sm;t&
tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd rdciftm;vHk;&JU 90 &mckdifEIef;
om rdcifEdkYwpfrsKd;wnf;ukd rdrdwdkY&ifaoG;i,f
tm; wk d u f a uR;apr,f q d k & if wpf E S p f u k d
wpfESpfatmuf uav;i,faygif; 900 cefY
aoqHk;rIrS wm;qD;Edkifvdrfhr,fvkdY qdkygw,f/
urÇmhuav;i,f aoqHk;aerI&JU 90 &mckdifEIef;
cefY jzpfyGm;aewJh zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiH 42 EkdifiHrSm
rd c if E k d Y w pf r sKd ; wnf ; uk d ajcmuf v Mumwk d u f
auR;NyD; wpfESpfjynfhrS EdkYjzwfr,fqdk&if ESpfpOf
wpf E S p f a tmuf u av;i,f wpf o ef ; ausmf
aoqH k ; aerI u k d wm;qD ; Ed k i f r S m jzpf y gw,f /
'Dta&twGuf[m urÇmhuav;i,f aoqHk;rI
13 &mckdifEIef;ukd umuG,fEdkifr,fhoabmyg/
rd c if E d k Y w k d u f a uR;jcif ; [m qD ; csKd a &m*g
jzpfyGm;rIrSvnf; tumtuG,f jzpfapEkdifyg
w,f/ rdcifEdkYwpfrsKd;wnf;udk tenf;qHk; oHk;v
avmuf wdkufauR;zkdYawmh vkdygw,f/ uav;
b0rS pwifjzpfyGm;wwfwJh qD;csKdtrsKd;tpm;
trSwfwpfckukd 30 &mckdifEIef;txd wm;qD;Ekdif
w,fvYdk qdyk gw,f/ trsK;d tpm;wpf qD;csKad &m*g
qdkwmu aoG;csKdxdef;"mwf (Insulin) xkwf
uvmyfpnf;rsm; ysufpD;oGm;wJhtwGuf aoG;
tcsKd"mwfukd rxdef;xm;EdkifvdkY qD;csKdvm&wJh
a&m*gyg/ 'Da&m*gjzpf&ifawmh tckcsdeftxd
wpfoufvHk; aoG;csKdxdef;"mwfukd aeYpOfxkd;ay;
&rSm jzpfygw,f/
rdcifEdkYtpm; EdkYrIefYawG wkdufauR;wJhtcg
olYxJygwJh EGm;tom;"mwfwpfrsKd; (Beta-Lac-
8
toglobulin) u uav;i,f&UJ uk,
d cf t
H m;tzGUJ ukd
vIHYaqmfrdwwfMuw,f/ ukd,fcHtm;tzGJUu
tqdkyg EGm;tom;"mwfukd wdkufckduf&if;eJY
aoG;csKdxdef;"mwfxkwf uvmyfpnf;rsm;ukd
rS m ;,G i f ; zsuf q D ; rd w wf M uygw,f / 'D t cg
aoG;csKdxdef;"mwf rxGufawmhbJ qD;csKda&m*g
pjzpfvmygawmhw,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrd&ifaoG;
trsKd ; tpm;trS w f w pf qD ; csKd a &m*g
jzpfyGm;jcif;rS txkduftavsmuf tumtuG,f
&ap&ef rdcifEdkYwpfrsKd;wnf;ukdom tenf;qHk;
oHk;vqufwkduf wkdufauR;apoifhygw,f/
'ghtjyif trsKd;tpm;trSwfESpf qD;csKda&m*g
jzpfyGm;Ekdifajcukdvnf; 40 &mckdifEIef;txd
avsmhenf;apaMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;
&Sdaew,fvkdY qdkygw,f/
&ifaoG;i,fwdkYtwGuf EdkYrIefYawG b,fvkd
aumif ; aumif ; rd c if E d k Y u k d rrD E d k i f y gbl ; /
&if a oG ; i,f & J U uk d , f w G i f ; jzpf y suf a erI r sm;
twGuf vkdtyfcsufeJY udkufnDwJh "mwfobm0
ypönf;awG rdcifEdkYrSm yg0ifaeygw,f/ rdcifu
tm[m&txkduftavsmuf csKdUwJh&ifawmif
rdcifEdkYrSmygwJh "mwfobm0 tcsKd;tpm;awGu
xl;Ny;D rajymif;vJwwfMuygbl;/ rdcifEu Ykd dk zefw;D
&mrSm &ifom;&Sd Edx Yk wk u
f vmyfpnf;rS zefw;D ay;
wJh "mwfypönf;? rdcifpm;aomufvkdufwJh tpm;
tpmrS&wJh tm[m&"mwfeJY rdcifukd,fwGif;
okdavSmifodrf;qnf;xm;wJh "mwfypönf;awG
aygif;pyfjzpfay:vmwmyg/ rdcifukd,fwkdifu
tm[m& wm&SnfcsKdUwJhvdkY odkrSD;odrf;qnf;
xm;wJh "mwfypönf;awG enf;yg;ae&ifawmh
Ed k Y & J U t&nf t aoG ; usqif ; Ek d i f y gvd r f h r ,f /
'grS r [k w f & if a wmh awmf ½ H k w ef ½ H k e J Y rd c if E k d Y
t&nftaoG; avsmhusrSm r[kwfygbl;/
awG[m EGm;uav;awGeo YJ m oifah vsmyf gw,f/
&ifaoG;i,ftwGuf tcefYroifh&if qkd;usKd;jzpf
ay:vmapEdik yf gw,f/ rdcifEw Ykd u
dk af uR;zdYk cufcJ
aeNyD; vdktyfwJhtcsdefrdkY EdkYrIefYukd tpm;xkd;
wdkufauR;wmuvGv J Ydk jzpfEikd &f if rdcifEkdYuo dk m
&ifaoG;i,fajcmufvwdkif wdkufauR;ay;oifhyg
w,f/
tESpfcsKyf&&if rdcifEdkYrSmyg0ifwJh "mwf
ypönf;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkY[m &ifaoG;i,f
wdkYukd a&m*gykd;rTm;rsm;&efrS umuG,fay;Edkif
ygw,f/ ukd,fcHtm;tzGJU cGeftm;jynfh0vmap
zkdY? yHkrSefwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifzkdY taxmuftul
jyKay;Muygw,f/ &ifaoG;i,f BuD;xGm;zGHUNzKd;NyD;
udk,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;wdkY zGHUNzKd;vmaprIudk
tm;ay;ulnMD uw,f/ uk, d w
f iG ;f rdwaf qG tPk
ZD 0 yk d ; rT m ;0ef ; usif u k d zef w D ; ay;Muygw,f /
'gaMumifh rdrd&ifaoG;i,frsm; usef;rmoefpGrf;
NyD; aemufykdif;rSm qD;csKda&m*g? t0vGefa&m*g
awG rjzpfyGm;apzkdY rdcifEdkYcsKdwpfrsKd;wnf;ukdom
tenf;qH;k ajcmufvwku d af uR;Ny;D wpfEpS jf ynfrh S
EdkYjzwfoifhygw,fvkdY tBuHjyKwkdufwGef;vdkuf&yg
w,f/

&ifaoG;i,fwt Ykd wGuf vdt k yfwhJ tm[m&? a'gufwm jrifo

h ef; (trsK;d om;pmayqk&)
ukd,fcHtm;"mwf? ukd,fcHtm; uvmyfpnf;xdef;
tcsKUd ? "mwfuyl pön;f (Enzymes) ? xde;f nd"§ mwf
(Hormones) wdYk yg&Sv d Ydk rdcifE[
Ykd m taumif;qH;k
ygyJ/ b,fjznfhpGufEdkYrIefYrSmrS azmfjyyg "mwf Ref: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human
ypönf;wdkY ryg&SdEdkifygbl;/ EGm;EdkY[m EGm;uav; Milk
Pediatrics, March, 2012.
twGuf rdcifEGm;ru zefwD;ay;xm;wmyg/
EGm;EdkYeJY xkwfvkyfvkdufwJh EkdYrIefY&Sd "mwfypönf;

9
 rdcifEdkY&nfMunfonf arG;uif;puav;i,ftwGuf taumif;qHk; umuG,f
aq;jzpf a Mumif ; ? arG ; uif ; prS touf a jcmuf v t&G , f t xd rd c if E d k Y
wpfrsKd;wnf;ukdom wdkufauR;oifhaMumif;? EdkYcsKdwkdufauR;jcif;jzifh rdcifESifh
&ifaoG;Mum; arwåm"mwf ykdrkdBuD;rm;vmaMumif;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;\
touf & S i f o ef c G i f h tcG i f h t a&;twG u f tjynf h t 0 umuG , f a y;&rnf
jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
vlom;rsm;xJrS vlom;rsm;yifjzpfonhf uav;oli,frsm;wGif t"dutajccH tcGihfta&;
av;ck&dSonf/ touf&Sifoefusef&pfcGihf (Survival Rights) ? zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufcGihf (Development
Rights) ? umuG , f a pmih f a &S m uf r I & yk d i f c G i h f (Protection Rights) ES i f h yg0if a qmif & G u f c G i h f
(Participation Rights) wkYd jzpfonf/ tqky d gtcGit fh a&;rsm;teufrS uav;rsm;twGuf ta&;Bu;D qH;k

10
jzpf o nh f tcG i h f t a&;rS m touf & S i f o ef cHpm;Mu&í aMumuf&GHUjcif;uif;pGm pdwfykdif;
usef&pfcGihfjzpfonf/ qkdif&m vHkNcKHrIrsm;jzihf BuD;jyif;vmMurnfvnf;
jzpf o nf / rd c if E d k Y & nf wk d u f a uR;jcif ; onf
uav;ol i ,f u k d usef ; rmoef p G r f ; aponf
omru wkdufauR;olrdcifukdvnf; usef;rmap
Ekdifonf[k aq;ynm&Sifrsm;u qkdxm;onf/
qkv d odk nfrmS rdcifE&Ydk nf wku d af uR;onht f wGuf
rdcifa&m uav;yg usef;rmapEkdifonhf tusKd;
aus;Zl; &&dScHpm;Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/
ok d Y & mwG i f wpf c gwpf & H taMumif ;
touf&Sifoefusef&pfcGihf wpfenf;tm; trsKd ; rsKd ; aMumih f rd c if E k d Y w k d u f a uR;jcif ; ES i h f
jzihf touf&SifoefcGihf (Right to Life) [kvnf; pyfvsO;f Ny;D tcuftcJrsm; BuKH awGU&wwfonf/
qkdMuonf/ uav;rsm;twGuf touf&Sifoef taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm rdcifjzpfol\ yifukdrlv
use&f rSd I tcGit fh a&;wGif t"duta&;Bu;D qH;k rSm usef;rma&; raumif;jcif;? uav;\zcifjzpfol
usef;rma&; apmihfa&SmufrIukd cHpm;&&dSEkdifcGihf okrYd [kwf tbk;d tbGm;rsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;u
jzpfonf/ vlaY vmuokYd pwifcsi;f eif;0ifa&muf rdcifEdkY&nfwpfrsKd;wnf;onf uav;twGuf
cgp Eke,fvGef;vSonhf arG;uif;puav;rsm; tm[m&rvH k a vmuf [ k xif j rif a eMujcif ; ?
twGuf use;f rma&;apmihaf &SmufrrI mS rdcifE&Ydk nf rdcifjzpfoo l nf tvkyw f m0efxrf;aqmifaeol
wpfpuf jzpfonf/ jzpf y gu rD ; zG m ;NyD ; cG i h f & uf j ynh f o nf E S i h f
rd c if E d k Y & nf w pf p uf o nf arG ; zG m ;vmp vk y f i ef ; cG i f o k d Y jyef v nf 0 if a &muf & jcif ;
uav;i,fwpfa,muftwGuf tvGefwefzkd; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
&dSovkd &SifoefzkdY&m toufaoG;aMumvnf; okdYaomfvnf; rdrd\uav;udk rdcifEkdY
jzpfonf/ a&m*gb,umuG,f&efESihf usef;rm wkdufauR;rnf? rauR;rnfukd qHk;jzwfEkdifcGihf
oefpGrf; ÓPf&nfzGHUNzKd; wkd;wuf&eftwGuf &dSolonf rdcifomvQifjzpfonhftwGuf rdrd
uav;i,frsm;ukd yxrqHk; rdcifEkdY&nfMunf uav;twGuf trSefyif tusKd;aus;Zl; BuD;rm;
wkdufauR;ay;&efESihf toufajcmufvtxd onh f rd c if E k d Y & nf u k d rjzpf r ae wk d u f a uR;
rjzpfrae rdcifEdkY&nf wdkufauR;&ef ta&;BuD; oihfayonf/ rdcifwpfa,muftaeESihf rdrd\
onf[k q&m0efrsm;u qkdxm;onf/ uav;i,ftwGuf taumif;qHk;a&G;cs,frI
rdcifEdkY&nfMunfonf uav;rsm;twGuf vnf ; jzpf o nf / Ek d Y & nf w k d u f a uR;csd e f w G i f
taumif;qHk; umuG,faq;vnf; jzpfonf/ uav;i,f u k d aEG ; axG ; rI a y;jcif ; jzih f
uav;rsm;onf rdcifEdkY&nfaomufoHk;aecsdef uav;i,fESihf rdciftMum; cspfcif&if;ESD;rIukd
wGif aEG;axG;rI? pdwfykdif;qkdif&m vHkNcKHrIwkdY wnfaqmufEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
11
 zG H U NzKd ; qJ E k d i f i H r sm;wG i f uav;i,f r sm;
aoqHk;rI avQmhcsEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;rsm;
&SmazGpOf;pm;Mu&mwGif arG;zGm;pOfrS tenf;qHk;
ajcmufvt&G,ftxd rdcifEkdY&nfwkdufauR;
jcif ; jzih f aoqH k ; rI E I e f ; avsmh u satmif
aqmif&Gufonhf enf;vrf;vnf; yg0ifonf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ touf&SifoefcGihf tcGihf
ta&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;vnf;
jzpfonf/ okdYtwGuf usef;rma&;apmihfa&SmufrI
ay;aeaom 0efxrf;rsm;? rdcifEiS u
rsm;ukd apmihfa&SmufaeMuaom tzJGUtpnf;
rsm;taejzihf aus;vufawme,frsm;ta&muf
oGm;a&mufí rdcifEkdYwkdufauR;jcif;\ tusKd;
aus;Zl ; rsm;uk d ynmay;aqmif & G u f M u&ef
vkdtyfonf/
rd cif Ek d Y &nf onf aps;BuD ;ay; 0,fp &m
rvk d o nh f t jyif aps;BuD ; ay;0,f & onh f
tjyifEkdYrIefYrsm;xuf tm[m&"mwfvnf; ykdrkd
jynhf0pGm yg0ifonf/ rdcifEkdYwkdufauR;jcif;
aMumihf aiGaMu;oD;oefY ukefusjcif;r&dSonhf
twGuf 0ifaiGenf;yg;onhf rdom;pkrsm;twGuf
pD;yGm;a&;t& wGufajcukdufonf/
uav;i,fukd tcsdefra&G;? ae&mra&G;
uav;Akdufqmonhf tcsdefwkdif; vG,fulpGm
wkdufauR;EkdifonhftwGuf uav;a&m rdcifyg
tqif ajyaponf / ta&;BuD ;qHk; tcsufr Sm
rdcifEkdY&nfonf tpmaMuvG,fNyD; 0rf;csKyfjcif;?
0rf ; avQmjcif ; rsm; rjzpf a pbJ uav;uk d
usef;rmaponf qkdonhftcsufukd rdcifwkdif;
odxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ usef;rmonhfuav;ukd
yk d i f q k d i f x m;onh f r d o m;pk o nf rvJ G r aoG
aysmf&Tifonhfrdom;pk jzpfvmrnf/
fh av;oli,f 1924 ckESpf uav;oli,ftcGihfta&;
qkdif&m EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD;\ *sDeDAm
aMunmcsuf w G i f uav;ol i ,f w k d i f ; onf
½kyyf idk ;f qkid &f mESifh pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m zGUH NzK;d wk;d wufrI
twGuf vkdtyfaom taxmuftyHhrsm; &&dS
ap&rnf/ qmavmifiwfrGwfaeaom uav;
oli,fukd tpma&pmauR;arG;jcif;? emrusef;
jzpfaeaom uav;oli,fudk aq;ukoay;jcif;?
BuD; xGm;&ihfu sufr I aemufu saom uav;
oli,fukd tultnDay;jcif;? qkd;oGrf;uav;
oli,frsm;ukd jyefvnfjyKjyifay;jcif;? rdbrJhESihf
ckdukd;&mrJh uav;oli,frsm;ukd ckdvIH&m tul
tnD r sm;ay;jcif ; wk d Y u k d jyKvk y f a y;&rnf [ k
azmfjyxm;cJhonf/
tvm;wl uav;ol i ,f t cG i h f t a&;
qkdif&m tjynfjynfqkdif&mpmcsKyfwGifvnf;
uav;oli,frsm; use;f rma&;qkid &f m tjrihrf m;
qHk;aom pHcsdeftxd cHpm;Ekdif&ef vHkavmufNyD;
tm[m&"mwfjynhf0aom tpm;taomufrsm;
ESifh oefY&Sif;aomaomufa&rsm; oHk;pJGjcif;jzifh
a&m*gb,ESifh tm[m&csKUd wJrh u I dk wku d zf su&f ef
pmcsKyftzJGU0ifEkdifiHrsm;u aqmif&Guf&rnf[k
azmfjyxm;onf/
12

vGwfvyfpGm
arG;zGm;vmMuonhf
uav;oli,frsm;
usef ; rmzG H U NzKd ; ap&ef
rdbrsm;?
usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufay;onhf
0efxrf;rsm;ESihf tpkd;&wGif
tjynhft0
wm0ef&dSonf/
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHonf tjynfjynfqkdif&m
uav;oli,f tcGit fh a&;pmcsKyu
vuf r S w f a &;xk d ; xm;NyD ; jzpf y gu tqk d y g
pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ukd rvJGraoG taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&rnhf wm0ef&dSonf/
uav;oli,fwkdif; tcGihfta&;rsm;ukd tjynhf
t0 cHpm;Ekdifatmif tmrcHay;&rnf jzpfonf/
txl;ojzihf EkdifiH\tem*wftiftm;rsm;
jzpfonhf uav;oli,frsm; ½kyfykdif;qkdif&mESihf
pd w f y k d i f ; qk d i f & m usef ; rmzG H U NzKd ; pG m touf
&SifoefMu&rnhf tcGihfta&;ukd tjynhft0
jznh f q nf ; taumif t xnf a zmf a y;&rnf
jzpf o nf / Oyrm- Ek d i f i H a wmf r S arG ; uif ; p
uav;tygt0if uav;oli,frsm; aoqHk;rI
EI e f ; avQmh c sEk d i f a &; pD r H c suf r sm;csrS w f í
vk d t yf o nh f b@maiG a Mu;rsm; axmuf y H h
ay;jcif;? tm[m&rsm; jznhq f nf;wku d af uR;jcif;
wkdYukd aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf/
use;f rma&;apmihaf &SmufrrI sm;? 0efaqmifrI
rsm; tjynhft0&&dSatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufay;
&rnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf; pmcsKyftzGJU0if
EkdifiHjzpfonhftwGuf EkdifiHtwGif;&dS uav;
oli,frsm; ¤if;wk\ Yd tcGit fh a&;rsm; tjynht f 0
cHpm;&&dSEkdif&ef pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;twkdif;
taumif t xnf a zmf aqmif & G u f a y;&rnf
jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ touf&Sifoef
cG i h f t wG u f tjynh f t 0 umuG , f a y;&rnf
jzpfonf/
f dk twnfjyK
vGwfvyfpGm arG;zGm;vmMuonhf uav;
ol i ,f r sm; usef ; rmzG H U NzKd ; ap&ef rd b rsm;?
usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufay;onhf 0efxrf;rsm;
ESihf tpkd;&wGif tjynhft0 wm0ef&dSonf/
uav;oli,frsm; arG;uif;pESihf i,f&G,fpOf
wGif toufrqHk;½HI;apa&;? touf&SifoefcGihf
tygt0if tjcm;tcGihfta&;rsm; tjynhft0
cHpm;&&dSEkdifa&;? usef;rmNyD; ÓPf&nfzGHUNzKd;onhf
uav;oli,frsm; ay:xGef;vma&;wkdYtwGuf
13
uav;i,f\b0tp pwif&Sifoef touf
&Snfaprnhf rdcifEdkY&nfwkdufauR;jcif;rSonf
uav;i,frsm;twGuf tjcm;aom jynhfpHk
aumif;rGefonhf 0efaqmifrIrsm;jzihf uav;
oli,frsm;ukd 0kdif;0ef;apmihfa&SmufMu&rnf
jzpfonf/
taMumif ; rS m usef ; rmoef p G r f ; NyD ;
ÓPf&nfzGHUNzKd;onhf uav;oli,frsm;onf
wkid ;f jynf\tem*wftwGuf arQmv f ihcf su?f rdb
rsm;twGuf arQmfvifhcsufESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;
rsm;twGuf arQmfvihfcsuf tvif;a&mifrsm;
jzpfonf/ rnfonhftaMumif;ESihfrQ uav;i,f
rsm;\touf rqH;k ½H;I apa&; BuK;d yrf;aqmif&u G f
Mu&ayrnf/
a'guf w m ck d i f c k d i f 0 if ;

[m o
cEÅ D y g&rD
pdefYyDwm/ / ]]rif ; ud k ed A Á m ef b H k
xJ u k d bmaMumif h
0ifcGifhjyKoifhovJ}}
uREkfyf/ / ] ] w p f c g w k e f ; u
uReaf wmf&h UJ vkyaf zmf
uk d i f z uf w pf O D ; u
tpnf;ta0;rSm
]]xifjrif,lqyg
w,f}} vkdY ckepfBudrf
ajymwmukd uReaf wmf
rsKd;u olYukd onf;cH
cGifhjyKcJhygw,f}}
pdefYyDwm/ / ]]uJ- 0ifcJhawmh}}

armf (oefvsif)

14
 uk d , f 0 ef a qmif r d c if r sm;twG u f y#d o aE¨ E S i f h y wf o uf í csrS w f x m;
onf h Oya'rsm;uk d od &S d v dku fe mEkdi f& ef a&;om;xm;onf/

vl Y t ouf
- vlYtoufonf &cJbd\/
- vlYtouf&Sifa&;onf t"duta&;BuD;vS\/
- vlwkdif; touf&Sifvkd\/ touf&Snfvkd\/
- toufwpf&m rae&aomfvnf; trIwpf&m awGUBuKH&pNrJ jzpfyg\/

15
 - vlYukd,fukd xdckdufaom jypfrIrsm; (Of oHa,mZOf wG,fwm&onf/ wefzkd; rjzwfEdkif
Offences Affecting the Human Body) aomukd,f0ef jzpfygayonf/
[lí &mZowfBuD;Oya' tcef; (16)
wGif azmfjyxm;yg\/ uk d , f 0 ef y suf a pjcif ;
- vltY oufudk xdcu dk af om jypfrrI sm; (Of (Causing Miscarriage)
Offences Affecting Life) [l í vnf ; &mZowfBu;D Oya'yk'rf (312) wGif rnfol
xyfrHcGJjcm;azmfjyxm;yg\/ rqkd uk, d 0f efaqmifred ;f r\toufudk u,fq,f
- vlt
Y ouf[o l nf arG;onfrS aoonf vk d a om oabm½k d ; jzif h r [k w f b J uk d , f 0 ef
txd umvukd ac:Edkifyg\/ aqmifrdef;rukd ukd,f0efysufap&ef rdrdtvdk
- vlYtoufESifh Oya'tjrif wifjyyg& tavsmufjyKvQif xko d ul dk oH;k ESpt
f xd axmif'Pf
ap/ wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzpfap? aiG'Pfjzpfap? 'PfESpf&yfvHk;
jzpfap csrSwf&rnf/
rd e f ; ronf vI y f & S m ;aom uk d , f 0 ef E S i f h
jzpfvQif xko d u
l kd ckepfEpS t
f xd axmif'PfwpfrsK;d
rsKd; csrSwf&rnfhtjyif aiG'Pfvnf; csrSwfEdkif
onf/

