CIVIL SERVICE REVIEW

Paragraph Organization

Paragraph Organization in the Civil Service exam is another challenging part. It is not so difficult, however, it is
very time consuming. Why? Because it is about finding the correct arrangement of the sentences to form the
correct paragraph, article or story. You need to organize sentences – which comes first, then next and so on.
Thus, it is called “Paragraph Organization.”

Usually, in this type of test you will be given shuffled sentences and you need to arrange them to form a story
or a passage with sense. How would you know, you got the arrangement right? Simple re-read your sequence
and ask yourself if it makes sense. In this lesson, effective techniques and strategies will be provided for better
understanding.

What is a paragraph?
A Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one main idea and a group of
supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit for building longer pieces of writing, e.g. essays, reports,
assignments etc. Paragraphs contain three main parts:

• A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It's often the first sentence of the paragraph. It
helps the reader to understand quickly what the paragraph is going to be about

• Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the topic sentence. They can:
*expand on the main point *give examples
*offer explanations *give additional details.

• A concluding sentence- which summarises the paragraph or may provide a link to the next paragraph. This
sentence is not always necessary in a paragraph.

Tips in Paragraph Organization

Every paragraph, story or an article has a pattern and your goal is to organize the whole pattern to present the
main thought chronologically. If it’s hard for you, make an outline of each topic in the sentences.

Watch out for signal words which indicate time or events.

Order or sequence:
 First, first and foremost
 Second, afterwards, then, next, third
 At last, until, finally, lastly
Comparison: Similarities and differences:
 But, however, on the other hand, than, likewise, nonetheless, nevertheless, similarly, oppose to,
apparently.
Cause and effect:
 Because, hence, thus, therefore, consequently, subsequently.
Concluding statement(s).
 Finally  Thus  It is clear that
 In conclusion  As a result  So
 In summary  Indeed
 Therefore  Clearly

Paragraph Organization Techniques:

1. Find the topic sentence or locate the first sentence. It usually contains the main idea or the main topic
2. Next find the supporting sentences that support that topic sentence.
3. Find the concluding sentence or the closing sentence. It usually the final thought or conclusion and
marks the end of the article, paragraph or story.
Let’s try to apply the techniques with the given sample below:

Locating the First Sentence

Knowing the first sentence is very crucial in Paragraph Organizaiton questions. Always remember that the first
sentence is a topic introduction. From the sentences above, B, D, and E cannot be topic introductions because
they begin with “in fact,” “indeed” and “not only that.” These are clauses that refer to ‘something’ that has
already been introduced. Therefore, we are only left with A and C as possible topic