&Sif;vif;csuf/ rdrd\ukd,f0efukd rdrdysuf

aponfh rdef;ronf þyk'fryg t"dyÜm,fwGif
tusKH;0ifonf/

tES p f o m&
yk'fr (312) onf ukd,f0efaqmifrdef;r\
touf u k d umuG , f v k d a om oabmjzif h
r[kwfbJ ukd,f0efzsufcsrI jzpfonf/ ukd,f0ef
uk d , f 0 ef aqmifrdef;ru rdrdukd,f0efukd zsufcsvQifvnf;
&if a oG ; i,f u av;rsm;\ b0onf þyk'fr\ &Sif;vif;csuft& tusKH;0ifonf/
uk d , f 0 ef j zif h pwif y gonf / uk d , f 0 ef o nf yk'fr (313) wGif ukd,f0efaqmifrdef;r\
rdcif\tvS jzpfonf/ ukd,f0efaqmif rdef;r oabmwlncD surf &Sb d J zsucf srt
I wGuf oD;jcm;
wpf a ,muf t wG u f rd r d \ cspf c if z G , f jypf'Pf owfrw S xf m;aomaMumifh yk'rf (312)
&ifaoG;i,fudk uk, d 0f efv,
G o
f nft
h csed rf S pwif onf xkdrdef;r\oabmwlnDcsufjzifh zsufcs
í jrwf E d k ; &onf / cspf c if & onf / rd c if jcif;ESifhom oufqkdifonf/

16
 tpk d ; &u cef Y x m;onf h aq;tzG J U \
axmufcHcsufr&SdbJ rdef;rukd ukd,f0efr&Sdatmif
cGJpdwfay;olESifh cGJpdwfcHolrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;?
a,musmf ;ukd y#doaE¨ray;Edik af tmif cGpJ w
d af y;
olESifh cGJpdwfcHolrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; ta&;,l
tjypfay;&ef yk'fr 312 (u) rS (C) txd
jznfhpGufxm;onf/
rd e f ; ruk d y#d o aE¨ rwnf E d k i f a tmif
cGJpdwfukojcif; (Starilization of a Woman
by Surgery)
yk'fr 312 (u) wGif rnfolrqkd rdef;r
wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ ukd,f okdYr[kwf pdwf
use;f rma&;twGuf xkrd ed ;f rukd y#doaE¨ rwnf
Edkifatmif cGJpdwfuko&ef vkdtyfaMumif;jzifh þ
udpötvkdYiSm tpkd;&u cefYxm;onfhtzGJUu
axmufcjH cif;r&Sb d J xkrd ed ;f rukd y#doaE¨ rwnf
Edkifatmif wrifcGJpdwfukojcif;udk tjypfay;
aom Oya'yk'fr jzpfonf/
a,musf m ;
a,musmf ;ukd y#doaE¨ ay;Edik pf rG ;f r&Sdatmif
cGJpdwfukojcif; (Starilization of a man by Sur-
gery) rSm &mZowfBuD;Oya'yk'fr 312 (c)
t& tjypf&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
cG J p d w f u k o jcif ; uk d cH , l j cif ;
rnfolrqkd rdrd\ukd,f okdYr[kwf pdwf
usef;rma&;twGuf rdrdukd y#doaE¨ rwnfEdkif
atmifaomfvnf;aumif;? y#doaE¨ay;EdkifpGrf;
r&Sdatmifaomfvnf;aumif; cGJpdwfuko&ef
vkdtyfaMumif;jzifh þudpötvkdYiSm tpkd;&u
17
cefYxm;onfhtzGJUu axmufcHjcif;r&SdbJ xkdokdY
cGJpdwfukoonfukd rdrdoabmtavsmuf cH,l
ygu yk'rf 312 (*) t& tjypf&o
dS nf[k azmfjy
jy|mef;xm;onf/
quf p yf y k ' f r rsm;
y#d o aE¨ r wnf E d k i f a tmif ok d Y r [k w f
y#doaE¨ ay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdatmif cGJpdwfukojcif;
aMumif h aoqH k ; rI (yk ' f r 312-C)?
ukd,f0efaqmifrdef;ru oabmrwlbJ ukd,f0ef
ysufapjcif; (yk'fr 313)? ukd,f0efysufap&ef
tBuHESifhjyKaom jyKvkyfrIjzifh aoapjcif; (yk'fr
314)? uav;t&Sif arG;zGm;jcif;ukd wm;qD;&ef
tBuHjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? arG;zGm;NyD;aemuf
aoap&eftBuHjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfrI
wpf c k j yKjcif ; (yk ' f r 315)? vI y f & S m ;aom
ukd,f0ef&Sd trd0rf;wGif;uav; (Unborn Child)
ukd aoapjcif; (yk'fr 316)? rdbu okdYr[kwf
xdef;odrf;olu touf 12 ESpfatmuf uav;
ukd pGefYypfjcif; (yk'fr 317)? uav;tavmif;
udk wdwfwqdwf azsmufzsufjcif;jzifh arG;zGm;
onf u k d xd r f c sef j cif ; (yk ' f r 318) wk d Y r S m
arG; uif; p uav;oli ,fr sm;ukd Oya't&
tumtuG,fay;aom qufpyfOya'yk'frrsm;
jzpfMuonf/
 Oya'rsm;
arG;onfrS aoonftxd 1/ The Lunarcy Act (1912)
2/ The Myanmar Medical Degree Act
vlYtoufwpfacsmif; &Sifoefí (1916)
3/ The Poisons Act (1919)
usef;rma&;tjzmjzm 4/ The Geneva Convention Implement-
ing Act (1936)
cH p m;&&S d E d k i f a p&ef 5/ 1972 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
jynf o l Y u sef ; rma&;qk d i f & mOya'
wnfqJjy|mef;Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD (Oya'trSwf 1^1972)
6/ jref r mEd k i f i H rd c if E S i f h u av;
tav;ay;
apmif h a &Sm uf a &;toif ; Oya'
aqmif&GufoGm;oifhygaMumif;ESifh (21^1990)
7/ trsKd;om;aq;0g;Oya' (7^1992)
jynfolYusef;rma&;twGuf 8/ jref r mEd k i f i H trsKd ; om;tk d v H y pf
aumifpDOya' (6^1993)
w&m;Oya'tumtuG,fonf 9/ ul;pufa&m*grsm; umuG,Ef rdS ef if;a&;
Oya' (1^1995)
ta&;wBuD; 10/ rsuf p d v S L 'gef ; jcif ; qk d i f & mOya'
(2^1996)
vdktyfvSygaMumif; ... 11/ wkdif;&if;aq;0g;rsm;Oya'
(7^1996)
12/ trsKd ; om;tpm;taomuf O ya'
(5^1997)
usef ; rma&;ES i f h tm;upm;0ef B uD ; Xme 13/ wkdif;&if;aq;aumifpDOya'
usef ; rma&;ES i f h tm;upm;0ef B uD ; Xme (2^2000)
onf atmuf y gOya' (23) rsKd ; jzif h 14/ aoG;ESifh aoG;ypönf;qdkif&mOya'
wm0ef c H a qmif & G u f a eaom 0ef B uD ; Xme (1^2003)
jzpfonf/ &ifaoG;i,frsm;twGuf use;f rma&; 15/ aq;vd y f E S i f h a q;&G u f B uD ; xG u f
apmifha&SmufrIrsm;qdkif& m vk y f i ef ; trsKd ; rsKd ; ypönf; aomufoHk;rI xdef;csKyfa&;
ukdvnf; wm0ef,laqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ Oya' (5^2006)

18
 16/ yk*¾vdu usef;rma&;vkyfief;qdkif&m ]]&ifaoG;i,frsm;twGuf rdcifEdkYonfom
Oya' (5^2007) ta&;BuD;aom ukd,fcH"mwfpmjzpfaMumif;}}
17/ jrefrmEdkifiH oGm;ESifhcHwGif;qdkif&m usef;rma&;A[kokwESifh odaumif;p&mrsm;udk
aq;aumifpDOya' (12^2011) jzefYa0ay;vsuf&SdaMumif; Mum;od&onf/
18/ xdckduf'Pf&m&&Sdaom ta&;ay: xkdrQru jynfoltaygif; usef;rmzGHUNzKd;
vlemukd ulnDapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh wd k ; wuf & ef (arG ; onf r S aoonf t xd )
ukojcif;qdkif&mOya' (53^2014) vl Y t ouf & S i f o ef a &; usef ; rma&;twG u f
19/ jref r mEd k i f i H aq;aumif p D O ya' usef ; rma&;ES i f h tm;upm;0efBuD;Xmeonf
(26^2015) vk y f i ef ; toG , f o G , f u k d aqmif & G u f v suf
20/ jref r mEd k i f i H ol e mjyKES i f h om;zG m ; &Sdonf/ usef;rma&;ESifh Oya'onf tpOftNrJ
aumifpDOya' (27^2015) qufpyf'GefwGJaeonf/
21/ vlO;D a&wk;d yGm;EIe;f xde;f ndj§ cif;qdik &f m
usef ; rma&;apmif h a &S m uf r I O ya' wif j ycsuf
(28^2015) arG ; onf r S aoonf t xd vl Y t ouf
22/ jrefrmEdkifiH MuufajceDtoif;Oya' wpfacsmif; &Sifoeffí usef;rma&;tjzmjzm
(52^2015) cHpm;&&SdEdkifap&ef wnfqJjy|mef;Oya'rsm;ESifh
23/ ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif; vSL'gef;jcif; tnD tav;ay; aqmif&u G of mG ;oifyh gaMumif;
qkdif&m Oya' (58^2015) ESifh jynfolYusef;rma&;twGuf w&m;Oya'
«31-12-2016 txd jzpfygonf/» tumtuG,fonf ta&;wBuD; vdktyfvSyg
aMumif; tBuHjyKwifjytyfygonf/
&if a oG ; i,f r sm;twG u f rd c if E d k Y

OD; [efñ Ge fY (Oya')

&nf ñ T e f ;
1/ jynfaxmifpka&SUaecsKyf½Hk;rS xkwfa0
aom Oya'aygif;csKyfrsm;
2/ aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;
3/ &mZowfBuD;

19
 trsm;yk d i f u k r Ü P D B uD ; rsm;wG i f &if ; ES D ; jr§ K yf E S H v k d o l r sm;twG u f pawmh
&S , f , mrsm;ES i f h y wf o uf í od &S d x m;&rnf h taMumif ; t&mrsm;uk d
a&;om;xm;onf /

t&if;tESD;twGuf tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk xkwfa0onfh trsm;ydkifukrÜPDu yxrOD;pGm

a&mif;csonfh tpk&S,f,maps;EIef;onf ukrÜPDu owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif;om jzpfonf/
,if;&S,f,mudk tpk&S,f,mydkif&Sifu jyefa&mif;vQif tpk&S,f,ma&mif;0,fa&; aps;uGuf (Stock
Exchange) ESifh aumifwmrSwpfqifh a&mif;csjcif;pepfwGif (Over the Counter-OTC) a&mif;cs&
onf/ a&mif;aps;onf aps;uGufaygufaps; jzpfonf/
EdkifiHwpfcktwGif; trsm;ydkifukrÜPDrsm; pkpnf;a&mif;0,faeonfh tpk&S,f,maps;uGufonf
EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIyHk&dyftay: &S,f,m&Sif EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;\ cH,lcsufoabmxm;
20
rsm;udk wdkif;wmaeonfh t&if;tESD;aps;uGuf owfrSwfcsufonf rSwfyHkwifcGifhjyKxm;aom
jrifuiG ;f wpfcyk if jzpfonf/ &S,, f maps;EIe;f rsm; rwnfaiG&if; (Authorized Capital) jzpfonf/
jrifhwufaevQif pD;yGm;a&;ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;\ ,if ; cG i f h j yKxm;onf h rwnf a iG & if ; ud k
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;rGef? tusKd;tjrwf&&SdaeNyD; ukrÜPDonf wpfcgwnf; &S,f,mrsm; xkwfa0
wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefaeonfh yHk&dyfudk a&mif;csjcif; jyKvkyfavhr&Sdyg/ vkyfief;vdktyf
azmfaqmifonf/ trsm;jynfolrsm;u tpk oavmuf o m tpk & S , f , mrsm; xk w f a 0
&S,f,mrsm; ydkrdk0,f,lí t&if;tESD;toGif a&mif;csEdkifonf/ þodkY xkwfa0a&mif;csjcif;
ajymif ; ay;Ed k i f j cif ; onf &S , f , maps;EI e f ; udk xkwfa0aom rwnfaiG&if; (Issued Capi-
jrifhwufjcif;\ oauFwjzpfonfh xkwfvkyfrI tal) [k owfrSwfonf/
vkyfief; wdk;wufjcif;? ta&mif;t0,frsm;
wd k ; wuf a ejcif ; vu© P mud k aqmif o nf /
wpfenf; EdkifiHhpD;yGm;wdk;wufaejcif; jzpfonf/
t&if ; tES D ; aps;uG u f t wG i f ; tpk & S , f , m
aygufaps;ESifh wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;qufpyfrI
onf aps;uGufñTefudef; (Stock Market Index)
rsm;t& wdkif;wmxkwfazmf ajymqdkEdkifonf/
,if;odYk xkwaf 0vdu k af om rwnfaiG&if;rS
&S, f, mrsm;udk tcsde ft uefYt owf wpfc k
twGi;f &S,, f m0,f,v l o kd ?l avQmufxm;olrsm;
udk cGaJ 0a&mif;csay;vdu k v f Qif xdt
k pk&,
S ,f mudk
xnfh0ifxm;aom rwnfaiG&if; (Allotment
Share Capital) [k owfrSwfonf/
vufawGUe,fy,fwGif xnfh0ifxm;aom
rwnfaiG&if;udk tpk&S,f,m0,f,lolrsm;u
&S,, f m owfrw S w f efz;kd udk tjynft h 0 ay;oGi;f
&onf r[kwfyg/ tpk&S,f,m avQmufxm;
&mwGif avQmufvTmESifhtwl ay;oGif;&rnfhaiG
ESifh cGJa0csxm;NyD;aemuf ay;oGif;&rnfhaiG
rsm;udk &mcdik Ef eI ;f jzifh owfrw S xf m;MuNy;D useaf iG
trsm;ydkifukrÜPDwpfck\ oif;zGJUrSwfwrf; udk tvDvDxyfrHí &mcdkifEIef;jzifh awmif;ac:
wGif tpk&S,f,mrsm;jzifh cGJpdwfowfrSwfxm; onf/ yxrawmif;ac:aiG? 'kwd,awmif;ac:
aom rwnf a iG & if ; &S d o nf / ,if ; aiG & if ; aiG ? aemuf q H k ; awmif ; ac:aiG (Final Call)
21
ponfjzifh trnfwyfí awmif;ac:avh&o dS nf/ trnfay;í ay;&efwm0ef uefYowfxm;jcif;
awmif;ac:onft h cg tpk&, S , f m&Sirf sm; tae udkvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufxm;&ayrnf/
jzifh rvGJraoGay;&rnf jzpfonf/ tpk&S,f,m
tay:wGif ta<u;tjzpf wnf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh &S,f,mwefzdk;
jzpfonf/ b@mESpfukefonfhtcsdefwGif tjynfh
t0 ray;oGif;&ao;bJ wcsKdUw0uf usef&SdEdkif tjynfht0
onf/ xkdusef&SdaiGudk awmif;ac:aiG a<u;usef ay;oG i f ; NyD ; aom
[k ac:qdkonf/
uk r Ü P D o d k Y a y;oG i f ; NyD ; uk r Ü P D u vnf ; tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk
&&SdNyD;jzpfaom tpk&S,f,mtwGuf &aiGrsm;udk wpfpkwnf; aygif;pnf;jzpfatmif
pay;oGif;NyD; rwnfaiG&if; (Paid - up Capi-
tal) [k owfrSwfonf/ aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;udk
odtYk wGuf ukrP Ü \D rwnfaiG&if;qdo k nfh pawmh[k ac:onf/
t"dyÜm,fudkzGifhqdkvQif cGifhjyKrwnfaiG&if;?
xkwfa0xm;aom rwnfaiG&if;? xnfh0ifxm; pawmh
aom rwnfaiG&if;ESifh ay;oGif;NyD; rwnfaiG rnfrQydkifqdkifonfudkvnf;
&if;wkdYudk cGJjcm;od&ef vdkayrnf/ vufawGU
e,fy,fwGif tac:ta0:rsm;udk odapvdkí ukrÜPDu
jzpfonf/ rjzpfrae ac:a0:vkyfaqmif&rnf oufaocHvufrSwf
[k rqdkvdkay/
tpk&, S ,
f m xnf0h ifxm;olonf awmif;ac: xkwfay;&onf/
aiG a <u;usef r sm;&S d v Qif owf r S w f x m;aom
aeY&uf? ae&mXmewGif ajyvnfatmif ay;oGi;f vufawGUwGif tpk&S,f,m twef;tpm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ trsK;d rsK;d cGx
J m;Edik af omfvnf; ,aeY jrefrmEdik if H
rawmif ; ac:&ao;aom aiG r sm;ud k ukrÜPDrsm;onf omreftpk&S,f,m twef;
awmif;ac:onfhaeYü ay;&efwm0ef &Sdonf/ tpm;wpfrsKd;om xm;Muonfudk trsm;qHk;
tu,fí ukrÜPDzsufodrf;&ef? ta<u;rsm; awGU&onf/ tavhtx enf;vGef;onf[kyif
ay;qyf&ef rvHak vmufonft h cgwGif rawmif; xifonf/ omreftpk&S,f,mtjyif OD;pm;ay;
ac:&ao;aom aiGrsm;udyk if ta<u;rsm; ay;qyf tpk & S , f , mrsm; xk w f a 0a&mif ; csaeonf h
Edkifatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf/ rdrd xnfh0ifxm; ukrÜPDrsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ omref&S,f,m?
onfh tpk&S,f,mwefzdk;xufydkí rnfonfh OD ; pm;ay;&S , f , m? aemuf c sef t pk & S , f , m?
enf;ESifhrQ ay;&efwm0efr&Sdojzifh vDrdwuf jyef v nf a &G ; ,l E d k i f a om OD ; pm;ay;&S , f , m
22
ponfjzifh owfrSwfxm;EdkifMuNyD; tpk&S,f,m
twef;tpm;toD;oD;ü tcGifhta&;trsKd;rsKd;
&&SEd ikd af p&ef ukrP Ü o D if;zGUJ rSww f rf;ESihf pnf;rsO;f
rsm;wGif jy|mef;azmfjyEdkifayonf/ jy|mef;xm;
onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; tvG,fwul
jyif q if a jymif ; vJ E d k i f j cif ; rjyKvk y f E d k i f o nf h cGJpdwfa&mif;csEdkifonf ponfjzifh jcm;em;csuf
twGuf ay;xm;onhf tcGit hf a&;rsm; rxdcu
ap&ef tumtuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf ukrÜPD
Oya'wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh enf;vrf;wus
om aqmif&GufEdkifonfudk odxm;&ef vdkonf/
tpk&S,f,mobm0onf vTJajymif;Edkif
aom ypö n f ; jzpf o nf / oif ; zG J U pnf ; rsOf ; yg
jy|mef ; xm;aom enf ; vrf ; rsm;twd k i f ;
vT J a jymif ; Ed k i f o nf / tpk & S , f , mwpf c k c sif ;
uGJjym;atmif eHygwfpOfrsm;ay;xm;NyD; ukrÜPD
wHqdyfcwfESdyfí xkwfay;onfh oufaocH
vufrSwfjzpfonfhtwGuf ydkifqdkifrItwGuf
cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm; jzpfayonf/
&S,f,mwefzdk; tjynfht0 ay;oGif;NyD;
aom tpk&, S , f mrsm;udk wpfpw k nf; aygif;pnf;
jzpfatmif aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;udk pawmh[k
ac:onf/ pawmh rnfrQydkifqdkifonfudkvnf;
ukrP Ü u D oufaocHvufrw S f xkwaf y;&onf/
oif;zGJYpnf;rsOf;ü tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk pawmh
tjzpf ajymif;í tpk&Sifrsm;u xkwfay;Edkif&ef
tcG i f h t mPm xnf h o G i f ; xm;Ed k i f o nf /
odkYtwGuf pawmhonf tpk&S,f,muJodkYyif
ukrÜPD\ rwnfaiG&if; jzpfayonf/
&S , f , mES i f h pawmh jcm;em;csuf r S m
ukrÜPDwnfaxmifonfhtcg &S,f,mrsm;om
xkwfa0onf/ pawmh[lí OD;pGmxkwfa0ydkifcGifh
r&Sday/ &S,f,mrsm;udk trSwftom; eHygwf
pOfjzifh xkwfa0onf/ pawmhwGif ,if;uJhodkY
r&Sd/ &S,f,monf yHkaowefzdk; wpfck&SdNyD;
pawmhonf wefzdk;wpfrsKd;xufrenf; jzpfEdkif
onf/ &S,f,mudk wpfck? ESpfck ta&twGufjzifh
a&mif;csEdkifaomfvnf; pawmhudk BudKufovdk
kd f rsm;&S d o nf / od k Y a omf v nf ; pawmh & S , f , m
ydkifqdkifoltoD;oD;onf ukrÜPDtzGJU0ifrsm;
jzpfí ukrÜPDOya' owfrSwfay;xm;onfh
&ydkifcGifhrsm;? tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufydkifcGifh
rsm;? rJay;ydkifcGifhrsm; &&SdMurnfom jzpfonf/
EdkifiHpD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI t&Sdef&vm
avav &if ; ES D ; jr§ K yf E S H r I r sm;? &if ; ES D ; aiG r sm;
vd k t yf o nf h tzG J Y t pnf ; rsm;? uk r Ü P D r sm;
ay:ayguf v mav jzpf r nf / pk a qmif ; yd k v QH
vuf0,fxm;onfah iGrsm;? aiGvufx&J NdS y;D pD;yGm;
r&Smpm;wwfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\aiGaMu;udk
pD;yGm;a&;vkyu f ikd w
f wforl sm;? ukexf w k v f yk if ef;
vkyfolrsm;? aiGvdktyfaeolrsm; vuf0,fodkY
vTaJ jymif;Edik o f nfh enf;vrf;rSm bPfuo hJ aYkd om
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh b@ma&;aps;uGufwpfck
jzpfaom Stock Market rsm;rS vTJajymif;EdkifMu
rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY vTJajymif;Edkifatmif
vnf; aiGacs;oufaocHvufrw S f Oya'jy|mef;
um umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;onf/
Ed k i f i H a wmf \ aps;uG u f p D ; yG m ;a&;pepf
yDjyifpGm jzpfay:wdk;wufrI taxmuftul
jzpf a p&ef &nf & G , f í jy|mef ; ay;xm;onf h
Oya'abmiftumtuG,fjzifh rdrdaiGaMu;udk
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wkd;yGm;apatmif aqmif&Guf
Ed k i f M uap&ef tod y nm rQa0ay;jcif ; om
jzpfonf/
oef;apm (pD yD at)
23
 rd r d w d k Y \ vuf & S d t vk y f w m0ef r sm;ud k ausyG e f p G m xrf ; aqmif & if ;
tm;vyf c sd e f r sm;wG i f v nf ; rd r d w d k Y \ tem*wf b 0 wd k ; wuf a &;twG u f
BuKdwifjyifqifMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;ESifh i,f&G,fpOfwGif tyifyef;cH BuKd;pm;
tm;xk w f r I r &S d y gu BuD ; vmvQif pd w f q if ; &J uk d , f q if ; &J E S i f h BuKH a wG U &
Ed k i f r nf j zpf a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

]bmrS rBuKd;pm;bJ atmifjrifolxuf BuKd;pm;NyD; ratmifjrifolu ykdí wefzkd;&Sd\}

vG K d u f * sKef ; pf
tar&d u ef b moma&;ynm&S i f
]usKyf wHigonfESpfa,muf awGUzl;w,f/ wpfa,mufu avSa[mif;uav;ukd wufwpf
acsmif;eJY wpfoufvHk; avSmfcwf&if; toufarG;w,f/ aemufwpfa,mufuawmh tm;vyfcsdef
24
&orQ pufud&d,mawGtaMumif; avhvmNyD;
pufavSuav;wpfpif; wDxiG jf yKvyk w f ,f/ tJ'h D
pufavSeJY yifv,fjyif a&eufykdif;txdxGufNyD;
ig;zrf ; awmh ig;awG trsm;BuD ; &w,f } [k
t,fvm0SD;vm;0Dvfaumufu ajymzl;onf/
þonfrmS avhvmolEiS hf ravhvmolw\ Ykd
jcm;em;csufyif jzpfonf/ avSa[mif;uav;
ukd wufwpfacsmif;jzifh avSmcf wf&if; rdrb
d 0ukd
auseyfaeolonf b,fawmhrS ig;rsm;rsm; r&
Edkif/ okdYaomf rdrd\tm;vyfcsdefukd tusKd;&Sd&Sd
toHk;csum wDxGifBuHqrI jyKvkyfoluawmh
omrefvlxuf wdk;wufatmifjrifrI&SdrnfrSm
txl;ajymp&m rvkday/
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tjrif A[kokwESifh jynfhpHkonf/ tMum;tjrif
A[kokwonf atmifjrifwkd;wufrI rSeforQ\
vQKdU0Sufcsuf jzpfonf/ BuD;yGm;csrf;omrI\
tajccHtkwfjrpf jzpfonf/
tMum;tjrif A[k o k w &S d v Qif pma&;
uav;rS t&m&SdBuD; jzpfvmEdkifonf/ [kdw,f
pm;yGJxkd;rS [kdw,fykdif&Sif jzpfvmEdkifonf/
½Hk;tulb0rS XmetBuD;tuJ jzpfvmEdkifonf/
wpfcgu vli,fwpfa,mufonf rD;&xm;
ukrÜPDwpfckwGif qDxkd;orm; 0ifvkyfonf/
olonf nykdif; tm;vyfcsdefwGif tjcm;vlawG
vkd tvum;raebJ nausmif;wufonf/
tcsdef&vQif a[majymyGJrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;
okdYvnf; wufa&mufonf/ aemufqHk;wGif
wuú o k d v f naeoif w ef ; ok d Y wuf í
tif*sifeD,mbGJUukd &&Sdonf/
,cktcg olonf pufrIwuúokdvfwpfck
wGif ygarmu©BuD; jzpfaeavNyD/
25
tqdyk gyk*K¾ v
d \ f atmifjrifraI omhcsuu f m;
tb,f t &menf ; / tjcm;r[k w f y g/ rd r d \
vuf&Sdtvkyfukd wm0efausaus? opöm&Sd&Sd vkyf
ukdif&if; tm;vyfcsdefwGif ynmqnf;yl;um
tem*wfb0wdk;wufrItwGuf BuKdwifjyifqif
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
,cktcg tpk;d &ESihf yk*v ¾ u d vkyif ef;aygif;
rsm;pGmwGif rlv&mxl;jzifhyif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
vkyfukdifae&olrsm; axmifaomif;csDí &SdMu
onf/ olwdkYonf b,fawmhrS &mxl; rwufMu
acs/
olwYkd bmaMumifh &mxl; rwufMuoenf;/
taMumif ; &if ; u &S i f ; &S i f ; uav; jzpf
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wdk;wufa&;twGuf BuKdwifjyifqifrI rjyKvkyf
MuaomaMumifh &mxl;rwufMujcif; jzpfonf/
wu,fawmh yifukdpGrf;&nf&Sdaom vli,f
rsm; trsm;BuD;&SdMuonf/ okdYaomf olwkdYu
xkpd rG ;f &nfudk toH;k rcsMu/ xkaYd Mumifh olwo Ykd nf
omreftqif?h omref&mxl;jzifo h m b0wH;k oGm;
Mu&onf/
t"du taMumif;t&if;rSm vuf&Sdb0ukd
a&mifh&Jauseyfaejcif;? pdwf"mwfusaejcif;ESifh
todÓPf uif;rJhjcif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/
wd k ; wuf B uD ; yG m ;vk d a om vl i ,f o nf
tqdkyg twm;tqD;rsm;ukd jzpfonfhenf;jzifh
ausmfvTm;Edkif&ef enf;vrf; &SmazG&rnf/
todÓPf uif;rJhjcif;onf b0\tcGifh
ta&; [lorQudk vufvTwfqHk;½HI;aponf/
xk d Y a Mumif h BuD ; yG m ;wd k ; wuf v k d o l o nf
todÓPf jynfh0a&;twGuf avhvmqnf;yl;
&rnf? oif,lrSwfom;&rnf/
 tod Ó Pf u if ; rJ h o l o nf raoG ; &ao;
aom pdef½dkif;ESifh wlonf/ pdef½kdif;ukd raoG;bJ
onftwkdif; ypfxm;vQif bmrS wefzkd;r&Sd/
aoG;Ny;D rSomvQif wefz;dk te*¢xu dk af om &wem
jzpfvmEdkifonf/
okdYaomf vlom;pdef½kdif;rsm;u touf
BuD;BuD;t&G,f t&G,fvGefoGm;vQif taoG;&
cufwwfonf/ aoG;&mwGif tvGefvuf0if
onf/ qif;&J'ku©cH&onf/ owdåaumif;ol?
ZGJ&Sdolrsm;omvQif ,if;'ku©ukd cHEdkif&nf&SdMu
onf/
xkaYd Mumifh i,f&, G Ef yk sKw
d ek ;f rSm ynm&Sm&ef?
qnf ; yl ; avh v m&ef ? BuKd w if j yif q if M u&ef
tvG ef ta&;BuD ;onf / vl wpf a,mufo nf
qnf;yl;avhvmrI r&SdvQif? ynmt&nftcsif;
r&SdvQif BuD;us,faom tvkyfrsm;ukd rvkyfEdkif
bJ ao;i,faom tvkyfrsm;jzifhom wpfb0
vHk; tcsdefukefoGm;vdrfhrnf/
tem*wfb0c&D;twGuf BuKdwifjyifqif
jcif;onf vlwpfa,muftzkdY t&mcyfodrf;ukd
NyD;jynfhpHkapEdkifonf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdpOfrSmom
&Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd &atmifr,lvQif
toufBu;D vmaomtcg pdwq f if;&J? uk, d q
f if;&J
BuKH&rnfrSm aocsmonf/
b0wGif aocsmayguf atmifjrifrI&Ekdif
&ef wpfvrf;om&Sdonf/ ,if;vrf;um; uREkfyf
wd k Y vk y f u k d i f v k d a om touf a rG ; rI v k y f i ef ;
twGuf tpuwnf;uyif pepfwus BuKdwif
jyifqifjcif; jzpfonf/
,ckacwfwGif wpfckaumif; uRrf;usifol
rsm;ukd vkyfief;wkdif;u awmif;qdkaeMuonf/
tm;vH;k ukd enf;enf;pD wwfuRr;f Ny;D bmwpfcrk S
26
Ny;D jynfph akH tmif rwwfuRr;f aomolrsm;twGuf
vHk;0 rpm;omawmhacs/ þacwfonf vkyfief;
wpfckckudk odyÜHenf;us txl;uRrf;usifolrsm;
twGuf a&Tvrf; aiGvrf;yGifhaomacwf jzpf
onf/
xdkYaMumifh ,aeYvli,frsm;ukd ]]tem*wf
twGuf BuKdwifjyifqifMuyg? BuKdwifjyifqif
Muyg}} [k uREkfyf tav;teuf tBuHay;
wdkufwGef;vkdonf/
wpfcgu q&m0efwpfa,mufonf ol\
tem*wf &nfrSef;csuftwGuf 16 ESpfwdkifwdkif
BuKdwifjyifqifcJhzl;onf/
olonf q&m0efbGJU&&SdNyD;aemuf txl;
uRrf;usifrIqkdif&m 'Dyvdkrmoifwef;awG wuf
onf / a&m*gaA' ok a woevk y f i ef ; awG
prf;oyfvkyfukdifonf/
onfavmufawmif bmjzpfvkdY tcsdefjzKef;
ae&wmvJqkdNyD; taygif;toif;awGu olYukd
tjypfwif a0zefMuonf/ onfvl t½l;yJqdkNyD;
rSwfcsufcsMuonf/
ok d Y a omf aemuf q H k ; usawmh tqd k y g
q&m0efonf olYvkyfief;wGif tuRrf;usifqHk;
xdyfwef;q&m0efwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhonf/
þum; BuKw d ifjyifqifr\ I tusK;d aus;Zl;
yifwnf;/

tcuftcJukd
ZG J e yJ E S i f h
&ifqkdi fa usmfvTm ;NyD;
ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd;
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wpf a eY w G i f
rk c sraoG
BuD;yGm;atmifjrifrnfom
jzpfonf/
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xdyfwef;okdY ykdYaqmifay;Edkifonf/ tBuD;us,f
qH;k ? tjrifqh ;kH vkyif ef;twGuf vufeufwyfqif
ay;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
wpfenf;qdkaomf BuKdwifjyifqifrIonf
rdrd\ wpfoufwmvkyfief;twGuf tajccH
tkwfjrpfcsjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
tkwjf rpfrckid v f Qif taqmufttHw k pfcv
k ;kH
tcsdefra&G; NyKdusysufpD;oGm;Edkifonf/
xkdYaMumifh tkwfjrpfckdif&ef vHkavmufaom
tcsdef ay;&onf/ vdktyfaom pGefYvTwfrIawG?
qif;&J'ku©cHrIawG ay;&onf/ avmavmq,f
]]temcH}} Edik rf oS mvQif aemiftcgwGif ]]tompH}}
Edkifrnf jzpfonf/
27
okdYaomf vltrsm;pkonf ukd,fu tenf;
i,fomay;NyD; trsm;BuD; jyef&vkdMuonf/
cufcJNyD; tusKd;rsm;aomvrf;ukd ravQmuf
csifMu/ tvG,fvrf;? jzwfvrf;ukdom avQmuf
csifMuonf/
oabmuawmh &Sif;aeonf/
wpfusyfzkd;om &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvQif wpfrwf
avmufom tjrwf&vdrfhrnf/ wpfaomif;zdk;
&if;vQifum; wpfaxmiftxd tjrwf&Edkifrnf
jzpfonf/
aiGwpfusyfom&if;NyD; tjrwfwpfaxmif
vdkcsifolonf ukd,fhukd,fukd,f vdrfnmaeol?
todÓPf r&Sdol? rkdufrJol jzpfonf/
]]rsm;rsm;vdkcsif rsm;rsm;avhvm}} [lí *&d
pum;yHkwpfcku qdkonf/
ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; BuD;yGm;vdkoltwGuf
vufpGJvrf;ñTef pum;yHkyif jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwdkYtrsm;pkonf vkyfief;BuD;rsm;ukd
om csufcsif;vufiif; tjrefqHk; vkyfcsifwwf
Muonf/ wu,fawmh b,ftvkyfrsKd;rqdk
tpu p vky&f onf/ ]]tao;uav;rS pwifí
wpfqifph D wpfqifph D tBu;D okYd wufvrS ;f &onf}}
[laom oabmw&m;ukd olwdkY arhaeMujcif;
jzpfonf/
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jcif ; jzif h o mvQif uREk f y f w d k Y o nf BuD ; us,f
wdk;wufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf/
urÇmausmf yef;yJynm&SifBuD; t,fvD
[l;bm;&pfu-
]usKyf&JU atmifjrifrIrSeforQukd wpfqifhpD
wpfqifhpD pdwf&Snf&SnfeJYBuKd;pm;NyD; vkyfukdifvkdY
&vmcJhwmyJ} [k qkdonf/
 tar&d u ef o r® w BuD ; vif u G e f ; onf wpfaeYwGif rkcsraoG BuD;yGm;atmifjrifrnfom
uav;b0u opf v H k ; wJ t d r f u av;xJ r S jzpfonf/
xif;rD;zkdab;wGif tMumBuD;xkdifNyD; pmusufcJh avSa[mif;uav;ukd wufwpfacsmif;
onf/ ausmif;aebuf uav;awGu olYukd wnf;ESihf avSmcf wfaernft
h pm; wufEpS af csmif;
oa&mfajymifavSmifcJhMuonf/ ESifh avSmfcwfvQif yef;wkdifukd usdef;aoayguf
okdYaomf vifuGef;emrnfausmf a&SUaeb0 qdkufa&mufrnfomwnf;/
rSwpfqifh or®wBu;D jzpfvmaomtcgwGiu f m;
olww Ykd pfawG rdrw
d vYkd yk &f yftwGuf aemifwBu;D armif a y:xG e f ;
pGm &cJhMuavonf/
tcuftcJukd ZGJeyJESifh &ifqkdifausmfvTm; Ref: Making Yourself
By Orison Swett Mavden
NyD; ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; BuKd;pm;avhvmolonf

28
 Joy and Woe
Joy and woe are woven fine,
* A clothing for the soul divine;
Under every grief and pine
Runs a joy with silken twine.

* It is right that it should be so,

Man was made for joy and woe;
And when this we rightly know
Through the world we safely go.

William Blake
(1757-1872)

29
 aysmf&Tifjcif;ESifh 0rf;enf;jcif;

Ä aysm&f iT jf cif;ESihf 0rf;enf;jcif;ESpv

f D
csncf ifyrm jzm,Suaf vawmhonf/
jrifjh rwfaom 0dnmOftwGuf
oefpY ifaom 0wf½v
kH mT wbuf?
aMuuGjJ cif;ESihf ylaqG;jcif;aemuf0,f
MunfE;l zG,f yg;vQyyf ;dk ZmEG,?f
jzmoef;um ESpo
f rd &fh mS avw,f / /

Ä aysm&f iT jf cif;ESihf qif;&Jjcif;

edru
hf mjrifu
h m jzpfoifo
h nfrmS {uefrvG?J
ysaH vonfh iSucf g;yrm
vlom;awGrmS rvGo
J o
H &m
cHpm;&rnfrmS ed,mrw&m;/
[dpmö ? rSeu
f efpmG odxm;
urÇmu
h EÅm& c&D;Murf;
&J&ifph mG vSr;f ygawmhvm;
tdb
k ,fh toifvo
l m; / /

OD;boef; (r[m0dZÆm)

30
 Dhammapada - 19
Ä Much though he recites the cacred texts,
but acts not accordingly,
that heedless man is like a cowherd
who only counts the cows of others
he does not partake of the blessings of a holy life.

Buddha
(Translated Pali to English
by Acharya Buddharakkhita)

EGm;EdkY&om? rodygokdY
Ä aus;Zl;Bu;D rm; ? tusK;d rsm;onfh
yd#uwfo;kH yHk ? ukeaf tmifoifMum;
a[mEdik jf im;vnf; ? w&m;bm0em
yGm;umur®|mef; ? rpD;jzef;rl
xkwd pfou l m; ? oifMum;ydcYk s
a[majymcom &rnfwnf;/
yrmqkjd im; ? EGm;ausmif;om;onf
EGm;rsm;tyfEHS ? ydik &f iS x
f u
H
EGm;ausmif;com ? tojym&vsuf
&ojynfNh zK;d ? tiftm;wk;d yGm;
EGm;Ed&Yk om ? tjzmjzmudk
rodygokYd jzpfrnfwnf;/ /
zkd;&efEdkif (ausmufBuD;)

31
 urÇmhtiftm;BuD;EkdifiHBuD;rsm;u umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfukd wdk;jrifhtoHk;
jyKvsuf & S d a Mumif ; ? r[mAsL[majrmuf AH k ; BuJ a v,mOf B uD ; rsm;ES i f h
r[mAsL[majrmuf ukd,faysmuf AHk;BuJav,mOfopfrsm;ukd wdk;csJUxkwfvkyf
Edkifatmif BuKd;yrf;aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

½k&Sm;av,mOfwnfaqmufa&;ukrÜPD wlydkvuf (Tupolev) onf yOörrsKd;quf r[m

AsL[majrmuf udk,faysmufAHk;BuJav,mOfopfudk wnfaqmufaeonf[k wyfcHowif;at*sifpD
u azmfjyonf/
32
 ¤if;r[mAsL[majrmuf AHk;BuJav,mOfrSm
yxrqHk; t&G,ftpm;jynfhrDaom a&'ga&Smif
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plex for Long-Range Aviation pum;pkrS xdyq
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t"du tajccHonfh t,ltq (Concept) jzifh
wnfaqmufrnfjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
wlydkvufukrÜPD\ 'DZdkif;a&;qGJa&;Xme
onf a&S;OD;av,mOfyHkpHESifh enf;ynmo½kyfjy
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PAKDA AHk;BuJav,mOfysHBuD;udk ½k&Sm;odyÜH
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm;u tqifh
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twGuf þav,mOfysBH u;D \ enf;ynm tao;
pdwfudkrl od&Sd&ef tvGefcufcJvSonf/
cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIt& þAHk;BuJav,mOf
opfonf 12ç000 uDvrkd w D m tuGmta0;txd
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rsKd;pHkukd tav;csdef 30 weftxd o,faqmif
ysHoef;wdkufcdkufEkdifonf/ ¤if;vufeufrsm;wGif
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udkvnf; o,faqmifí &efolYypfrSwfrsm;udk
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&onf/
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xdjYk yif wlyv kd ufav,mOfurk P Ü \
D tjcm;aom
wma0;ajy; toHxufjrefaom TU-160 M2
r[mAsL[mAHk;BuJav,mOfrsm;wGifvnf; ¤if;
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PAKDA yxrqH;k AH;k Bua J v,mOfukd 2018
ckESpfavmufwGif pwifzGifhvSpfjy&ef pDpOfxm;
onf/ 2019 ckEpS Ef iS hf 2020 jynfEh pS w f iG f PAKDA
AHk;BuJav,mOfrsm;udk prf;oyfysHoef;rIjyKvkyfNyD;
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33
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av,mOfrsm;jzpfaom TU-160? TU-95 M5 ESifh jyefvnfxkwfvkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf/ ½k&Sm;
TU-22 M3 rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;ae&m,l avwyfonf ra0;aomtem*wfwGif TU-160
wm0efxrf;aqmif&rnf jzpfonf/ M2 AHk;BuJav,mOfopf tpD; 50 udk jzefYMuuf
toH k ; jyK&ef &nf r S e f ; xm;onf / toH x uf
jref p G m ysH o ef ; Ek d i f o nf h TU-160M2 AH k ; BuJ
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EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/
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tajymif;tvJjzpfaprnfh?

tar&duef\ ppftiftm;udk
pde fa c:onfh

acwfrDvufeufrsm;

wyfqifa&;udk TU-160M2 r[mAsL[mAH;k Bua

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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
2023 ck E S p f w G i f ½k & S m ;avwyf ü PAKDA
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&moDOwk azmufjyefrIawGuvnf; zefzm;wdkY
qufvuf&SifoefEkdifa&;twGuf tEÅ&m,fjzpf
vmaeygawmhw,f/
vJ h v J h 0 if ; (owå a A')
Ref: A Marvelous new Glassfrog (Centro-
lenidae, Hyalinobatrachium) From Ama-
zonian Ecuador
Zookeys Journal, 12 May, 2017.
 'k w d , urÇ m ppf E S i f h ppf a t;acwf u mvtwG i f ; ü urÇ m h E d k i f i H t oD ; oD ; wG i f
jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ppfyGJrsm;wGif vdktyfonfh vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;? &du©mrsm;ESifh
ppf o nf ponf w d k Y u k d o,f , l y k d Y a qmif a y;cJ h o nf h r[mAsL[majrmuf
o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;av,mOfBuD;rsm;aMumifh atmifjrifrIrsm; &&SdcJhaMumif;
uk d a&;om;xm;onf /

'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u avaMumif;o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;tul (Air Transport Support)

onf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifco hJ nf/ tcsKUd ppfrsuEf mS wGif tEkid t
f ½I;H udk qk;H jzwfEidk af om
om"uyif &SdcJhonf/
1944 ckESpfwGif *syefwyf\ 0kdif;0ef; ydwfqkdY cHxm;&aom ukd[D;rm;ESifh tifzmNrdKU&Sd
r[mrdwpf pfonf wpfodef;cGJtwGuf &du©mESihf cJ,rf;ukd ok;H vcefY aeYpOf&ufquf avaMumif;rS
42
axmufyH h a y;cJ h o nf / Ak d v f c sKyf B uD ; pvif ; \
trS w f 14 wyf r awmf o nf 1945 ck E S p f ?
jrefrmEkdifiH wkdufyGJpOfü atmifyGJcHEkdifjcif;rSm
wyfrawmftwGuf axmufyHhrI 90 &mckdifEIef;udk
avaMumif;rS jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/
1943-44 ckESpfrsm;u *syefwyfrsm;\
aemuf y k d i f ; axmuf y H h a &;vrf ; aMumif ; rsm;uk d
aESmihf,Sufwkdufckdufonfh AkdvfcsKyf0if;*dwf\
csif;'pfc&D;&Snf xkd;azmufppfqifa&;rsm;rSm
avaMumif;o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;tulaMumifh
atmifjrifco hJ nf/ csi;f 'pfwyfrsm; a&muf&o dS nfh
ae&mwkid ;f odYk &dum© ? cJ,rf;ESihf tjcm;vktd yfaom
ypönf;rsm;udk avxD;jzifh jzpfap? tvGwf (Free
Drop) jzifh jzpfap avaMumif;rS tqufrjywf
csay;onf/ awmwGif; ,m,Dav,mOfuGif;
i,frsm; azmufvkyfNyD; av,mOfqif;oufí
axmufyhaH y;onf/ ppfqifa&;\ 'kw, d ykid ;f wGif
ppfonf 9ç000 ? jrnf;ESihf vm;aumifa& 1ç360?
ppfypön;f 227 wefwkdYukd &efolYe,fajrxJ rkdif
150 cefYtxd avaMumif;o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;
tulu ykdYay;EkdifcJhonf/
1942 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f ü w½kwEf ikd if o H Ykd
0ifa&mufEkdifaom ukef;vrf;? a&vrf;tm;vkH;ukd
43
*syefu jzwfawmufyw d qf cYdk o
hJ nf/ tar&duef
avaMumif;ykdYaqmifa&; uGyfuJrIXmecsKyfonf
,if;ESpf {Nyv
D rS pwifí 'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;qkH;
onf t xd C-46, C- 54, C- 47 o,f , l y k d Y
aqmif a &; av,mOf r sm;jzif h ppf v uf e uf ?
ypönf;? &du©mwefcsdefaygif; 650ç 000 ausmfukd
jrefrmESifh tdE´d,EkdifiH ta&SUajrmufzsm;a'o
rsm;rS w½kwfEkdifiH? ,leefjynfe,f&Sd r[mrdwf
wyfrsm;xH ykaYd qmifay;cJoh nf/ [efaY vaMumif;
axmufyHhrI ppfqifa&; (Hump Airtransport
Operation) [k ausmfMum;cJh\/
'k w d , urÇ m ppf t NyD ; ppf a t;umv
pwifcsdef 1948 ckESpfwGif qkdAD,uf,leD,Hu
taemufbmvif\ 0ifvrf;? xGuv f rf;tm;vk;H
ukd ydwfqkdYxm;vkdufonf/ r[mrdwfwkdYu
qk d A D , uf , l e D , H E S i f h twk d u f t cH v k y f u m
,mOfwef;jzifh twif;axmufyHh&ef BudK;pm;vQif
ppfa&;t& xdyfwkdufawGUrnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf/
qkdAD,uf,leD,H\ þpdefac:rIukd wpfurÇmvkH;
tH h t m;oif h a vmuf a tmif (txl ; ojzif h
qkAd ,D ufwYdk yktd t hH m;oifah tmif) vkyjf ycJo h nf/
tar&d u ef a vwyf ? NAd w d o Qbk & if h a vwyf ?
jyifopfavwyfEiS hf NAw d o d Q NrKd Ujyav,mOfrsm;u
bmvifNrdKUolNrdKUom; 20ç000 ausmftwGuf qdyfurf;rsm;wGif vrf;aMumif;ydwfqkdYaeojzifh
tpm;tpm? t0wf t xnf ? aq;0g;? ppfyGJtptqkH; avaMumif;rSom ykdYaqmifay;&
ausmufrD;aoG;? pm;okH;qD? acsmqDESifh tjcm; onf/ ppfonf? vufeufcJ,rf;? &du©momru
vk d t yf o rQypö n f ; rsm; pk p k a ygif ; wef c sd e f
ppfajrjyiftif*sief , D mwyftwGuf wHwm;xk;d &ef
2ç250ç000 ukd 1948 ckESpf? ZGefvrS 1949 oHabmifrsm;? av,mOfuiG ;f i,f aqmufvyk af &;
ckESpf? pufwifbmvtxd 15 vwkdifatmif ypö n f ; rsm;uk d y g yd k Y a y;&onf / ppf y G J u mv
axmufyyhH aYdk qmifay;cJoh nf/ bmvifavaMumif; ok;H ESpt
f wGi;f ukeyf pön;f wefcsed f 80ç000 ausmf
ykdYaqmifrI (Berlin Air Lift) [k emrnfausmfoGm; ESifh ppfonf 214ç000 ukd tar&duefEkdifiHrS
onf/ urÇmhta&SUzsm; ukd&D;,m;EkdifiHtxd wkduf½kduf
ydkYay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
uk&d ;D ,m;ppfywJG iG f av,mOfqif;oufyaYdk y;
oJuEÅm&&''kdif; onfhtjyif av,mOfrqif;bJ vl? vufeuf?
ppfqifa&;umvwGif &du©mrsm;ukd avxJrS csay;aom enf;pepfudk
wGiu f s,pf mG tok;H jyKonf/ avaMumif;o,f,l
a0[ifqDj znfha v,mO v,mOff (Tanker) uk d ykaYd qmifa&;tul\ enf;AsL[mjzpfaom avxD;
wDxGi fxkwfvky fE kdi fN yD ppfonfrsm;ukd csay;jcif; (Parachute Jump)?
vufeufcJ,rf; &du©mypönf;rsm;ukd avxD;?
jzpfaomaMumifh avxD;vGwcf say;jcif; (Supply drop/ Free drop)?
vrf;ckvyf a0[ifrSmyif vlemo,fxkwfjcif; (Casualty evacuation)
ponfh avaMumif;rS csay;aomenf;pepfrsm;ukd
qD j znf h a y;Ek d i f o jzif h awGU&onf/
tcsd e f u k e f xkdYjyif tm&yftpöa&; ,Gefuyl;ppfyGJwGif
vnf;aumif? tD&wfppfyGJwGifvnf;aumif;
oufomoGm;aom tar&duefEkdifiHrS ppfajrjyifokdY C-141, C- 17,
C-5 ponfh r[mAsL[majrmuf o,f,y l aYdk qmifa&;
tusKd ; aus;Zl ; uk d
av,mOfBuD;rsm;jzifh tBuD;pm;ppfvufeuf
&&Sdonf/ ypönf;rsm;tygt0if ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
ppfonfrsm;? ypönf;rsm;ukd tjrefykdYaqmifay;
EkdifcJhonf/
bmvifavaMumif;ykaYd qmifrt I Ny;D wpfEpS f ppfajrjyifoYdk wyfzUJG ? wyfrrsm; tjrefyaYdk qmif
tMumwGif uk&d ;D ,m;ppfyüJG avaMumif;axmufyhH (Rapid Deployment) Ekid af &;twGuf r[mAsL[m
a&;u@opf zGifhvSpfonf/ zlqefESifh tifcsKH av,mOfBuD;rsm;ukd qDjznfhwif;&ef ta&;BuD;
44
onf/ ,Gefuyl;ppfyGJü tar&duef avwyf
pcef;toD;oD;rS av,mOfBu;D rsm;onf vrf;ckvyf
r[mrdwf av,mOfuGif;wGif qif;oufqDjznfh
NyD;rS c&D;quf&onf/ oJuEÅm& 'kid ;f ppfqifa&;
umvwGif a0[ifqDjznfhav,mOf (Tanker) ukd
wDxGifEkdifNyDjzpfaomaMumifh vrf;ckvyfa0[if
rSmyif qDjznfhay;Ekdifojzifh tcsdefukef oufom
oGm;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd &&Sdonf/
r[mAsL[m ppfyGJBuD;rsm;rSmomrubJ
a'oEÅ&ppfyGJrsm;? ppfqifa&;rsm;wGifvnf;
enf;AsL[majrmuf o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;av,mOf?
&[wf,mOfrsm;ukd okH;í avaMumif;o,f,l
ykdYaqmifa&;tulukd tusKd;&SdpGm tokH;csEkdifav
onf/
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[m o vufawGUocsFm
q&mr / ]]q&mru rif ; uk d aMumif
ES p f a umif a y;r,f ? NyD ; awmh
aemufxyfESpfaumif? aemufNyD;
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a*smfeD / ]]ckepfaumif}}
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r,f ? NyD ; awmh aemuf x yf
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a*smfeD / ]]ckepfaumif}}
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f ;kH ay;r,f? Ny;D awmh aemufxyfEpS v
f ;kH ?
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a*smfeD / ]]ajcmufvHk;yg}}
q&mr / ]]uJ- igu rif;ukd aMumifESpfaumifay;w,f? NyD;awmh aemufxyf ESpfaumif?
aemufNyD; ESpfaumifxyfay;&if rif;rSm aMumif b,fESaumif &SdrvJ}}
a*smfeD / ]]ckepfaumifyg}}
q&mr / ]]a*smfeD- rif; b,fvkdvkyfNyD; ckepfaumif &ovJ}}
a*smfeD / ]]uRefawmfhrSm ta&mifawmufawmuf aMumifwpfaumif &SdNyD;om;rkdYyg}}
armf (oefvsif)

45
 vl w d k Y \ t,l o D ; rI r sm;u wd & pä m ef r sm;uk d ab;Oy'f j zpf a paMumif ; ?
uHprf;ta<ujym;rsm; rsKdcsrdí 0uf½kyfpkbl;vkd jzpfvmonfh vdyfrBuD;onf
cuf cJ aom cG J pd wf rI rsm;ukd cH, lc Jh& aMumif; ESi fh jrpf? acsmif; ? tif; tkdi f?
yif v ,f x J o k d Y pnf ; urf ; rJ h t rI d u f p G e f Y y pf r I r sm;aMumif h a&aeowå 0 gwd k Y
aoqH k ; cJ h & aMumif ; oif c ef ; pm,l z G , f a&;om;xm;onf /

a&uefwGif;okdY ydkufqHta<ujym;rsm; ypfcsum uHprf;csifonfh t,loD;rIrsm;aMumifh

awm½dik ;f obm0 ouf&adS vmuudk xdcu
kd af ponft
h wGuf &yfwefMY u&ef wd&pämefaq;uk q&m0ef
u owday;xm;onf/
46

uH p rf ; yd k u f q H t a<ujym;rsm;ud k rsKd c scJ h
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owif ; rD ' D , mrsm;twG u f acgif ; pD ; owif ;
tjzpf ay;EkdifcJhonf/
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47
jzpf a eaom omref t om;rsm;ES i f h r wl o nf h
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0rf;Adkufydkif;wpfae&mudk uGJtufaponf/
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jzpfvmcJhonf/
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rjzpfEkdif[k arQmfvifhaeonf/
,ck u d p ö w G i f wm0ef c H t aejzif h yg0if
aqmif&Guf&ol wd&pämefaq;ukq&m0efurl
yifv,fvdyf\ owif;onf trsm;jynforl sm;
udk qifjcifEdkif&ef owday; arwåm&yfcHcsuf
wpfck jzpfapcsifonf/ þowif;t& jynfol
trsm;pkonf ydu k q f tH a<uaphrsm;udk a&owå0g
(vd y f r sm;) &S d o nf h a&uef x J u d k y pf c sum
touf & S n f a Mumif ; ? uH a umif ; aMumif ;
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onfhoabm oufa&mufapcsifonf/ olu ]]uRef r wd k Y u
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NrdKUe,fu a&uefxJwGif avSmifNyD;arG;xm;

48
cJhMuonf/ xkdYaemuf uefudk topfjyefvnf
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wpf c k jzpf a eaomf v nf ; wd & pä m ef a q;uk
q&m0efu ]]'Dtjzpftysu[ f m yxrudpw ö pfck
r[kwfovdk aemufqHk;udpövnf; [kwfcsifrS
[kwfr,f}} [kqdkonf/
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rsm;udk 0g;rsKdrdygu qdk;&Gm;aom emusifrI?
zsm;emrIESifh toufaoqHk;rIwYkdukd cH&Ekdifay
onf/
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ukd bk&m;ausmif;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESifh a&uef
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tpm r[kwfaom ypönf;rsm;udk avSmiftdrf?
a&uefwGif;odkY rypfcs&ef a&;xm;oifhonf[k
qdkonf/
49
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rod E k d i f w mu vd y f r &J U tqk w f u d k ,cif
ydkufqHjym;awG&JU tav;csdefaMumifh [efcsuf
rnD jzpfcw hJ mukd jyefvnfwnfrh wfNy;D taumif;
yuwd jzpfyghrvm;qdw k thJ csuf jzpfw,f/ vdyrf
t&if v d k csuf c sif ; rvI y f & S m ;Ek d i f & if tpu
jyefNyD;oifrS a&ul;EdkifrSmyJ}} [k a'gufwm
eefwm&Dumu ajymonf/
cGJpdwfukq&m0eftzGJUudk OD;aqmifcJhol
ygqmuGef b&pfqm0rfu ]]olY&JU 10 ESpfwm
tawGUtBuHKt& wd&pämefwpfaumifu 'Dvdk
obm0r[kww f hJ ypön;f awG pm;rdwmudk rawGU
cJh&bl;}} [k qdkonf/
acG;rsm;udk yHkrSef cGJpdwfcJhol q&m0efu
]]cGJpdwfz,f&Sm;&wJh udpöawGrSm trsm;qHk; 10
ckavmufyJ&Sdw,f}} [k qdkonf/
a'gufwmygqmuGefu cGJpdwfuktzGJUtae
jzif h '*F g ;jym; 900 ausmf qG J x k w f & wm
av;em&DcefY Mumonf[k qdkonf/ tcsKdUaom
'*Fg;rsm;rSm oHacs;wufaeNyD; tcsKdUu wpf0uf
wpfysuf t&nfaysmfaeNyDjzpf&m '*Fg;awGukd
z,f&Sm;pOf vdyfr\tpmtdrf rpkwfrNyJatmif
owdxm;&onf[k qdkonf/
 ta<u'*F g ;jym;rsm;\ vd y f A d k u f x J w G i f
wnf&adS eyH?k vdyw f \ Ykd ZD0wnfaqmufrI xl;jcm;
yHkwdkYaMumifh cGJpdwfrIudk ½IyfaxG;MuefYMumaponf
[k qdkonf/
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xdyfbufem;qDrSm wnf&SdwmjzpfvdkY cGJpdwfzdkY
yufvufvSefvdkuf&if (cGJpdwfzdkY tcsdefwGif)
ig;uDvdk tav;csdef&SdwJh '*Fg;jym;awG&JU zdtm;
aMumifh vdyf&JUtqkwf[m uGJoGm;Ekdifw,f}} [k
a'gufwmygqmuGefu ajymonf/
xkdYaMumifh cGJpdwfq&m0eftzGJUonf vdyfr
udk ab;wdkufapmif;NyD; 45 'D*&D taetxm;
twdkif; xm;Mu&onf/
]]vdyrf &JU tpmtdrrf mS "m;eJcY aJG Mumif;ay;zdYk
cufw,f/ "m;&mBu;D Bu;D ray;&Jb;l / bmaMumifh
vJqdkawmh '*Fg;awGu 0rf;Adkufatmufbuf
tpmtdrfxJ pdrfh0ifNyD; a&m*g0ifoGm;rSm pdk;&drf
vdkY}} [k ajymonf/
tGrfbif\ tpmtdrfonf aMunufrI
r&S d a om '*F g ;jym;rsm;aMumif h yg;vT m um
&SnfqefYvmonf[k qdkonf/ xkdcGJpdwfrIonf
tjynfjynfqdkif&mowif; jzpfvmjcif;ukd tHhMo
onf[k qdkonf/
]]jzpfEkdifwmu vlawGu olwdkYyk*¾vdu
,HkMunfrIeJY vkyfcsif&mvkyfcJhwm[m wd& pämef
50
awGudk rsm;pGmaom ab;Oy'fjzpfapcJhwmudk
oabmraygufMubl;}} [k a'gufwmygqmuGef
u ajymonf/
cGJpdwfukq&m0eftzGJUtaejzifh vdyfr\
twG i f ; om;t*F g rsm;onf a&atmuf w G i f
aumif;rGefpGm vIyf&Sm;Ekdifygrnfvm; qdkwmudk
Munfh½Ippfaq;Muonf/
]]'g[m tvG e f & S n f v sm;wJ h Zmwf v rf ;
jzpfvdrfhr,f/ tcsdefMumvm&if owif;rD'D,m
awGu 0uf½kyfpkbl; yifv,fvyd t f aMumif;ukd
pd w f 0 if p m;rI enf ; oG m ;vd r f h r ,f / 'gayrJ h
vdyfrBuD;uawmh olYudk,fol jyKjyifzmax;&
ayvd r f h O D ; r,f } } [k a'guf w mygqmuG e f u
ajymonf/
tG r f b if \ tjzpf o nf vl o m;wk d Y u d k
owday;EdI;aqmfcsuf wpfcktaejzifh olwdkY\
t,l o D ; rI o nf wd & pä m ef r sm;ud k ab;Oy'f
jzpfaponfh tcsuftjyif xkdYxuf ta&;BuD;rI
rsm;ukdvnf; owdxm;&ayrnf/
]]vl a wG [ m tvG e f r sm;jym;wJ h trd I u f
awGudk xkwfvkyfNyD; yifv,fudk trdIufpGefY&m
ae&mvd k Y oabmxm;aeMuw,f } } [k
ajymonf/
]]tGrfbifudpöuawmh t&mtm;vHk;rSm
xl ; jcm;xif & S m ;wJ h u d p ö jzpf y gw,f / 'gayrJ h
tjcm;jcm;aom yifv,fvyd af wGeYJ a&aewd& pämef
rsm;pGm[m vlawGpeG yYf pfwhJ t&mawGukd pm;rdvYkd
aocJhwmudk vlawG rodcJhMuwm &SdMuygw,f}}
[k wd& pämefaq;ukq&m0efu ajymonf/
ausmf & S i f ;
Ref: No way to achieve merit
By Atiya Acha kulwisut
Bangkok Post, March, 2017
 a&SUwpfrsKd;? uG,f&mwpfrsKd; qufqHwwfonfh vlYywf0ef;usifwGif
rnf o nf h t usKd ; &v'f u k d r S rarQmf r S e f ; bJ avmuaumif ; usKd ; ?
vlom;aumif;usKd;twGuf rdrdpGrf;Edkifoavmuf vdyfjymoefYoefY
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;onf trGefjrwfqHk;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

oifrh mS &So
d rQ taumif;qH;k awGukd avmuBu;D udk ay;vdu
k yf g/ oifu
h kd tjyKwcf sr,fo
h al wG
ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf oifhrSm&SdwJh taumif;qHk;awGudk avmuBuD;udk ay;vdkufyg/
[dkif;EGef;qdkaom *E¬0if½kyf&Sifum;wGif rif;om;BuD; *,f&Dul;yg;u udef;qdkaom Zmwfaqmif
ae&mwGif o½kyfaqmifcJh\/ olYNrdKUudk Oya'ESifhtnD wnfNidrfat;csrf;atmif tkyfcsKyfol Oya'
bufawmfom;BuD; udef;jzpf\/ ESpftawmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifNyD;aomtcg ol tdrfaxmifjyK
&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf\/ olY&mxl;wHqdyfudk jzKwfvdkufum NrdKUrS xGufoGm;onf/ ol\ r*FvmyGJ
51
usif ; yNyD ; rd e pf t enf ; i,f t MumwG i f ol
,cifESpfrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhaom aoewform;
wpfOD; ,ck axmifrSvGwfvmum ESpfem&D
twGi;f þNrKd UodYk a&mufvmrnf[k odvu kd &f \/
xdkaoewform;\ wynfhwyef;oHk;OD;uvnf;
olwdkYq&m jyeftvmudk blwm½HkrS apmifhae
Mu\/ olwdkYav;OD;aygif;um owdkYom;topf
pufpuf udef;udk owf&ef pDpOfMu\/
tusKd;tjrwf&v'fukd
b,fawmhrS
xnfhrwGufygESifh/
oifhwm0efu
olwpfyg;ukd ay;zkdYom
jzpfonf/
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ukd,foefYzkdY vkd\/
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ckc&H ef jyifqif\/ ol\ &mxl;wHqyd u f kd jyefwyf
vdkuf\/ NrdKUrSvlawGudk olYbufrS0iful&ef ajym
Munfh\/ rnfolrQ rvIyfMu/ xdkYaMumifh ol
wpfOD;wnf; &ifqdkif&ef jyifqifvdkuf\/
NrKd UolNrKd Uom;rsm;u ude;f udk av;pm;Mu\/
udef;aMumifh olwdkY at;at;csrf;csrf; ab;
tEÅ&m,fuif;uif; ae&onfudkvnf; aus;Zl;
wifMu\/ udef;u olwdkYtwGuf trsm;BuD;
52
vkyfay;cJh\/ odkYaomf udef; tultnDvdkawmh
rnfolrQ olYbufu rygMu/ NrdKUtwGuf ol
taumif;qHk; vkyfay;cJh\/ odkYaomf olYtvSnfh
usawm ulrnfhol ewd¬/
oifhbufu vlwumudk taumif;qHk;
ay;cJhNyD;vQif bmjzpfvmrnf xifygovJ/ oifh
udk a&SUwifrSmawmh csD;usL;Murnf/ aus;Zl;
wifMurnf/ odkYaomf oifhudk remvdkolawG?
NyKd ib
f ufawGuvnf; ay:vmawmhrnf/ 'gawG
vkyfwm udkifwmu udk,fusKd;twåudk MunfhvdkY
yJ[k pGyfpGJMurnf/ rdwfaqGtwkawG? &efol
tppfawG ay:vmrnf/ pdwf"mwfao;odrfol
rsm;\ wd k u f c d k u f r I u d k cH & rnf / oif ES p f
tawmfMum wnfaqmufcJhwmawG rdepfydkif;
twGif; ysufoGm;rnf/ oif ulnDcJholawGu
oifhudk jyefwdkufckdufcsif wdkufcdkufMurnf/
aemufq;kH awmh ud, k b hf momud, k f umuG,zf &Ykd m
udk,fwpfa,mufwnf;om wkduf&rnf/
tusKd;tjrwf&v'fudk b,fawmhrS xnfh
rwGufygESifh/ oifhwm0efu taumif;qHk;udk
olwpfyg;udkay;zdkYom jzpfonf/ udk,fhvdyfjym
udk,f oefYzdkYvdk\/
oifhxHwGif &SdwmawGxJu taumif;qHk;
udrk S oif ray;Ekid vf Qif þavmuwGif vltjzpf
bmaMumifh touf&Sifcsifygao;ovJ/
avmuBu;D xHrS tusK;d tjrwf twHt Yk vSnhf
bmrSarQmfvifhp&m rvdkyg/ rdrd arG;zGm;vmjcif;
aMumif h þurÇ m avmuBuD ; wpf p H k w pf & m
aumif ; oG m ;vQif awmf y gNyD / usef w mawG
xnfhwGufp&m rvdkyg/
[d e f ; vwf
Ref: Anyway
By Kent M.Keith
 owif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k vsif j ref p G m &,l E k d i f o nf h aumf y d k & d w f r S w f Ó Pf
wdk;wufjrifhrm;aprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh CEO wpfOD;taejzifh vkyfief;rsm; toGif
ajymif;vJ&mwGif BuHKawGUEkdifonfh pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh &v'frsm;taMumif; a&;om;
xm;onf /

*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwfwGif owif;tcsuftvufESifh qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmonf

ta&;BuD ; onf h tcef ; u@od k Y wuf v S r f ; vmonf / uk r Ü P D w pf c k o nf pk p nf ; xm;aom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm jyefvnf&,lNyD; xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifonf/ ,if;tcsufudk
53
bDvf*dwfu aumfydk&dwfrSwfÓPf (Coporate
Memory) [kac:onf/ þwGif ta&;ygaom
owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk vufc&H ef vdt k yfol
rsm;rSm 0efxrf;rsm;om r[kwaf cs/ azmufonf
rsm;vnf ; yg0if o nf / ,if ; enf ; vrf ; t&
qdkvQif xkwfay;aom aiGpm&if; 1ç000 udk
aqG ; aEG ; aomtcg aiG p m&if ; ref a e*smES i f h
azmufonfrsm;onf ,if;wlnDaom pm&Guf
pmwrf ; taxmuf t xm;ud k &nf ñ T e f ;
aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ azmufonfrsm; tjyef
tvSef qufo, G rf tI m;vH;k udk taxmuftxm;
jyKvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/
puúefYydkif;twGif; yHkpHwpfck odkYr[kwf
rSwfwrf;wpfckudk azmfjyxm;&Sd&ef 0efxrf;rsm;
ESifh azmufonfrsm;udk cGifhjyKrnfh jynfhpHkaom
'pf*spfw,frSwfwrf;wpfckudk awG;awmpOf;pm;
Munf h y g/ rd k u f c ½d k a qmh z f t ygt0if uk r Ü P D
trsm;pkwGif yHkpHrsm;pGm&Sdonf[k bDvf*dwfu
qdkonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ,if;pm&Gufpmwrf;
rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef olu tBuHjyKonf/ yHkpH
tm;vHk;udk tGefvdkif;ay:wGif ukrÜPDrsm;u
wifNyD; toHk;jyKolrsm;xHrS wHkYjyefcsufrsm;udk
tm;ay;&ef bDvf*dwfu tBuHjyKxm;onf/
ukrÜPDrsm;u ,if;odkYta&;ygaom aumfydk&dwf
rSwfÓPfe,fy,fwGif wdk;wufrIudk qef;ppf
tuJ j zwf a y;&ef ul n D a y;aom prf ; oyf r I
wpf&yfjzpfonf/
twdwfu aqmif&GufcJhaom wlnDonfh
y½dk*sufwpfckESifh qufpyfEkdifaom taxmuf
txm;? pm&G u f p mwrf ; wpf p H k w pf & mud k
qufoG,f&mwGif puúefY 60 xufenf;NyD; yDpD
ay:wGif y½dk*sufwpfckudk vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf
54
aeol r&Sdrcsif; oif\aumfydk&dwfrSwfÓPf
onf tvGefaumif;rGefEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
,if;tcsdefxuf Mumygu vlwdkYonf ,if;
tcsuftvufudk &SmazGEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
þodkYqdkvQif oif\aumfydk&dwfrSwfÓPfonf
ydkifqkdifrIwpfck r[kwfawmhacs/
tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ aumfydk&dwfrSwfÓPf
wdk;wufjrifhrm;ap&ef enf;vrf;tcsKdU&Sdonf/
oif0h efxrf;rsm;uJo h Ykd azmufonfrsm;ESihf ypön;f
ay;oGi;f olrsm;xHrS owif;tcsut f vufqikd &f m
wlnDaomydkifqdkifrIudk aocsmatmif jyKvkyfyg/
,if;tcsuu f tay;t,lvyk if ef;tm;vH;k
udk ydkrdkvG,fulatmif jyKvkyfay;rnfjzpfonf/
,if;odaYk om csO;f uyfrw I pf&yfonf oift h awG;
tac:wGif y"meusaom ajymif;a&TUrIwpfck
vdktyfEkdifonf/ tzGJUtpnf;taejzifh t"du
yg0ifaomt&mrsm;ESifh Mum;cHqufpyfaeaom
enf ; vrf ; rsm;ud k jyef v nf c sd e f q jcif ; vnf ;
vdktyfEkdifonf/
oifth wGuf rSeu f efaomtaxmuftxm;
odkYr[kwf zdkifwpfpHkwpf&m jyefvnf&,lEkdif&ef
puúeYf 60 xuf rydak tmif &,lEidk af &; aocsmpGm
jyKvkyfyg/
tzG J U tpnf ; taejzif h ,if ; prf ; oyf r I
ratmifjrifvQif tay;t,lvkyfjcif;rsm;ESifh
yH k p H r sm;tm;vH k ; ud k 'pf * spf w ,f e nf ; jzif h
aqmif&Gufjcif;udk tenf;i,fom toHk;jyK
Ekdifonf/
CEO wpfOD;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
toGiaf jymif;rI aqmif&u G &f mwGif &v'faumif;
rsm; &&SdEdkifa&;twGuf wpfzufygar;cGef;rsm;udk
pOf;pm;oifhonf-
(1) tzG J U tpnf ; \ pepf w pf c k x J o d k Y
owif;tcsut f vuf tenf;i,fom
0ifa&muf&ef jyKvyk w f wfaom 0efxrf;
rsm; aqmif&Gufonfh a[mif;EGrf;
aeaom pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfrsm; &Sdae
qJvm;/
(2) oifESifh tjcm;pDrHcefYcGJol (refae*sm)
rsm;onf &mxl ; tqif h t m;vH k ; &S d
0ef x rf ; rsm;ud k tm;ay;ygovm;/
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk ukrÜPDOuú|
tygt0if wpfOD;wpfa,mufxHodkY
tD;ar;vfy&Ykd ef 0efxrf;rsm;udk tm;ay;
ygovm;/
(3) tqifhjrifhpDrHcefYcGJrItzGJUwGif ryg0if
aom wpf O D ; wpf a ,muf \ tBuH rS CEO rsm; &ifqdkifajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef bDvf*dwfu
ay;csuf od k Y r [k w f pd w f u l ; wpf c k CEO wpfOD;taejzifh oifcef;pm,lrIrsm;udk
tay: tajccH N yD ; ta&;ygaom atmufygtwdkif; azmfñTef;cJhonf-
r[mAsL[mqd k i f & m qH k ; jzwf c suf
wpf&yfudk aemufqHk;tBudrftjzpf
oif b,ftcsdefu csrSwfcJhygoenf;/
(4) ukrÜPD\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm; (ta&mif;?
azmufonfrsm;? qGJaqmifrIrufvHk;
pD r H c suf r sm;) tm;vH k ; ud k tD v uf
x&Gef;epf enf;vrf;tcsKdUjzifh &&Sd
Ekdifygovm;/
(5) t"d u tpD & if c H p mrsm; vuf c H & ef
vdktyfaom 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif
Access &Sdygovm;/ tvm;wl tpD
&ifcHpmrsm;&&Sd&ef azmufonfrsm;
wGif Access &Sdygovm;/
(6) tzGJUtpnf;\ aumfydk&dwfrSwfÓPf
onf rnf r Qaumif ; rG e f y goenf;/
55
0efxrf; odrYk [kwf azmufonfwpfOD;
onf tG e f v d k i f ; ay:wG i f oD ; jcm;
rSwfwrf;wpfckudk puúefY 60 xufrydk
bJ &SmazGEdkifygovm;/
txufygar;cGef;rsm;udk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
(1) ukrÜPDu 'pf*spfw,fyHkpH&&SdrIjzifh
aqmif&Gufaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh
tjcm;ta&;ygaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk aocsmatmif jyKvyk yf g/
(2) pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdaom? tjynfht0
vk y f i ef ; wm0ef aqmif & G u f a om
'pf * spf w ,f t m½H k a Mumpepf w pf c k
zefwD;jcif;twGuf oif\ aqmif&Guf
rIudk jyefvnftm;jznhf&ef wdkuf½dkuf
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;
ud k csrS w f a qmif & G u f y g/ r&S d r jzpf
vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvuf\
t"duOD;pm;ay;rIudk tGefvdkif;ay:
wGif &&Sdonfh todynmudk toHk;cs
yg/ ukefxkwfvkyfrI? rm;uwfwif;ESifh
 ta&mif;Xme ponfh t"duusonfh ae&m,lrI aocsmygap/ 'pf*spfw,f
Xmetm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;jyK&ef aocsm tm½H k a Mumpepf \ t"d u &nf r S e f ;
ygap/ tpnf;ta0;udk oifu, kd w
f ikd f csuf w pf c k j zpf o nf h tzG J U tpnf ;
OD;aqmifyg/ xdkYjyif vkyfief;wm0ef twGif;&Sd vlwdkif;udk yHkrSefowday;
aqmif&Gufaeaom 'pf*spfw,ftm½Hk aeonfhtcsufrSm tqifhwdkif;wGif
aMumpepf zGHUNzdK;jcif;twGuf &nfrSef; azmufonf &nfrSef;csufudk jrifhrm;
csufrsm;ESifh tcsdefZ,m;udk pwif wdk;wuf&ef jzpfonf/
csrSwfaqmif&Gufyg/ (4) 'pf * spf w ,f tm½H k a Mumpepf \
pdwf"mwfu d k xd e f ; od r f ; aqmif & G u f
&mwGif tqifhwdkif;ü vsifjrefaom
'pf*spfw,f quf o G , f a &;ud k oif rnf o k d Y
tm½HkaMumpepf\ aqmif&u G o
f nfukd vlwikd ;f od&ydS gap/
yHkrSeftm;jzifh ukrÜPDtESHY tD;ar;vf
t"du&nfrSef;csuf rsm;ydkYjcif; tavhtxudk &&SdapNyD;
ta&;BuD;aom ueOD; aqmif&GufrI
wpfckjzpfonfh rsm;udk vlwdkif;od&Sdygap/ owif;
tzGJUtpnf;twGif;&Sd aumif;? owif;qdk; ESpfckpvHk;tay:
wGif wkHYjyefrIESifh tBuHay;csufrsm;udk
vlwdkif;udk yHkrSefowday; BudKqdkaMumif; 0efxrf;wdkif; &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; odygap/ Oyrm t"du
aeonfhtcsuf
tcsufrSm OD;pm;ay;rIrsm;ESifh ueOD; aqmif&u G f
tqifhwdkif;wGif azmufonf rI r sm; aqG ; aEG ; &ef tzG J U i,f r sm;
tpnf;ta0; usi;f yjcif;onf ukrP Ü D
&nfr Se f; csufudk ,Ofaus;rIukd wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJ
&ef E S i f h tjcm;t"d y Ü m ,f & S d a om
jrifhrm;wdk;wuf&ef ajymif ; vJ r I r sm;ud k jyKvk y f j cif ;
jzpfonf/ jzpfayonf/
armif a rmif j rih f o d e f ;
(3) pwif a qmif & G u f o nf h t csd e f r S p í (puf r I w uú o d k v f )
azmufonfrsm;onf BudK;yrf;rIwpfck Ref: What the Best CEOs know
vH k ; \ tcsuf t csmA[d k X mewG i f By Jeffery A, Krames

56
 vli,frsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ acgif;aqmifi,ftjzpf rsufESmpmae&modkY
a&muf & S d v monf h t cg BuH K awG U &wwf a om txuf ? atmuf ? ab;wd k u f
quf q H a &;rsm;ES i f h vk y f i ef ; &nf r S e f ; csuf r sm; atmif j rif a &;twG u f
aqmif&Guf&mwGif owdjyK a&Smif&Sm;&rnfh tvGJrsm;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

vli,frsm;onf olwdkY\vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifa&;twGuf &nfrSef;NyD; vkyfudkifaeMuonf/

t&mtm;vHk; vG,fulpGmESifh atmifjrifrIudk &&SdvmEkdifrnf r[kwfygacs/ qHk;½HI;jcif;? ysufjy,fjcif;?
ratmifjrifjcif;rsm;onf wdk;a0SUusDp,fwwfonfudk owdjyKoifhonf/ enf;enf;av;vGJoGm;&mrS

57
rsm;rsm;BuD; epfem&wwfonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh
vli,frsm;onf olwdkY\vkyfief; &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;udk tjypfuif;pGm aqmif&GufoGm;Muonf
csnf; jzpfonf/
yHkrSefaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tvGJ [lonfudk
rBuHKawGUEkdifaomfjim; ta&GUtajymif; a&pD;
aMumif;aMumifh trsm;oligwdkYxuf rwlaom
ae&mod k Y vl i ,f w d k Y a&muf & S d o G m ;Ek d i f o nf /
xdkae&mü vli,fonf tvGJ [laompum;vHk;
udk pwif&if;ESD;vmygawmhonf/ okawoejyK
aumuf,lxm;rIt& wpfqifhwufvSrf;aom
vli,fwYdk vGwJ wfonfh tvGaJ v;rsm;rSm omref
taMumif ; t&mav;rsm;om jzpf a eygawmh
onf/
vli,frsm;onf taMumif;trsK;d rsK;d aMumifh
rdrd\vkyfief;? tzGJUtpnf;? trsm;ydkifvkyfief;
tzGJUtpnf;\ rsufESmpmae&modkY a&mufvm
wwfMuonf/ atmufajcrSaeí vli,f\
BudK;pm;rIt& wpfqifhwdk;wufum qHk;jzwfay;
&rnfhae&modkY a&mufvmMuolvnf; &Sdonf/
vkyfief;tawGUtBuHKrsm;? xl;jcm;aom t&nf
tcsif;rsm;? ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rIrsm;? wdkif;jynf?
bmom? omoemESifh vlrsKd;tay: opömapmifh
58
od tepfemcHrIrsm;aMumifhvnf; a&mufvm
wwfMuonf/
rnf o d k Y a om enf ; vrf ; jzif h rsuf E S m pm
ae&mod k Y a&muf & S d v mygap? xd k a e&mES i f h
xd k u f w ef o nf ? xd k a e&m\ wm0ef E S i f h
0wå&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifEkdifonf[k trsm;u
,H k M unf í tyf E S i f ; vd k u f j cif ; jzpf o nf /
vli,fonf xdkae&mESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwf
onf[k trsm;u r,lq? rESpfoufygu xdk
ae&modkY a&muf&Sd? &&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfygacs/
vli,f\txufü vl&Sdaewwfao;onf
rSm obm0yif jzpfonf/ vli,fonf ol\
txuf v l B uD ; ES i f h quf q H x d a wG U &onf /
txufvlBuD;\ axmufcHrI? ,HkMunfrIaMumifh
yif olonf xdkae&modkY a&mufvmjcif; jzpf
onf/ xdawGUqufqHrI rsm;vmavav yk*¾dKvf
a&;qefaom udk;uG,frI tvGJawmodkY csif;eif;
0ifa&mufvmavyif jzpfawmhonf/
q&mwynfhqefaom qufqHa&;? trSD
jyKvdkaom pdwf"mwf? wefcdk;tmPm\ t&dyf
tm0gowdu Yk kd ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd wwfrw I Ykd jzpfwnf
vmwwfonf/ q&m &SdpOfumvwGif tqif
ajyygvdrfhrnf/ q&m r&SdawmhonfhumvwGif
tajz&S d N yD ; om;ar;cG e f ; jzpf v mvd r f h r nf /
xd k Y a Mumif h rsuf E S m pmae&mod k Y a &muf &dS& ef
arQmfrSef;tm;xkwfaeol vli,fwdkYonf yk*¾dKvf
udk;uG,frI? acgif;aqmifudk tm;udk;tm;xm;
jyKvGef;rIrsm;udk owdxm;qifjcif&ef vdktyf
onf/ q&m\ oGefoifjyo qdkqHk;rrIrsm;udk
vd k u f e m&rnf rS e f a omf v nf ; vG e f u J a om
yk * ¾ d K vf a &;tpG J o nf tvG J v k y f a qmif r I o m
jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/
 q&mESifh tqifajyygu auseyfp&m jzpf
aomfvnf; q&mESifh tqifrajyygu rae
wwfp&m udpörsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmEkdifonf/
ae&mwdkif;ü txufuq&mESifh tqifajyae
vdrrhf nf[k yHak orSw, f í l r&Ekid yf gacs/ aocsm
qef;ppfygu txufvlBuD;onf ol\ MoZm
anmif;rnfhol? olYudkMunfndKav;pm; tm;udk;
wwf o l u d k o m tvd k & S d w wf M uonf / ol u
t&nftcsif;rjynfh0jcif;? tm;enf;csufwpfckck
&S d a ewwf j cif ; wd k Y u vnf ; tem;ü 0d k i f ; &H
aeolrsm;udk ydkrdkESpfoufvdkvm;wwfjcif;udk
jzpfay:aponf/ ajr§mufyifhajymqdkjcif;? uyfyg;
&yfyg; jyKwwfjcif;? yHhydk;jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; wdkYudk
jyKwwfolrsm;udkom ESpfoufygvdrfhrnf/
vl i ,f o nf yH k r S e f v I y f & S m ;aqmif & G u f
aejcif;jzifh ol\ txufvlBuD;u olYtay:
r,HkouFmpdwfrsm;? oHo,tjrifrsm; 0ifoGm;
wwfonf/ txufvBl u;D \ tjyKtrlukd vli,f
ud k , f w d k i f u wef z d k ; rxm;? rav;pm;rI r sm;
jzpfvmwwfonf/ xdktcg vli,fESifh vlBuD;\
qufqHa&;rSm yGwfwdkufrIrsm; &Sdvmygawmh
onf/ xd&SolrSm vli,fomjzpfNyD; pdefac:rIrsm;
aMumifh rGef;usyfyifyef;&ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh
vli,fonf vlBuD;ESifh tqifrajyrI tvGJudk
vnf; owdBuD;pGmxm;í qifjcif&rnf/
vli,fwdkY vGJwwfaom tvGJrsm;teuf
atmufvludk ,HkvGef;onfhtvGJuvnf; rvGJ
tyf a omt&m jzpf o nf / rsuf E S m pmae&m?
acgif;aqmifi,fae&modkY a&muf&Sdvmaom
vli,fonf ol\yifut kd &nftaoG;udk tm;jyK
í tzG J U om;rsm;\ aygif ; pk p G r f ; tm;ud k
toHk;jyKum vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufMu&
59
onf/ vli,fESifh teD;uyfqHk;&Sdaom tv,f
tvwfwef; pDrHcefYcGJolu vli,f\OD;aqmif
vrf ; jyñT e f M um;xm;rI t 00ud k tao;pd w f
xyfqifh ñTefMum;uGyfuJ&awmhonf/ xdktcg
tpk? tpdwf tzGUJ acgif;aqmifi,fwu Ykd kd xyfqifh
wm0efcGJa0ay;&awmhonf/
vl i ,f o nf tv,f t vwf w ef ; pD r H
cef Y c G J o l tygt0if tpk ? tpd w f tzG J U
acgif;aqmifwEYkd iS hf tvkyt f wl vky&f awmhonf/
vk y f i ef ; wm0ef c G J a 0ay;&mrS wpf p wpf p
,HkMunfrIrsm; vGefuJoGm;awmhonf/ vli,f
twGuf tcsed rf tm;vyfrrI sm;? tcsed u f syw
f nf;
rIrsm; &Sv d mygu rsuEf mS vTcJ yJ pf oabmrsK;d txd
a&muf & S d o G m ;awmh o nf / em;vnf r I & S d a om
acgif;aqmifi,fwEYkd iS hf BuKH awGUygu tcuftcJ?
jyóemwpf p H k w pf & m ray:ayguf E d k i f a omf
vnf; vli,f\ ,HkMunfrIudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyK
onfh acgif;aqmifi,fwdkYESifh BuHKawGUygu
azmufjyefrI\tusKd;&v'fudk vli,fyif cHpm;
&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vli,facgif;aqmif
rsm;onf xd k t vG J r sKd ; ud k v nf ; owd x m;
ausmfjzwfoGm;oifhonf/
 rcdkifrmjcif;udkom BuHKawGU&wwfonf/ vli,f
txuf? atmuf? \ &yfwnf&mae&mt& tzGJUom;rsm;udk pDrH
cefcY JG uGyu f BJ u;D Muyf aqmif&u G &f onf jzpfaomf
ab;wk d u f w k d Y r S vnf; tzGJUom;rsm;ESifh tqifrajy jzpfaeygu
vli,f\a&muf&Sd&mae&mtwGuf vIyfcwfrIudk
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;\ BuHKawGU&Ekdifonf/
vl i ,f o nf rnf o d k Y pD r H c ef Y c G J uG y f u J
a0zefaxmufjyrIudk
BuD ; Muyf E k d i f y grnf e nf ; / wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; ?
aEG ; axG ; pG m txuf a tmuf tqif r ajy jzpf a eygu
tzGJUtpnf;\om,mrIudk rnfodkY azmfaqmif
vufcHoifh\/ Ekdifygrnfenf;/ xdkYaMumifh vli,fonf rdrd
a&muf&Sd&mae&m\ txufatmuf pDrHcefYcGJol
a0zefaxmufjyrIrsm; tBu;D ? ti,f? t&G,?f tvwfwEYkd iS hf tqifajy
a&;onf tvG J w pf c k u d k jzwf a usmf E k d i f j cif ;
r&Sdaomae&m? jzpfonf/
ajr§ m uf y if h r I r sm; vl i ,f \ obm0onf wuf < uonf /
xifay:ausmfMum;vdkonf/ jrifhjrifhrm;rm;udk
oif;xHk&m&yf0ef;wdkYonf arQmf r S e f ; onf / xd k o d k Y j zpf & ef Bud K ;pm;&if ; rS
atmufajcvGwjf cif;wdYk jzpfvmwwfonf/ [dwf
vl i ,f w d k Y [ef rmefrmewdkYESifh wvGJqHyifaumif;um
vkyfoihfonfhtvkyfudk rvkyfjcif;? rvkyfoifh
a&SmifMuOftyfaom onf h t vk y f u d k vk y f j cif ; ? a&S U vl B uD ; rsm;ud k
txifrBuD;jcif;? a&SUvlrsm;vkyfcJhonfh vkyfief;
t&yfa'o jzpfonf/
pOfudkzsufjcif;? a&TUjcif;? &yfqdkif;jcif;wdkYudk
jyKwwfMuonf/
vl i ,f \ a&muf & S d & m ae&mt& &&S d
vli,fonf tzGJUom;rsm;? acgif;aqmif vmaom udk,fydkifvkyfydkifcGifhudk taMumif;
i,frsm;udk ,HkMunfvGef;jcif;onf raumif;[k jyKum arQmv f ifch sut f pHpk EkH iS hf csO;f uyfvmolrsm;
qd k M uonf / od k Y & mwG i f r,H k M unf v G e f ; jcif ; &Sdwwfonf/ csOf;uyf&if;rS c&D;oGm;[efvTJ
onfvnf; raumif;yg[k oHk;oyfjyMuonf/ csD;rGrf;axmrempum; qdkMuawmhonf/ vli,f
tzGJUom;rsm;ESifh tqifrajyjcif;? o[Zmw onf rdrt d BuKd uu f v
kd u
kd u f m rdr\ d aumif;uGuf
rjzpf j cif ; onf vl i ,f \ &yf w nf r I t wG u f udk ajr§mufyifholrsm;\pum;udk om,moGm;Ekdif
60
onf/ tqd;k taumif;udk rjrifawmh/ qifjcifwHk
w&m;rsm;onf qd w f o k O f ; oG m ;awmh o nf /
pOf;pm;csifhcsdefrI tm;enf;oGm;onf/ xdkt&m
rsm;ESifh ,Ofyg;oGm;jcif;aMumifh atmufajc
vGwu f m xif&mpdik ;f awmhonf/ &nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf
vGJawmh\/
b0ifjrifhjcif;? rdrdudk,frdrd txifBuD;vGef;
jcif;? aoG;em;xifa&mufjcif;wdkYonf owf&ef
cufcJaom Adkif;&yfpfydk;yif jzpfonf/ rsufESmpm
ae&mod k Y a&muf & S d a eol vl i ,f w d k Y t zd k Y
taygif ; toif ; e,f a jr usOf ; ajrmif ; jcif ; ?
½kyfwnfBuD;ESifh xm0&aewwfjcif;? xdckduf
yGef;yJhrIrsm;tay: xd&SvG,fjcif;wdkYonf b0if
jrifha&m*gudk tjrpfwG,fapaom taMumif;cH
rsm; jzpfonf/
rdru
d ,kd rf rd d tNro J ;kH oyf owdjyKaewwfol
vli,fonf rdrdxHü þtjyKtrl? þa&m*g
0ifvmaeNyD[k owdjyKvdkufrdygu rdrdxuf
BuD;jrwfaomol? taygif;toif;qhHol? tawGU
tBuHK A[kokw<u,f0olwdkYxH csOf;uyfum
avhvmoif,lí tcsdefrD jyKjyiftyfayonf/
txuf? atmuf? ab;wku d w
f rYdk S vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf
rsm;\ a0zefaxmufjyrIudk aEG;axG;pGm vufcH
oifh\/ a0zefaxmufjyrIrsm; r&Sdaomae&m?
ajrm§ ufyifrh rI sm; oif;xH&k m&yf0ef;wdo Yk nf vli,f
wdYk a&SmifMuOftyfaom t&yfa'o jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh rdru d , kd u
f kd txifBu;D b0ifav[yf?
b0ifjrifah &m*gonf b0tvGu J o kd m jzpfaponf/
vli,fwkdY aemufxyfvGJwwfonfhtvGJ
onf ywf0ef;usifESifh qufqHa&; rajyjypfjcif;
jzpfonf/ txufwGif qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; vli,f
onf rdrda&muf&Sd&mae&m\ txuf? atmuf?
61
ab;wdkufrS vltrsm;ESifh qufqHae&onf/
vli,f\ aygif;oif;qufqaH &; aumif;onfEiS hf
trQ vkyfief;tzGJUtpnf;\ atmifjrifBuD;yGm;
wdk;wufrIudk &&Sdaprnf/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
tm;enf;ygu vli,fomru vli,fO;D aqmif
aom tzGUJ tpnf;vnf; qH;k ½HI;epfemrI &Sv
d mrnf/
vl i ,f o nf tem*wf \ acgif ; aqmif
jzpf o nf / ,aeY & &S d x m;aomae&mrS yd k r d k
jrifrh m;aomae&modYk a&muf&w dS m0efxrf;aqmif
&rnfhol jzpfonf/ ,aeY&&Sdxm;aomae&m
onf wpfqifhcHjcif;om jzpfonfudk em;vnfí
qufqHaqmif&Gufoifhonf/ yifudkADZygvm
jcif;? atmufajcvGwfjcif;? tawGUtBuHK? A[k
okw enf;yg;jcif;wdkYonf qufqHa&; nHhzsif;
rIukd jzpfapaom taMumif;&if;rsm; jzpfonf/
xd k o l r sm;onf txuf z m; atmuf z d a om
tusifhqdk;udk cHkrifwwfMuonf/ wpfb0pH
csrf;omokcudk rufarmMuonf/ aemufuG,f
ü olwum\ [m;wdkufajymifavSmifrIudk cH&
wwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh vli,fwdkYonf b0
twGuf ywf0ef;usifESifh oifhjrwfpGm aexdkif
wwf&efvdkonf/
 vl i ,f o nf rd r d a &muf & S d & mae&m\
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;? OD;aqmifpDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;? aiG
a&;aMu;a&;rsm; &Sdvmygu vHk;0OóHk wm0ef
,l wm0ef c H w wf M u&ef t wG u f avh u sif h
oifMum;xm;oihfonf/ tzGJUtwGif;? tzGJUjyify
rsm;od k Y wm0ef c H t aeES i f h &J & J 0 H h 0 H h oG m ;vm
ajz&Si;f ay;wwf&rnf/ tzGUJ twGi;f ? tzGUJ jyifyrS
rd r d x H a &muf v maom jyóemtpk p k u d k
wm0ef c H a jz&S i f ; aqmif & G u f a y;Ek d i f & rnf /
xdkodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vli,fonf rdrd
tzG J U tpnf ; ud k ud k , f p m;jyK&ma&muf a eNyD ;
wm0ef , l j cif ; ? wm0ef c H j cif ; rsm; jyKaernf
jzpfonf/ xdkodkY jyKEkdif&eftwGuf rdrd&yf0ef;\
ywfoufpyfqikd rf I rSeo f rQukd odjrif wwfajrmuf
ae&eftwGuf avhusifhoif,lxm;&efvnf;
vdktyfonf/
tcsd e f E S i f h t rQ ajymif ; vJ a erI u d k v nf ;
rsuf j cnf r jywf o if h y g/ wpf q if h j rif h a om
ae&modkY BudKarQmfawG;í vdktyfaomtkwfjrpf
udkvnf; csxm;oifhonf/ a&muf&SdoGm;ygu
aqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;udk csufcsif;vufiif;
csrS w f a y;Ed k i f r nf / xd k Y a Mumif h vl i ,f o nf
tpOf t NrJ avh v moif , l a e&ef vd k o nf /
avhvmoif,rl I tm;enf;ygu vli,fwt Ykd wGuf
rvdv k m;tyfaom tvGBJ u;D udk &ifqikd o f mG ;&rnf
jzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&H vli,fxo H Ykd vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf mPm
wdkYonf &yf0ef;tay:rlwnfum a&muf&Sdvm
Ekdifonf/ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmonf vli,f\
udk, f a&;ud k ,f wmud k ajz&S if ;aqmif& Gu f& ef
r[kwb f J &yf0ef;\ atmifjrifrt I wGuf tyfEiS ;f
vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf/ trsm;pkaom olwdkY\
62
vGJrSm;aom,lqcsufrsm;? udk,fa&;udk,fwm
a&SUwef;wifrIrsm;? udk,fusKd;&SmrIrsm;? rod
em;rvnfrIrsm;aMumifh vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk
tvGJoHk;rIrsm; &Sdvmwwfonf/
tvGo J ;kH &mü aiGaMu;? ypön;f ? tcGit
hf a&;?
rw&m;MoZmoHk;um ravsmfruefjyKrI? trdefY
ñTefMum;csufrsm;jzifh zdESdyfrIrsm; yg0ifvmwwf
onf/ xdkodkY tvGJoHk;jcif;aMumifh epfemolrsm;
ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;\ pdwf
cHpm;csufrsm;aygif;pkum zGJrD;uJhodkY twGif;
avmifNrdKufae&mrS aemufqHk;ü aygufuGJonf
txd a&muf&SdoGm;wwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
vli,fonf rdrdxHa&mufvmaom vkyfydkifcGifh
tmPmudk tvGJtoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh rjyKrdMuap&ef
a&Smif&Sm; owdxm;oifhonf/
vli ,fo nf vuf& Sda &muf& mae&mESi fh
o[Zmw rjzpfjcif; [laomtvGJudkvnf;
BuHK&wwfonf/ 0goemygonfu wpfrsKd;?
oufarG;vkyu f ikd af e&onfu wjcm; jzpfaejcif;
uyif vli,fESifhtvkyf tH0ifcGifus rjzpfbJ
aeylvSef;xm;aom tcsKd&nfykvif;udk aomuf
ae&ovdk cHpm;rsKdcsae&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif
vli,f&&Sdxm;aom ynm&nfrSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh
a&muf&Sd&m&yf0ef;\ tqifhae&m edrfhyg;rIu
vnf; tHrudkuf jzpfaewwfonf/
tvkyfvkyf&onfrSm pGrf;oavmuf c&D;
rayguf[k vli,f cHpm;&onf/ a&muf&Sd&m
ae&monf vli,f\ 0goemADZESifh rudkufnD
jcif;vnf; jzpfwwf\/ vli,f\tjrifbufrS
vnf;aumif;? tjcm; vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;\
tjrifb ufr Sv nf; aumif; vl i ,f a &muf & S d
&,lxm;onfhae&monf vli,fESifh rxdkufwef
[k xif j rif , l q aejcif ; rsm;vnf ; jzpf a y:
wwf\/
vk y f i ef ; cG i f yG w f w d k u f r I r sm;aMumif h
raysmfr&Tif jzpfvm&awmhonf/ xdktcgrsKd;
wGif vli,fvkyforQonf tHvGJaeaomaMumifh
&v'faumif;udk r&Ekdifawmhacs/ vli,fonf
a&G ; cs,f í r&onf h vrf ; aMumif ; xJ ü rd r d
udk,fudk xd&ScHum xdktvGJudk ausmfjzwfoihf
onf / vG J & mrS tH u d k u f j zpf a tmif Bud K ;pm;
oihfonf/
vli,fonf tjrifhudkarQmfrSef;olyDyD t&m
tm;vHk;udk tjrifhrSaeí pD;í jrifEkdifatmif
BudK;pm;oifhonf/ NydKifbufrsm;xuf tjrif
ydkus,foifh\/ olwum rjrifonfudk jrifEdkif&
rnf / tjrif h o d k Y a &muf & S d a eojzif h ,cif u
tjrifESifh ,cktjrifonf rwlnDawmhonfudk
vnf; owdjyKoihfonf/ a&muf&Sd&m&yf0ef;u
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63
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64
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65
 tJ'ahD cwfumvawGwek ;f uqk&d if tar&du
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The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study

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66
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67
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People vkdY ac:qkdMuw,f/
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w,f/ 'gayrJh rarQmfvifhwJhtjzpftysufawGu awG y g 0g&S i f w ef ' D p D N rd K UrS m pk a 0;vI y f & S m ;
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vmjyefw,f/ tpkd;&0efxrf;wcsKdUxJrSm ½k½Sm; awmif;qkdoHawG nH p D c J h & w,f / bmjzpf v k d Y
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ayr,fh tar&dueftokduft0ef;u olUtay:
rSm oHo,&SdaeMuqJygyJ/ Ref: People in America

68
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69
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trsKd ; om;usef ; rma&;0ef a qmif r I t zG J U rSD0Jp&mrvdkaMumif;eJY rvdkvm;tyfbJ aiGaMu;
(National Health Service) axmufcHay;xm; ukefusrIomjzpfaMumif; tBuHjyKxm;ygw,f/
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tcg aeYpOfoHk;pGJay;&ygr,f/ oaE¨om; t½dk; Ref: - Medical Daily, 24, May,2015.
- Technology Review,7, April, 2017.
zGHUNzdK;rI rSefuefusef;rmapzdkYyg/ Folic Acid 400 - Wedmd, 12, July, 2016.
rdkufc½dk*&rfudk oaE¨ 12 ywftxd aeYpOf - BBC 12, July, 2016.

80
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f Qif bd;k awmf
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trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/ xdkpOfu a&aMumif;c&D;
jzif h uk e f p nf u l ; oef ; oG m ;vmaeMuonf h
Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;onf [Hom0wD? "n0wD? &r®m
0wD? 'Gg&0wD qdyfurf;rsm;rSwpfqifh tr&yl&
NrKd UawmfoYkd bde;f rsm; o,faqmifvmwwfaMumif;
od&Sdawmfrlí xdkodkY trdefYawmf xkwfjyefcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
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Ek d i f i H j cm;om; w½k w f u k v m;rsm;ud k o mru
jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;udkyg zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;? pD&if
uGyfrsufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
ord k i f ; pOf q uf u yif jref r mEk d i f i H o nf
rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,foHk;pGJrIudk jyif;xefpGm
wm;qD;cJhonf/ e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif bdef;
pdkufysKd;rI pGefYvTwfvmap&eftwGuf a'ozGHUNzdK;
84
a&;ESifh a'ocHrsm;\ vlrIpD;yGm; b0tqifh
twef; jrifrh m;vmap&ef wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;
aqmif&Gufay;aeonf/
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aqmif&Gufaeonf/ xdkpDrHudef;t& 1999-
2000 jynfhESpfrS pwifí ig;ESpfpDrHudef;jzifh
NrKd U e,faygif; 51 NrKd Ue,ftwGi;f OD;pm;ay;a'o
tvd k u f pwif a qmif & G u f c J h N yD ; ES p f t vd k u f
xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf/
rl;,pfaq;0g; wdkufzsufa&; enf;AsL[m
oHk;&yfjzpfaom xkwfvkyfrI yaysmufa&;? oHk;pGJ
rI yaysmufa&;ESifh wm;qD;ESdrfeif;a&;wkdYudk
vnf; ,cktcg vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufaeonf/
ig;ESpftwGif;ü rl;,pfaq;0g; pdkufysKd;
xkwfvkyfjcif;? oHk;pGJjcif;? odkavSmifjcif;? o,f
aqmifjcif;? a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm;udk
wm;jrpf[efYwm;Ekdifavmufonfh jypf'Pfrsm;
csrSwfum bdef;cif;rsm;udkzsufqD;í bdef;tpm;
xdk;oD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
vkyfudkifEkdif&ef aqmif&GufcJhonf/
xdkYjyif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pGJ
rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf EdkifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;jzpfonfh UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS tzGUJ rsm;
ESifh yl;aygif;í rl;,pfaq;pGJ ukorIESifh aemuf
qufwGJqdk;usKd;rsm; avQmhcsa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
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jyóemtjzpf OD;pm;ay;um aq;½HkESifh tajc
jyKukoa&;Xmersm;udk pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;ae
onf/
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twGuf rl;,pfaq;0g;csufvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyK jzifh azmfxw k f wm;jrpfMu&rnfjzpfonf/ jrefrm
onfh "mwkaA'ypön;f rsm; w&m;r0ifa&mif;0,f Ekid if w
H iG o
f mru urÇmwpfciG wf iG f rl;,pfaq;0g;
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ypön;f rsm; Bu;D Muyfa&;aumfrwDuv kd nf; zGUJ pnf; ayonf/
cJhNyD; enf;Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD
Muyfrwfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ &nf 0 if ; vd I i f
jrefrmhvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g;
vH;k 0uif;pifap&ef pdu k yf sK;d xkwv
f yk jf cif;? a&mif; Ref: Internet

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a&mif p H k t m[m&

npmpm;aeMucd k u f uRef a wmf u

rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk ta&miftaoG;pHkaom
[if;vsmrsm;taMumif; &Sif;jyaeonf/
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rsm;avavyJ}} [k uRefawmfu ajymonf/
[if;vsmrsm;udk vufn§dK;ñTefvsuf -
]]rif;wdkYta&mif b,fESrsKd;jrifovJ}} [k
uRefawmfu ar;vdkufonf/
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orD;i,fu xifjrifcsufay;onf/
armf (oef v sif )

85
 od y Ü H E S i f h e nf ; ynmrsm; wd k ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf E S i f h t rQ vl o m;wd k Y \ tawG ;
tac:? pdwful;rsm;udkvnf; trSefwu,f wDxGifazmfaqmifvmEkdifcJhaMumif;ESifh
tem*wf t wG u f tusKd ; &S d r nf h ypö n f ; ud & d , mrsm;ud k v nf ; quf v uf a wG ; ac:
BuH a qmif a eMu&rnf j zpf a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

NAdwdefEdkifiHonf enf;ynm&yfESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f qufET,frI&Sdonfh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfonf/

NAdwdefEdkifiHom;rsm;onf enf;ynmopfrsm;ESifh wDxGifqef;opfaom tdrfoHk;pufypönf;rsm;udk
tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;xuf ydkrkdjrefqefpGm vufcHoHk;pGJavh&SdMuonf/ NAdwdefvlrsKd;trsm;pkonf
86
acsmif y d w f r d a eonf h tajctaewpf & yf r S
tvG w f ½ k e f ; &mwG i f taxmuf t ul j zpf
acwfrDud&d,mqef;rsm;udk aqmifxm;avh&Sd
aom NAdwdoQvQKdU0SufaxmufvSrf;a&; t&m&Sd
wpfOD;jzpfol 007 ukd tvGeftm;usum ¤if;wdkY
ukd,fwdkif xkdvQKdU0SufaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&Sd
tjzpf pdwful;,OfaeMuyHk&onf/
þurÇmavmuBuD;wGif odyÜHenf;ynmukd
vufawGUtoH;k csru I uREyfk wf u
Ykd dk tusK;d jyKvsuf
&So
d nf/ uREyfk w f oYkd nf pufu&d , d mtoH;k jyKenf;
vufpGJrsm;ukd zwfaep&m rvkdawmhouJhokdY
,if;ud&d,m toHk;jyKenf;ukd jyoay;rnfh
twwf y nm&S i f w pf O D ; ud k v nf ; ac:,l & ef
rvdktyfawmhay/ uREkfyfwdkYvufxJ&Sd aemufqHk;
ay:ypönf;onf cvkwfav;wpfcsuf ESdyfvkduf½Hk
ESihf uREyfk w
f jYkd yKvyk v f odk nfh rnfonft h &mukrd qkd
¤if;u vkyfaqmifay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh
tqifrajyrIrsm; ajyvnfoGm;rnf jzpfonf/
*sd r f ; pf b G e f ; Zmwf u m;rsm; vl x k t Mum;
a&yef ; pm;rI u þpd w f u l ; ,Of t d y f r uf \
wm&Sncf EH ikd rf pI rG ;f tm;ukd jyoaeonf/ vQKUd 0Suf
axmuf v S r f ; a&; (ol v QKd ) pmtk y f r sm;ES i f h
½k y f j rif o H M um;Zmwf v rf ; rsm;onf NAd w d o Q
87
EdkifiHwGif ta&mif;&qHk;pmtkyfpm&if;okdY a&muf
&ef þyHak oenf;ukd qufvuftoH;k jyKaeMuqJ
jzpfonf/ vlBuKdufrsm;aom uav;oli,frsm;
twGuf ½kyfjrifoHMum;tpDtpOfrsm;xJrS wpfck
jzpfaom 'MI High' onf txufwef;ausmif;om;
rsm;ud k ol v QKd u @rS o½k y f a qmif v k d p d w f
ay:vmaponf/ q,fausmfoufvli,fav;
rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk txufXmecsKyo f Ydk qufo,G f
ajymqdk&mü cJwHrsm;twGif; 0Sufxm;aom
ud&d,mi,frsm; okdYr[kwf vufonf;twk
pufu&d , d mrsm;ukd toH;k jyKMuonf/ ,if;ypön;f
rsm;rSm zefwD;rItm;aumif;um tqifhjrifh
'pf*spfw,frdwåLul;pufrsm;ESifh AD'D,kduifr&m
rsm;tjzpf qef;opfvmcJhonf/
wDxGifrItm;aumif;aom NAdwdoQwdkY\
vuf&mwpfckrSm ,if;olvQKdZmwfaumifrsm;
onf Zmwfvrf;xJwGif ¤if;wdkYBuKHawGU&aom
tajctaeukd ausmv f mT ;Ekid of nfh ao;i,faom
acwfrDud&d,mwpfrsKd;ukdyif aqmifxm;avh
&SMd uonf/ t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d rsm;onf ,if;wDxiG rf I
enf;ynm&yfrsm;ukd ¤if;wdkY\ aeYpOfb0wGif
rnfonfh twdkif;twmtxd vufawGUtoHk;cs
aeygoenf;/ ¤if;wdkY\aetdrfrsm;onf ysrf;rQ
tm;jzifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS aetdrfrsm;xuf
,if;ud&d,mypönf;rsm;ukd ykdrdktoHk;jyKMuonf/
omrefro d m;pkrsm;onfyif rnfoYkd toH;k jyK
&rnfenf;[k toHk;jyKenf;ukdodonfh ypönf;
trsKd;tpm;xuf ausmfvGefí ½kyfjrifoHMum;
pufrsm;? uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh t0wfavQmfpuf
uJhokdYaom pufypönf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKvsuf
&S d a yonf / ,if ; vQyf p pf y pö n f ; trsm;pk u d k
tcsd e f j ynf h cvk w f z G i f h x m;avh & S d M uonf /
þonf r S m ,if ; ypö n f ; ud & d , mrsm;wG i f
ta0;xdef;pepfrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif;aMumifh
yif jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oifonf ta0;
wpfae&mrSaeí taEG;ay;pufjzifh [if;rsm;udk
aET;jcif; okdYr[kwf ½kyfjrifoHMum;rS jyoonfh
jyyGJwpfckukd ul;,ljcif;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifEdkifNyD
jzpfonf/
okaYd omf ud&, d mwpfcck si;f \ vkyaf qmifrI
toD;oD;rSm rwlnDay/ pepfwpfckwnf;jzifh
tdrf&Sdypönf;ud&d,mwdkif;ukd waygif;wnf;
csdwfqufay;onfh pufud&d,m r&Sdao;ay/
aemif wG if ,if ;ok d Y aompepf ES if h csdw fq uf
xm;&So d nft h rd rf sm; ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;
tdrfrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkYukd rsm;pGmtusKd;jyKEdkif
rnf jzpfonf/ yifruGefysLwmwpfvHk;onf
rnfonfhudpöukdrqkd taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmif
Edkifap&ef tdrfwGif;&Sd t&mtm;vHk;ukd csdwfquf yHu
k dk &SmawGUxm;oenf;/ eHeufcif;wGif a&at;
ay;rnf jzpfonf/ zsef;yufay;um oifhudk tdyf&mrS Edk;xapaom
acwfrDenf;ynmoHk; ypönf;ud&d,mrsm; toHwdwfEId;puf (Silent Alarm Bedstead) ukd
wyfqifxm;aom tdrw f pfv;kH ukd ykid q
f idk v
f o
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u usif;ycJhaom BuD;us,fcrf;em;onfh jyyGJBuD; enf;yg;onf[k xifjrif,lqcJhMuaomfvnf;
twGuf xkwfvkyfcJhaom wDxGifrIypönf;pm&if; ,cktcg acwfrDqef;opfvkdaom 0dwdk&d,
u NAw d ed Ef ikd if w
H iG f 0dw&kd ,
d bk&ifrBu;D tkypf ;dk pOf bk&ifracwfu pdwful;tdyfrufrsm;udk puf
umv (1837-1901) twGif; opfqef;NyD; ypönf;tcsKdUu trSefwu,fyif vlrIb0tqifh
puftm;oHk;ypönf;rSeforQukd vltrsm; ESpfouf twef;ukd jrifhrm;wdk;wufatmif pGrf;aqmif
pGJvrf;MuaMumif; jyoaeonf/ ,if;wDxGifrI ay;Ed k i f c J h N yD jzpf o nf / rsm;pG m aom NAd w d e f
rsm;xJrS tcsKdUqkdvQif ,cktcg tvGef&,fp&m Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;onf ¤if ; wd k Y \ vl a erI
aumif;onfh yHkay:aeonf/ tqif h t wef ; uk d wd k ; wuf j rif h r m;aponh f
,cktcgwGif rnfolu ocGm;oD;tvHk; a&cJaowåm? t0wfavQmfpuf? zkefpkyfpufwdkYukd
vS y ajzmif h 0 ef ; ap&ef xd e f ; ay;onf h t pG y f ta&;ygqH k ; aom vk y f t m;NcKd ; NcH a cRwma&;
ud&d,m (Cucumber Straightener) \ toHk;jyK ud&d,mrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/
88
 NAdwdoQrD;zkdaqmifwpfckckokdY 0ifoGm;onfh ,if;pufrsm;onf jruft&Snfukd wdkif;wm
tcg aeYpOftoHk;jyKonfhypönf; r[kwfaom Edik Nf y;D jruf&w d &f ef oif?h roifuh kd qH;k jzwfEidk pf rG ;f
pufud&d,mwpfrsKd;rsKd;ukd awGUjrif&zG,f&Sdonf/ &Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf yef;yifrsm;\ tpGef;tem;
,if;wdw Yk iG f aumfzaD zsmpf uf? a&cJrek jYf yKvyk pf uf? rsm;udk nDnmpGm jzwfawmufEkdifpGrf;&Sd½Hkomru
tom;n§yaf ygifrek rYf ;D uifpuf? aygifrek zYf w k pf uf? O,smOf&Sd y&dabm*? ausmufwHk;rsm;jzifh tvS
'defcsOfjyKvkyf&ef EGm;EdkYtcsOfazmufpuf ponfh qifzefwD;xm;rIrsm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;tvSqif
ypönf;rsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;ypönf;wpfckpDu xm;aom ypönf;rsm;ukd 0ifrwkdufrdatmif
,if;ukd toH;k jyKou l cGet f m;pdu
k x
f wk pf &m rvd?k a&Smif&Sm;Edkifonf/ ,if;ukd toHk;jyKNyD;aemuf
wwf u Rrf ; em;vnf p &mvnf ; rvk d b J aemuf w pf B ud r f toH k ; jyKEd k i f & ef ,if ; \
tcsdefwdktwGif; rdrdtvdk&Sd&mudk toifhtoHk; bufx&Dukd jyefvnftm;jznfhay;&onf/
jyKEdkifatmif pGrf;aqmifay;onf/ tawG;xJu pHtdrfrsm;onf uGefysLwm
rsm;? vuf0g;wifueG yf sLwmrsm;? wpfu, dk af &oH;k
pufypönf;rsm;? rkdbkdif;zkef;rsm;? tdrfoHk;zkef;rsm;?
AD'D,kduifr&mrsm; okdYr[kwf tvkdtavsmuf
ydwfEkdifaom um;*kda'gifwHcg;rsm;ESifh 0ifayguf
wHcg;0rsm;rSwpfqifh BuKd;rJha&'D,kdvIdif;rsm;jzifh
wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; pum;ajym&ef od k Y r [k w f
'pf*spw f ,f owif;tcsut f vufrsm;ukd rQa0
&ef Bluetooth enf;ynmtay: rSDckdtm;xm;
ae&onf / Bluetooth enf ; ynm&yf o nf
uG e f y sLwmrsm;uk d w,f v D z k e f ; BuKd ; rygbJ
vkyftm;ukd trSefwu,f NcKd;NcHacRwm tifwmeufESifh csdwfqufay;onf/ okdYr[kwf
aom tdro f ;Hk pufu&d , d m ypön;f opf tenf;i,f rdkbkdif;wpfvHk;vkd tvG,fwul o,faqmifoGm;
onf t0wfavQmpf ufrsm;ESit hf NyKid f aps;uGux f J Edkifaom em;Muyfav;wpfvHk;ESifh csdwfqufay;
pwif a&muf & S d v maeNyD jzpf o nf / td r f onf/ okdYaomf Bluetooth enf;ynm&yfonf
wpfaqmifukd jzpfap? tcef;wpfcktwGif;&Sd zkef oif\a&cJaowåmtoHk;jyKyHkukd ajymif;jyefvSef
ESihf tnpftaMu;rsm;ukjd zpfap tvkt d avsmuf ypf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/
oef Y & S i f ; ay;Ed k i f a om zk e f p k y f p uf r sm; ,ck a&cJaowåmwGif toHk;jyKonfh Bluetooth
ay:vmNyD jzpfonf/ xkt Yd wl tvdt k avsmuf enf;ynm&yfonf txJ&Sd tpm;tpmrsm;ukd
jruf&dwfpufrsm;onfvnf; tdrftoD;oD;\ ppf a q;ay;NyD ; rnf o nf h t csd e f ü tpmuk d
yef ; NcH r sm;twG i f ; pwif a e&m,l v mMuNyD jyefjznfhwif;ay;&rnfukdvnf;aumif;? tpm;
jzpfonf/ tpmwpf c k c k u k d ryk y f o k d ; rD toH k ; jyK&ef u k d
89
vnf;aumif; ajymjyavh&Sdonf/ Bluetooth
rD;ay;pepfrsm;onf wD;cwfaom aw;oGm;\ ,cktcsdefwGif
toHtwuftusESifhtnD rD;tvif;a&mifukd
csdefnd§Edkif&eftvkdYiSm ½kyfjrifoHMum;pufESifh em;vnfxm;&rnfht&mrSm
jzpfap? aw;oDcsif; vTifhxkwfaeonfhpufESifh rnfonfhtao;pm;
jzpfap csdwfqufxm;onf/
ok d Y & mwG i f vl t rsm;twG u f r S m rl þ ud&d,mrsm;ESifh
tem*wfarQmfrSef;csuf\ t"du&nf&G,fcsuf
rSm vlom;wpfOD;csif;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd pufud&d,mrsm;urqdk
BuKdwifcefYrSef;Edkif&efESifh vdktyfcsufrsm; jynfhrD uREk f y f w d k Y u k d
Edkif&ef ouf&Sdtdrfapmifhxdef;uJhokdY pDpOfvkyfukdif
ay;Ekdifonfh puf½kyfyHkpHrsKd;ukd zefwD;a&;jzpf trSefwu,f
onf / ,if ; taetxm;rS m trS e f w u,f
toHk;0ifaomfvnf; tvkyfrsKd;pHkukd vkyfaqmif tusKd;jyKrnfqdkonfESifh
Edkifaom tdrfoHk;puf½kyfrsm;onf odyÜHqkdif&m rnfonfu
pdwf ul ;,Of avmuxJ wG if om &Sda eayao;
onf/ ,cktcg yk*¾Kdvfa&; vufaxmufwpfOD; tem*wfwGif
uJhokdYaom tcef;u@rsKd;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf
Edkifaom pufud&d,mtcsKdUonf ay:xGufvm vk y f t m;NcKd ; NcH a cRwmEd k i f r nf h
aeNyD jzpfonf/ abmhpf (Bots) [kac:a0:ae tpm;xkd;í &Edkifaom
onfh puf½kyfrsm;onf tifwmeufrS owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;aeMuonf/ ud&d,mrsm;
'Nabaztag' [k ac:onfh uGefysLwmoHk;
puf½kyfonf oif\tGefvkdif;ESifhywfoufonfh jzpfonfqdkonfukd
tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif axmufyHhulnD a0zef y k d i f ; jcm;&ef y if
oltjzpf xGufay:vmNyD jzpfonf/ þtrsKd;
tpm;puf ½ k y f o nf r,H k E d k i f a vmuf a tmif jzpfonf/
vS y vG e f ; aom ,k e f w pf a umif \ yH k o P² m ef
jzpfonf/ þÓPf&nfxufjrufaom ,keo f nf
WiFi enf;ynmukd toHk;jyKvsuf tifwmeufrS xkdowif;rsm;ukd ykdYay;jyefonf/ 'Nabaztag'
owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk &,lNy;D aemuf oif onf oifhukd owif;ay;&ef&Sdygu ol\em;&Guf
a&G;cs,fonfh rnfonfhyHkpHjzifhjzpfap oifhxHokdY rsm;ukd vIyf,rf;jyrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;em;&Guf
90
vIyf,rf;jyjcif; r&Sdonfhwdkif 'Nabaztag' wpfck
onf oifhukd tdyf&mrSxatmif EId;ay;Edkifonf/
oif h u k d owif ; tcsuf r sm; zwf j yEd k i f o nf /
pawmhaps;uGufowif;rsm;udk ay;ykdYEkdifonf/
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Ref: The Thinking Home
By Fanny Mills
Modern English Digest Magazine
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94
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Ref: Curb Tobacco Access To Fight Youth
Smoking.
The Strait Time, 20, April, 2017.

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tm;jzifh tdyfrufxJwGif ysHoef;jcif;rsKd;yif
jzpfjzpf? a&ul;aejcif;rsKd;yifjzpfjzpf tdyfruf
jrifrufygu olwdkY\ i,fb0u vGwfvyfrI
rsKd ; ud k &&S d v k d j cif ; jzpf o nf [ k Freud u
ajymonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftaejzifh ol\
nDtpfukdarmifESr wpfOD;OD; okdYr[kwf rdbrsm;
f iG f aoqHk;onf[k jrifrufygu tdyfrufrufaeol
taeES i f h xk d o l r sm;tay: trS e f w u,f
98
rkef;wD;onfh cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdaeonf[k qdk\/ tdyfrufrufjcif;onf pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; &&Sd
'grS r [k w f tjcm;ol w pf O D ; OD ; twG u f &efESifh zefwD;EdkifpGrf;rsm; &&SdEdkifaom enf;vrf;
bmjzpfygap[k qkawmif;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf[k wpf & yf v nf ; jzpf o nf [ k ,H k M unf o nf /
qkd\/ tdyfrufrsm;ukd rnfokdY jyefvnfrSwfrd&efESifh
qGpfvlrsKd; pdwfa&m*gtxl;ukq&m0ef oif\ aeYpOfb0wGif rnfokdY avhvmtoHk;cs
Carl Jung onf Freud ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rnfwdkYukd tifwmeuf&Sd oifwef;rsm;wGifvnf;
teD ; uyf tvk y f v k y f c J h o l v nf ; jzpf o nf / &,loifMum;Edkifonf[k qdk\/
od k Y & mwG i f td y f r uf r uf j cif ; ES i f h y wf o uf í
,if;\ tawG;tac:rsm;onf Freud ESifh vHk;0
qefYusifuGJvGJrI &Sdonf/ Jung u tdyfrufrsm;
onf uREkfyfwdkY\ taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mESifh
uREkfyfwdkYESifh qufoG,faeaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\
taMumif;rsm;ukd uREkfyfwdkYtm; ajymjyonf[k
,HkMunfonf/ tdyfrufrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkY\
vd i f y k d i f ; qd k i f & mud p ö r sm;ES i f h &ef v k d r I r sm;uk d
vQKdU0Sufxm;onf[k qdkjcif;ukdrl r,HkMunf[k
qdk\/
,aeYumvwGif okawoejyKolrsm;u
vlwdkY tdyfpufaepOf ,if;wdkYESifh OD;aESmufyHk&dyf
rsm;udk &,lEikd o f jzifh odyyHÜ nmt& tdyrf ufruf
jcif;taMumif;ukd uREyfk w f Ykd ykí
d odjrifvmMuonf/ tdyfrufrufjcif;ESifhpyfqkdifonfh tajccH
tdyfruftrsKd;rsKd;teuf wpfckrSm &Sif;vif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeufay:
jywfom;aom tdyfruftrsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpf wGif trsm;tjym; awGU&SdEdkifonf/ tdyfrufESifh
onf/ xkt d yd rf ufaeolonf rdrt d yd rf ufrufae ywfoufonfh azmfjycsufESpfaomif;ausmfukd
pOftwGif; rdrdukd,frdrd tdyfrufrufaeonf[k tdyfrufbPfwGif pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;onf[k
odonf/ qdk\/ xkdpkaqmif;csufrsm;onf touf ckepf
uae'gEd k i f i H & S d td y f r uf a zmif a ';&S i f ; ESpfESifh 74 ESpfMum; yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tdyfrufESifh
wpfcku oifhtwGuf tdyfrufwpfckudk &Sif;&Sif; ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpf
vif;vif; od&Sd&efrSm csufcsif; tm½Hkwpdkuf onf/ xkdpkaqmif;&&Sdcsufrsm;rS tdyfrufruf
rd r d r uf o nf h td y f r uf r sm;ud k csa&;onf h olrsm;taejzifh tdyfrufrsm;udk em;vnf&ef
tavhtusijhf zifh aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nf[k ,HMk unf &SmazGEidk í
f olwu Ykd ,
dk w
f ikd f jrifrufaom tdyrf uf
onf / ,if ; td y f r uf a zmif a ';&S i f ; uyif rsm;ukdvnf; xyfrHí tpD&ifcHEdkif\/
99

Harriet Tubman u Oyrmtm;jzifh Harriet Tubman u tdyrf uf
td y f r uf j zif h
tar&duefvlrsKd;uRefrsm;
vGwfajrmuf&ef
tultnDay;EdkifcJhonf[k qkd\/
,if;okdY ulnDEdkifcJhjcif;rSm
ol\ tdyfrufxJwGif
olukd,fwkdif iSuftoGif
ysHoef; aeaMumif;
jrifrufcJhí jzpfonf[k ...
odyyHÜ nm&Sirf sm;u tdyrf ufrsm;taMumif;
udk tav;teufxm; avhvmrIjyKcJhMuonf/
tdyfrufrsm; avhvma&;tzGJUwpfzGJUonf ESpfpOf
tpnf;ta0;yGJukd usif;ycJhonf/ odyÜHynm&Sif
rsm;u tdyfrufrsm;ESifh zefwD;EdkifrIpGrf;tm;?
tdyfrufa&m*g &aeolrsm;ESifh uav;oli,f
rsm;\ tdyfrufrsm;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhonf/
,if;tzGJUonf csDum*kdESifh tDvDEGKdufwdkYwGif
tpnf;ta0;yGrJ sm; usi;f yavh&í dS MopaMw;vs
rS ygarmu© Robert Moss u orkdif;tay:
100
wGif tdyfrufu rnfrQ vTrf;rkd;rI&SdaMumif;
ajymMum;cJhonf/
jzifh tar&duefvlrsKd;uRefrsm; vGwfajrmuf&ef
tultnDay;EdkifcJhonf[k qkd\/ ,if;okdY ulnD
EdkifcJhjcif;rSm ol\ tdyfrufxJwGif olukd,fwkdif
iS u f t oG i f ysH o ef ; aeaMumif ; jrif r uf c J h í
jzpfonf[k qdk\/ Moss qdkoluvnf; vlwdkY\
tdyfrufrsm;ukd &SmazGEkdif&efESifh em;vnfEdkif&ef
tul t nD a y;onf h t aeES i f h tif w meuf r S
wpfqifh oifcef;pmrsm; ykdYcsoifMum;cJhonf/
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u tdyfrufrufjcif;ESifh
ywf o uf í td y f a eol r sm;\ OD ; acgif ; wG i f
0g,mBuKd;rsm;wyfqifí avhvmrI rMumcP
jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ xkd0g,mBuKd;rsm;u vlwdkY\
OD;aESmufxJwGif vQyfppfESifhywfoufí aqmif
&Gufcsufrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ tqdkyg
avhvmcsufrsm;u OD;aESmuf\ tpdwftykdif;
wpfcktwGif; uREkfyfwdkY tdyfrufrufaepOf
pdwcf pH m;rIrsm;onf tvGeEf ;kd Mum;wuf<uvsuf
&SdaMumif; owdjyKrdonf/
okwynm&Sif Rosalind Cartwright u
td y f r uf E S i f h y wf o uf o nf h avh v mrI r sm;u
ajymif;vJoGm;NyD[k qdkonf/ taMumif;rSm ,ck
tcg od y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm;u tb,f h a Mumif h
vltcsKdUwGif tdyfpufjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh
jyóemrsm; BuKHawGUae&aMumif;udk od&Sdem;
vnfEdkif&ef tcsdefay;í BuKd;pm;aqmif&Gufae
Mujcif;aMumifh jzpfonf[k qkd\/ Carwright u
aumif;rGepf mG tdypf uf&aom olwpfO;D taeESihf
tdyrf ufrufygu tqkyd g tdyrf ufrufjcif;onf
xko d \ l pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f mcHpm;rIudk taxmuftul
jyKEdkifonf[k qdk\/ okawoejyKolrsm;onf
aumif;rGefpGm tdyfpufjcif; rjyKEdkifaomolrsm;
ESifh nbuftdyfaepOf rMumcP Edk;olrsm;\
tdyfrufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí em;vnfEdkif&ef
,aeYwdkif BuKd;pm;vsuf&Sdonf/
ruf q mcsL;quf j ynf e ,f & S d [m;Awf
wuúodkvfrS pdwfa&m*gqkdif&mygarmu© Rob-
ert Stickgold u tdyfrufrufjcif;onf ZD0aA'
qdik &f m jzpfpOfwpfco
k m jzpfonf[k qk\ d / olu
Sigmund Freud wifjycJhonfh tdyfrufrufjcif;
onf uREkfyfwdkY\ vQKdU0SufcHpm;rIrsm;ESifh vdktif
qE´rsm;ukd azmfjyonfh vrf;aMumif;wpfckjzpf
onfqkdjcif;udk oabmwlnDrI rjyKcJhay/
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u tdyfrufESifhywfouf
í okawoejyKjcif;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;
aqmif&Guf&efrSm ta&;BuD;onf[k ,HkMunfMu
101
onf/ a'gufwm Stickgold u vGefcJhonfhESpf
100 ausmf u wnf ; u Sigmund Freud u
tdyrf ufjcif;taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufonfh ta&;
ygaom pmrlukd xkwfa0cJhonf/ okdYwkdif uREkfyf
wdkY tdyfrufrufaeaomtcsdefwGif OD;aESmufu
rnfoYdk tvkyv f yk af eonfqjdk cif;ESihf bmaMumifh
tdyfrufrufonfqkdjcif;ukd ,aeYwdkif wdwd
usus oabmwl n D r I &&S d E d k i f j cif ; um; r&S d
ao;ay/
uk d u k d a tmif (tvk y f o rm;)
Ref: The Mystery of Dreams and Dreaming
By Karen Leggett
American Mosaic, Jan, 2009.
urÇmhxif&Sm;ausmfMum;olwdkY\ tqdktrdefY
rsm;udk bmomjyefqdkxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
A mother's arms are made of tender-
ness and children sleep soundly in them.
Victor Hugo, Author
tarwpfOD;\ vufarmif;rsm;onf
odrfarGUMuifemrIjzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ uav;
rsm;u xdkvufarmif;rsm;wGif aumif;rGef
ESpfNcdKufpGm tdyfpufMuonf/
Apfwm[l;*dk;? pma&;q&m
Mama was my greatest teacher, a
teacher of compassion, love and fearless-
ness. If love is sweet as a flower, then my
mother is that sweet flower of love.
Stevie Wonder
taru uRefawmf\ tjrifhjrwfqHk;
aom q&myif/ u½kPm? cspfjcif;arwåm
jzif h aMumuf & G H U jcif ; uif ; aom q&myg/
cspfjcif;arwåmonf yef;wpfyGifhvdk arT;BudKif
oif;MuLrnfqdkygu uRefawmf\taronf
xdkarT;BudKifoif;MuLaom tcspfyef;wpfyGifh
ygay/
pwD A D 0 rf ; 'g;
102
God could not be everywhere, and
therefore he made mothers.
Rudyard Kipling,Author
bk&m;ocifu ae&mwdkif;wGif r&SdEkdif/
xdkYaMumifh tarrsm;udk zefqif;\/
&G ' f , 'f u pf y vif ? pma&;q&m
I am sure that if the mothers of vari-
ous nations could meet, there would be
no more wars.
E.M.Forster
twdkif;wdkif; tjynfjynfu tarrsm;
qHak wGUEkid v
f Qif ppfyrJG sm; xyfrrH jzpfymG ;awmh
rnfrSm aocsmonf[k uREfkyfxifonf/
tD;? trf? azmfpwm
If Dad is the backbone, Mum is the
other bones. All of them.
Dale Karrigan
tazu ausm½d k ; jzpf v Qif taru
tjcm;t½dk;rsm;jzpfonf/ t½dk;tm;vHk;yif/
a';vf u m&D * ef
 Mothers and dogs both had a sec- My philosophy is that every phone
ond sight, that made them see into people's conversation has a loser.
minds and know when anything unusual Scoff Adams, Cartoonist
was going on.
Enid Blyton
uREkfyf\'óeum; w,fvDzkef;jzifh
tarrsm;ESihf acG;rsm;onf tMum;tjrif pum;pjrnf a jymwk d i f ; t½IH ; orm;
&\/ xdkonfuyif ¤if;wdkYonf vlrsm;\ wpfa,muf &Sd\/
pdwfudk xdk;xGif;jrifEkdifNyD; wpfrlxl;jcm;aom paumht'rf? umwGef;q&m
udpörsm; jzpfay:aerIudk od\/
tD ; epf b vd k i f w ef Nature is not cruel, only pitilessly in-
different. This is one of the hardest les-
sons for humans to learn.
She can finally get the education that Richard Dawkins
I never got and get to do all the things that Biologist
I never got to do and then I can recent her
for it and we can finally have a normal obm0um; &ufpufMurf;MuKwfjcif;
mother-daughter relationship. r&Sdyg/ oem;jcif;uif;aom *½krpku d rf o
I m
Lorelai Gilmore
yif/ þonfum; vlrsm;taejzifh oif,&l ef
olu uRefr r&cJhzl;aom ynma&;udk tcufcJqkH;aom oifcef;pmjzpf\/
aemuf q H k ; wG i f &&S d E d k i f c J h o nf / uRef r &rf c s'f a 'guif ; pf
b,fwkef;urQ rvkyfEkdifcJhaom tvkyfrsm; ZD 0 aA'ynm&S i f
udk olu vkyfcJhonf/ uRefru xdkonfudk
rausrcsrf; jzpfEkdif\/ NyD;vQif aemufqHk; "Eat it up, dear, its all paid for."
awmh tarES i f h o rD ; yH k r S e f q uf q H a &; Hild Lewis,
&Sdrnfom/ ]]pm;vd k u f p rf ; yg tvd r ® m av;&,f /
vd k & ,f v d k i f ; *if ; vf r d k ; 'gawG tm;vHk;twGuf aiG&Sif;NyD;om;uG,fh}}
[D v f ' f v l ; 0pf p f
You don’t have a right to the cards
you believe you should have been dealt.
If one lights a fire for others, it will
Cheryl Strayed, Author also brighten one's own way.
oifhtm; a0cJhoifhaomzJcsyfrsm;[k 13th Century Buddhist Sages
,kMH unf&aom zJcsyfrsm;twGuf oifhwGif wpfpw Hk pfO;D onf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf
tcGifhta&; r&Sdyg/ rD ; xG e f ; nd § a y;ygu xd k r D ; onf xd k o l \
csm&Dvf paMx;,uf oGm;&mvrf;udkvnf; tvif;a&mifay;\/
pma&;q&mr 13 &mpk Ak'¨bmomy@dwrsm;

103
 Artistic freedom means everything You have always had a roof over your
to me. head and if you stick with me you always
Steven Spielberg will, because I am your mother, I know what
Movie Director is best for you because that is my job.
Adele August
tEkynmt&nftaoG;jy&ef
vGwfvyfrIonf uREfkyftwGuf tvkH;pHk rif;&JUacgif;ay:rSm trdk;tum tNrJ
rnf\/ &S d a ecJ h w ,f / igES i f h t wl a evQif tNrJ
pwD A if p yD ; vf b mh * f trdk;tum &SdaerSmyg/ bmaMumifhqdk ig[m
½k y f & S i f ' g½d k u f w m rif ; &J U tarjzpf v d k Y y J / rif ; twG u f bm
taumif;qHk;vJqdkwm igodw,f/ b,f
Gratitude creates a cycle of giving and twG u f a Mumif h q d k a omf tJ ' g igh t vk y f
receiving. jzpfvdkYyJ/
Amy Paulson t'J v f M o*wf p f
aus;Zl ; wif j cif ; onf ay;jcif ; ES i f h
&,ljcif; puf0ef;udk zefwD;\/ If animals have moody days, they
atrD a y:vf q if handle them better than humans do.
Betty White, Actress
wd & pä m ef r sm;onf pd w f q k d ; rmef q k d ;
Our knowledge is a drop, our igno-
rance is a sea. jzpf a om aeY r sm;&S d y gu ¤if ; wk d Y o nf
William James vlrsm;xufaumif;pGm ukdifwG,fwwfonf/
Psychologist
buf w D 0 d I u f ? ½k y f ½ S i f o ½k y f a qmif
uREkfyfwkdY\ todynmokwrSm a&puf
wpfpufrQjzpfNyD; uREfkyfwkdY\ rodem;rvnf Education is when you read the fine
rIum; yifv,fwrQomyif/ prints. Experience is what you get if you
0D v sH * sd r f ; pf ? pd w f y nm&S i f don’t.
Pete Seeger, Musician
ynm[lonf aumif;rGefaom pmrsm;
When something bad happened I try
to be appreciative that things aren’t worse.
uk d zwf a omtcg &&S d a omt&mjzpf N yD ;
Louisa Jewell tawG U tBuH K um; pmrzwf j cif ; rS & aom
raumif;aomt&mwpfck jzpfvmcJv h Qif t&myif/
uRef r uawmh t&m&monf tqk d ; qk H ; ydqD;*sm;? *Dwynm&Sif
rjzpfao;[k aus;Zl;wif&ef BudK;yrf;onf/
vl 0 D p m*sL;0J v f pd e f 0 if ; armf
Ref: Reader's Digest

104
 urÇmESifhwlaom N*dK[fwpfvHk;udk aepMu0Vmjyifyü &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaMumif;ESifh tqdkyg
N*d K [f a y:wG i f ouf & S d r sm; jzpf w nf a erI &S d ? r&S d u k d quf v uf a xmuf v S r f ; vsuf
&Sda Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

eu©wåodyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf aepMu0Vmjyifyü urÇmESifhteD;qHk;Mu,fudk vSnfhywfaeaom

urÇmESifhwlonfh N*dK[fwpfvHk;udk &SmazGawGU&SdcJhNyD jzpfonf/ aeonfvnf; Mu,fwpfvHk;yif
jzpf o nf / txuf y g awG U &S d c suf o nf e*g;aiG U wef ; *vuf q D B uD ; twG i f ; ü Mu,f r sm;ud k

105
vSnfhywfaeaom N*dK[frsm;ay:wGif ouf&Sdrsm;
&S d ? r&S d &S m azG p l ; prf ; &mwG i f jzpf v mEk d i f a jc
&Sdaom tqifhwpfqifhodkY a&muf&Sdvmjcif;
jzpf a Mumif ; ok a woepmwrf ; wG i f azmf j y
xm;onf/
tqdkyg aepMu0Vmjyifyü&Sdaom urÇm
ESifh teD;qHk;N*dK[f\trnfrSm ya&mufqDrm-
bD (Proxima-b) N*dK[f[k trnfay;xm;onf/
tqdkygN*dK[fonf odyÜHynm&Sifrsm; taejzifh
vG , f u l p G m pl ; prf ; avh v mEk d i f r nf h
taumif;qH;k N*Kd [\ f taetxm;yif jzpfonf/
xdkYjyif ¤if;onf urÇmESifheD;ojzifh xdkN*dK[fay:
wGif ouf&Sdrsm; touf&SifEkdifrnfh ta&;BuD;
aom avxk &Sd? r&SdESifh a& &Sd? r&Sd wdkYudk
avhvmrnf jzpfonf/
tem*wfumv pl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;udk
OD ; pm;ay;taejzif h tqd k y g N*d K [f a y:wG i f
ouf&Sdowå0grsm; jzpfay:Ekdif&ef ta&;BuD;
aom "mwkypönf;jzpfonfh rDodef;"mwfaiGU
(Methane) &S d ? r&S d u d k y g pl ; prf ; &S m azG r nf
jzpfaMumif; Journal Nature wGif a&;om;
azmfjyxm;onf/
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm; OD;aqmifjyKvkyfcJhaom
okawoevkyif ef;wGif t"duar;cGe;f rSm tjcm;
Mu,f r sm;ud k vS n f h y wf a eNyD ; ouf & S d r sm;
touf & S i f o ef E k d i f a om N*d K [f r sm; &S d ? r&S d
jzpf o nf / urÇ m BuD ; \ *k P f t *F g &yf r sm;
&Sdaeaom N*dK[fwpfvHk;udk aepMu0Vmjyifyü
awGU&Sdxm;NyD jzpfaMumif;udk ,cifu emqm
(Nasa) \ xdyw f ef;refae*smwpfO;D jzpfczhJ ;l ol
yDwDa0:'ifu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJü twnf
jyK aMunmcJhonf/
106
,ckawGU&Sx d m;aom urÇmESiw hf al om N*Kd [f
rSm urÇmrS tvif;ESpf 4 'or 2 odkYr[kwf
25 x&DvD,Hrdkif (40 x&DvD,H uDvdkrDwm)
tuGmta0;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif
pwif&SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom aepMu0Vm jyify&Sd
N*dK[faygif; 3ç500 teuf ,ckawGU&SdcJhaom
N*d K [f r S m urÇ m ES i f h t eD ; qH k ; N*d K [f w pf v H k ; yif
jzpfonf/
¤if;onf tjcm;aom N*dK[frsm;ESifh EdIif;pm
aomf urÇmESifh teD;qHk;jzpfojzifh tao;pdwf
avhvmrIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif ydkrdktqifajyrnf
[k *smreDEkdifiH? a*ghwif*sJefwuúodkvfrS eu©wå
ynm&S i f w pf O D ; jzpf o l tef ; pf * g&d r f ; em;pf u
owif;axmufrsm;udk tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif
ajymMum;cJhonf/
eu©wyå nm&Sirf sm;onf 2013 ckEpS u f yif
rI e f 0 g;0g;Mu,f w pf v H k ; ud k N*d K [f w pf v H k ; u
vS n f h y wf v suf & S d a Mumif ; awG U &S d c J h M uonf /
od k Y a omf N*d K [f w pf v H k ; jzpf a Mumif ; wd u s
rSefuefpGm oufaojyEkdif&ef jyefvnfppfaq;
avhvmjcif;? ydkrdk rSefuefwdusaom odyÜHqdkif&m
ud&d,mrsm; toHk;jyKppfaq;jcif;rsm; vdktyf
aeonf/
 tjynfjynfqkdif&m odyÜHynm&Sif 31 OD;
yg0ifaomtzGUJ u ya&mufqrD m pifawmf&MD u,f
(Proxima Centauri) rS xG u f a y:vmaom
tvif;a&mifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm
wk d i f ; wmppf a q;rI r sm; jyKvk y f c J h N yD ; aemuf
tqd k y g ya&muf q D r mpif a wmf & D M u,f u d k
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109
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Ref: And Then We Were Three!
By Maruin Weisboard
R.D , August, 1962.
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pkd;pkd; (yef;awmif;)

Ref: My Father was the BTK Killer

By Roy Wenzl
R.D, May, 2017

124
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vnf; awGUae&ygw,f/
,aeY urÇmBuD;ukd Digital World vkdY ac:&
avmufatmif enf;ynmu xdyw f ef;ajy;aewJh
 Bu;D jzpfvmw,f/ tdrrf mS ? ausmif;rSm? tvkycf iG f
rSm ponfjzifh ae&mra&G; tajymif;tvJawG
&Sdvmawmh edpö"l0 oGm;vmaexkdif vIyf&Sm;rIrS
tp b0twGuf a&G;cs,frItqHk;? rdrdwdkY&JU
aiGaMu;tiftm;? tcsed ?f vkyt f m;twdik ;f twm
abmifay:tajccHNyD; nd§EIdif;rI tavQmhtwif;
awG vkyfMuwmygyJ/ ajymif;vJaewJh acwfBuD;
eJ Y vk d u f a vsmnD a xG j zpf a tmif pD r H z ef w D ;
vIyf&Sm;,l&wmu trSefw&m;jzpfw,f/ wpfOD;
umvrSm ausmif;om;awGu ae&mra&G;? tcsed f csif;? rdom;pk? vlYtodkif;t0kdif;? EdkifiH ponfjzifh
ra&G; "Connected Device" qufoG,fa&;vrf; tqifhqifhynma&;qkdif&m &nfrSef;csufawGu
vnf; tcsdefeJYtrQ ajymif;aeMur,f/
aMumif ; rsKd ; pH k r S w pf q if h topf t qef ; awG ?
odcsifwmawG? bmrqkd oif,laeMuw,fvdkY ajymif;vJrIawG b,fvkd twdkif;twm yHkpH
ajymEd k i f w ,f / Educations ynmay;ol a wG eJYyJ&Sd&Sd ]ynma&;}qdkwmu vlom;awG tajccH
taeeJY arQmfrSef;xm;&r,fh tcsufwpfcku vdktyfcsuf ta&;BuD;qHk; tkwfwkdifBuD;yg/
t&ifacwfawGuvkd r[kwfbJ tckacwfrSm abm*aA'ynm&Sit f csKUd ajymwJth xJrmS qif;&J
ausmif;om;awGu q&mawG&JU tultnDryg rGJawrI&JU t&if;cHtaMumif;u "Lack of Edu-
bJ olwdkYbmom tcsuftvufawGukd qnf;yl; cation" ynmr&SdvdkY vkdY azmfjyw,f/ t*Fvdyf
Edkifw,f/ &SmazGpkpnf;Edkifw,f/ urÇmwpf0ef; bmomeJY toHk;tEIef;av;&Sdygw,f/ "Educa-
Connected Devices aygif;u bDvD,HokH;oef; tion has always been the route to a better life"
xuf ausmfvGefaewJh tcsdefjzpfvkdY Education yk d a umif ; wJ h b0twG u f vrf ; aMumif ; u
&JU t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsufukd ajymif;oifhNyDvdkY ]ynma&;} yJvkdY twdtvif; ajymxm;csufyg/
olu qk d w,f / Definiction topf u k d v nf ;
tqdkjyKcJhw,f/
"The holistic development of the skills to
find, interpret, and use information, anytime,
anywhere"
]owif;tcsuftvufawGukd tcsdefra&G;?
ae&mra&G; &SmazGEdkif? oHk;oyfwnf;jzwftoHk;cs
EdkifwJh wdk;wufzGHUNzKd;rI} vkdY t"dyÜm,faumuf,l
Ekdifygr,f/
odyÜHenf;ynm wdk;wufrIaMumifh vlom; rSm ESpfaygif; 35 ESpf vkyf
Silicon Valley
awGtwGuf ajymif;vJrI (Changes) awG trsm; cJhwJh IT Expert wpfOD;u ajymcJhzl;w,f/

132
 "The internet has the potential to bring
education to every person who wants it, no
matter where they are or who they are"
u ynmvdkcsifwJh vlwkdif;qDudk
"Internet
ol b,fae&mrSm&Sd&Sd? b,folyJjzpfjzpf? ynmukd
olYqDta&muf aqmifMuOf;ay;EkdifwJh tvm;
tvm &Sdygw,f}}wJh/

enf;ynmtopftqef;awGukd
b,fvkd toHk;csovJ? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JU tiftm;qdkwm EdkifiHwGif;
b,ftwGuf b,fvkdyHkpHeJY d hJ 'Educated Youth's' ynm&Sw
rSm&Sw d hJ vli,fawG
ay:rSm wnfw,fvkdY qdkw,f/ vli,fawG
toHk;jyKaeovJqdkwJh Educated jzpfvmapatmif 21 &mpkacwfrSm
t"duuswhJ owif;tcsut f vufeYJ qufo, G f
tar; rsm;eJY
tar;rsm;eJ a&;enf;ynm (Information and Communica-
tion Technologies - ICT) rsm;u tjrefq;kH ? txd
qef;ppfrIawG?
a&mufqHk; yHhykd;ay;Edkifw,f/
oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh 'gaMumifh wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;NyD; EdkifiHBuD;rsm;&JU
tqifhukd rrDao;onfhwdkif EdkifiHawmftpkd;&
xde f; ausmif; rIa wGu k d taeeJY enf;ynmwd;k wufru I dk aus;vufawm&Gm
rdbq&mtygt0if rusef EdkifiHtESHY ausmif;om;vli,fawG vuf
vSr;f rDapzkt Yd a&;ukd ynma&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;
vl Y t ok d i f ; t0k d i f ; rS vk y f i ef ; pOf t jzpf csrS w f v k y f a qmif a y;&ef
vdkr,f/ NyD;&if ynmoif,lwJhXmeawG? ausmif;
Adults awG ? awGrSm &mckdifEIef;jynfh IT ukd vlwkdif; oHk;pGJEdkif
wm0ef&SdolawGu atmif BudK;yrf;ay;&r,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;
Laptops ukd,fpDeJY e-Classroom rsKd; jzpfvmwJh
vkyfay;Mu&rSm txd &nf&G,fNyD; IT vrf;aMumif;ukd wpdkuf
rwfrwf jr§ifhwifay;zdkY vkdr,f/
jzpfygw,f/ t&m&mwdkif;rSm taumif;tqkd; 'GefwGJae
wmrkdY "A Useful Education" toHk;0ifwJh? toHk;

133
uswJh ynma&;rsKd;jzpfvmatmif owdBuD;pGm
xm;Mu&ygr,f/ enf;ynmtopftqef;awGudk
b,fvdk toH;k csovJ? b,ftwGuf b,fvydk pkH eH YJ
toH;k jyKaeovJqw kd hJ tar;rsm;eJY qef;ppfraI wG?
oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh xdef;ausmif;rIawGukd
rdbq&mtygt0if vlYtokdif;t0kdif;rS Adults
awG? wm0ef&SdolawGu vkyfay;Mu&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ Calculators vkdY ac:wJh *Pef;aygif;puf
awG ay:vmvkdY? uav;awG&JU ocsFmpGrf;&nf
usqif;oGm;NyDvdkY ajymcJhMuwm jyefowd&wdkif;
Online quf o G , f r I t ay: ausmif ; om;awG
vkw
d mxuf ykt d m;xm;MurSmukv d nf; pk;d &drpf &m
jzpfygr,f/
aqmif;yg;wpfyk'frSm zwfvkduf&w,f/
,aeY ausmif;om;trsm;pku ausmif;oifcef;pm
ay;vkdufwJh Assignment awG vkyfzkdYqkd&if Click
'onmind" rvkyfawmhbJ wpfcgwnf; wef;NyD;
Click 'online' vkyfzkdY BuKd;pm;awmhw,fqkdNyD;
i-Pop Generation q&mrwpf a ,muf u
ajymMum;csufav;ygyJ/
ynma&;rS m enf ; ynmpd e f a c:rI a wG
trsm;qHk;jzpfzdkY taotcsmjzpfvkdY wpfjynfvHk;
twkdif;twmeJY Online Connectiveness awG&
atmif vkdtyfcsufawG jznfhqnf;Edkifa&; OD;qHk;
BuKd;yrf;tm;xnfh&rSm trSefjzpfygw,f/
at;jzL

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enf ; enf ; jyef q k w f a y;yg
ntcsdef bm;wpfckokdY taysmfoGm;a&muf
cJhNyD; wuúpDjzifh jyefvmolwpfOD;u olUtdrfokdY
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u ajymonf/
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[lí
armf (oef v sif )

134
 vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif;ü usifh0wfrsm;? pnf;urf;rsm;ukd apmifhxdef;vkdufem&rnf
jzpf a Mumif ; ? rvG J r aoG BuH K awG U ae&onf h u@BuD ; ok H ; &yf u d k od & S d & ef v k d t yf
aMumif ; ES i f h vl i ,f r sm;taejzif h Ek d i f i H a &;? pD ; yG m ;a&;? vl r I a &; u@rsm;wG i f
EkdifiHawmftwGuf us&mtcef;u@rS auRyGefpGm aqmif&GufoifhaMumif; a&;om;
xm;onf /

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EkdifiHom;jzpfjcif;wdkYyif jzpfonf/ vlonf vlrIa&;owå0gjzpfonf (Man is Social Animal.) [k
*&dawG;ac:ynm&Sif t&pöwdkw,fu ajymcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlqdkonfrSm EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

135
vlrIa&; qdkonfhu@rsm;ESifh qufpyfywfouf (1) vl r I t zG J U tpnf ; (Social Group of
aeaomol jzpfonf/ xdku@rsm;ESifh oD;jcm; Socialogy)
&yfwnfívnf; r&Ekdifyg/ vlwpfa,mufonf arG;zGm;vmuwnf;
tmz&dupum;yHkwpfckü vlyk*¾dKvfqdkonf uyif wdusaocsmaom vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpfck
rSm vlaY bmiftodik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f trSew
f u,f xJwiG f yg0ifywfoufvm&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
&Sad eoluokd mvQif vl[ak c:qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ (A a,musfm;^rdef;r qdkonfh vdifuGJjym;rItm;jzifh
Person is only truly human within society.) arG;zGm;vm&onf/ rdom;pkwpfpkxJrS aygufzGm;
[k azmfjyxm;onf/ xdaYk Mumifh vlonf vlaY bmif vm&onf/ rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckckrS arG;zGm;vm&
avmuESifh uif;uGmr&EkdifaMumif; em;vnf& onf/ wdkif;jynfwpfckckwGif vljzpfvm&onf/
onf/ xdkt&mrsm;udk vlwpfa,mufonf rnfodkYrS
vl\yifudkobm0t& tjcm;olrsm;ESifh ajymif;vJí r&Ekdifyg/ rdrdarG;zGm;vmonfh
aexdik w f wfaomoabm&Sdonf/ xdo k Ykd aexdik f
wdik ;f jynf? qif;&Jom;^vlcsr;f omrdom;pk? rdr\d
&jcif;udkvnf; ESpfoufoabmuswwfonf/ vlrsKd;? rdrd\vdifcGJjcm;rIwdkYudk ajymif;vJypf&ef
vl w pf O D ; ukd tjcm;ol r sm;ES i f h tcsd e f u mvrpGrf;omay/ þonfrSm arG;&mygvlYtjzpf
Mumjrifph mG cGxJ m;jcif;onf tvGe&f ufpufaom trSwfonm (Identity) wpfckyif jzpfonf/
tjypf'Pfcwfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
,aeY vli,frsm;taejzifh vlEiS hf vlaY bmif
avmutaMumif;ESifh vlYabmifavmutwGif;
&Sd EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;e,fy,frsm;
taMumif;udk od&Sdxm;NyD; rnfodkYtouf&Sif
aexdkifrnfudk pOf;pm;qifjcif&ef jzpfonf/
vlwpfa,muf\wpfoufwmü rvGrJ aoG
BuH K awG U ae&aom u@oH k ; ck t aMumif ; ud k
pOf;pm;Mu&ef vdktyfvmonf/ xdku@rsm;rSm- vl w pf a ,muf \ vl r I t qif h t wef ;
(1) vlrItzGJUtpnf; (Social Group of (Zmwfedrfh^Zmwfjrifh? aqGBuD;rsKd;BuD;) ESifh pD;yGm;
Socialogy) a&;tqifhtwef; (olaX;om;^qif;&Jom;?
(2) vlrItxdef;tcsKyf (EkdifiHa&;) (So- t&m&SBd u;D om;^v,form;om;) wko Yd nfvnf;
cial Control of Politics) arG ; &mygyif jzpf a eonf / xd k Y j yif bmom
(3) tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; (vloHk;ypönf;) w&m;udk;uG,frI (c&pf,mef^rGwfqvif^Ak'¨
(Material Resources or Economics) bmom^[dE´L) wdkYonfvnf; arG;&mygqufcH
wdkY jzpfonf/ vm&onf/ tcsKdUaom wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif rdrd\

136
arG ; &mygvl r sKd ; jzpf j cif ; tay: (b*F g vD ^ rsm;^ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;ES i f h &if q d k i f & mwG i f
tmz&duef) cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif;rsm;udv k nf; cHpm; tcuftcJrsm; ydkrdkawGU&SdEkdifNyD; vltkyfpktwGif;
Mu&wwfonf/ aexdkifygu tumtuG,f ydkrdk&&SdEkdifaMumif;
od&Sdvmívnf; jzpfEkdifonf/
(2) vl r I t xd e f ; tcsKyf (Ek d i f i H a &;)
Oya'pnf;rsOf;qdkonfrSm (Social Control of Politics)
vltrsm; twlwuG aexdkifvmNyD qdkygu
vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk uGJjym;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh jcm;em;aom
vdktifqE´rsm; (Different Purpose and Desire)
xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf wdkY &SdvmMupNrJ jzpfonf/ xdkodkY&SdvmonfESifh
trQ vl t k y f p k t wG i f ; y#d y u© q d k o nf r S m
r&S d r jzpf
ay:aygufvmpNrJjzpfonf/ xdkodkYaom tajc
vdktyfaomt&m taersm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef vdkufemusifhokH;&rnfh
pnf;rsOf;rsm;udkvnf; csrSwfvmMu&onf/ þ
jzpfonf/ pnf;rsOf;enf;vrf;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYwpfOD;csif;pD
twGuf tcGifhta&;ESifh vkdtyfcsufrsm; (Right
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vufcHxm;onfht&mrsm; jzpfEkdifonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap? rdrd\vlrsKd;? bmom?
pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef; tp&SdonfwdkYonf
arG ; &mygquf c H v m&aom rd r d \ jzpf w nf r I
wpfck? trSwfonmwpfckyif jzpfonf/ xdkodkY
aom vlrItzGJUtpnf;xJwGif&Sdaeaom vlom;
wpfa,mufonf^ vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d onf^ bmom
0if t pk r sm;onf tjcm;aomvl r sKd ; rsm;?
bmom0ifrsm;ESifhvnf; aygif;oif;qufqHMu
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OD;wnfa&muf&SdoGm;Mu&onf/ cial Requirements) jzpfay:vmonf/ aemuf
vlonf vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;twGi;f aexdik jf cif; wpfqifh tm;vH;k u vufcx H m;aom "avhx;kH wrf;
onf rdrd\wpfoufwmvHkNcHKa&;aMumifhvnf; (Customs) ESifh rsKd;EG,fpkqdkif&m Oya'pnf;urf;
jzpfEidk o
f nf/ wpfO;D wnf;aexdik jf cif;onf &efol (Tribal Laws) wdkY jzpfvmcJhMuonf/

137
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rsm;xH o d k Y vJ v S , f a &mif ; cs&ef t wG u f a omf
vnf;aumif; tvkyfrsm;udk cGJjcm;vkyfudkifvm
Mu&onf/ xdkodkY cGJjcm;&mü a,musfm;rsm; vkyf
&rnfhtvkyf? rdef;rrsm; vkyf&rnfhtvkyf [lí
cGJjcm;vmMuouJhodkY rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh
pG r f ; &nf twd k i f ; twmrsm;t&? avh u sif h
oif M um;jcif ; cH & onf h taetxm;rsm;t&
tvkyftudkif tqifhtwef;rsm;vnf; uGJjym;
vlYabmiftzGJUtpnf;wdkif;onf enf;vrf; vmMuonf/
wus? tpDtpOfwus jyKvyk &f ef vlwikd ;f usio hf ;kH
&rnfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csrSwfvmMu&onf/
tao;i,fqHk;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif
awmifrS (aps;qdkif^qdkufum;*dwf) pnf;rsOf;
rsm;ESihf tBu;D tuJ qko d nfrmS &SdMupNrjJ zpfonf/
Oya'pnf;rsOf;qdkonfrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf;
udk xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom
t&m jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;vufcHxm;aom vlY
usifh0wfrsm;^ trltusifhrsm; (Accepted So-
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ay;&ef t wG u f Oya'rsm;onf vd k t yf v m
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&onf/ rdrd0goemygaom tvkyftudkifudk
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(3) tajccH v d k t yf c suf r sm; (vl o H k ; uk e f rd r d r nf o l e nf ; /
ypö n f ; ) (Material Resources or txufygu@oHk;ckpvH;k wGif vlwpfa,muf
Economics) taejzifh rvTJra&SmifEkdifbJ yg0ifywfoufae
vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYtoHk;jyK Mu&onf/ þae&mwGif jyefvnfpOf;pm;&rnfh
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138
jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf vlwpfa,muf
onf vlrsKd;pkwpfpk^ bmomw&m;wpfckck\
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ywf o uf a eonf h tvk y f t ud k i f w pf c k c k \
toif ; 0if w pf O D ; vnf ; jzpf a eonf / Ek d i f i H
wpfEkdifiH\ EkdifiHom;vnf; jzpfaeonf/

tm;vHk;onf avmuEkdifiHwpfckxJwGif yg0if

ywfoufaeMu&onf/ Ekid if Hawmf wnfaqmuf
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yg0ifywfoufMu&efyif jzpfonf/
EkdifiHwnfaqmufjcif;wGif yg0ifjcif;qdk
onfrSm vlrIb0wpfoufwmESifh topfaom
vlYabmifavmuudk qufpyfvsuf yg0ifwnf&Sd
EkdifiHom;jzpfjcif;? bmom0ifwpfOD;jzpf
aejcif; jzpfonf/ xdt k xJwiG f vlt
Y qift
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jcif;? rdrdtvkyftudkif\ toif;0ifjzpfjcif;wkdY
tm;vH;k onf wpfv;Hk wpf0wnf;tjzpf &yfwnf
onf wpfoD;yk*¾v aexdkif&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/
aeonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlqdkonfrSm avmu
rdrdyg0ifywfoufae&aom tzGJU odkYr[kwf
vlYabmifrS uif;uGmí r&EkdifaMumif; awGU&
EkdifiH&Sd tjcm;olrsm;ESifh rdwfo[m, zGJUvm&
onf/ xdaYk Mumifh vli,frsm;taejzifh vlraI &;?
rnf jzpfonf/ rdrdb0 vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;
EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;wGif wdkif;jynf
&S m BuH j cif ; rsKd ; xuf trsm;twG u f ay;qyf
twGuf? vlrsKd;twGuf rdrdwwfajrmufonfh
touf&Sif&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdrnfol
ynmESifh rdrd&Sdaeonfh taetxm;twdkif;
enf;[k pOf;pm;jcif;onf rdrdb0wpfckvHk;ESifh
yg0ifMu&efyif jzpfonf/
oufqdkifonfomru ywf0ef;usif vlYabmif
avmuwpfcv k ;kH ESiv
hf nf; oufqikd v
f su&f o
dS nf/ udkrsKd; (jynf)
Ref: 1. A Guide to Doing Theology.
ed * H k ; By John Parratt
vlqdkonfrSm avmuxJwGif touf&Sif Landon: SPCK, 1996
2. The Christ We Know (Anglican Spiri-
ae&oljzpfonf/ rdrd&Sdaomae&m? rdrdvkyfudkif tuality),
aeaom tvkyf? rdrd\rdom;pk? rdrd\vlrsKd;? rdrd By John Booty,
wwfajrmuf uRrf;usifaomt&m? xdkt&mrsm; USA: Cowley Publication,1987

139
 vkyfom;tiftm;pkrsm; enf;yg;vmrIESifh vkyfcvpm jrifhwufvmrIrsm;aMumifh
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142
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143
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Ref: To Save Her Daughter’s Life
By Sarah Pekkanen
R.D, March, 1999
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rsm;ESifh qD;tdrfwdkY yHkrSef tvkyfrvkyfojzifh tm;&p&m tajctaersm;vnf; awGUjrif
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156
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159
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onf/
]]rDvD? 'Dudkvmprf;}} wuú o d k v f r d k ; jrif h
rD v m*a&mh p f o nf ol e mjyKwpf O D ; \
Ref: A Miracle for Milagros
vuf a csmif ; rsm;ud k u d k i f í avQmuf v mpOf By Dan Leviue,
wpfvrf;vH;k tNyKH ;rsuEf mS u awmufy0if;vuf R.D, August, 2008.

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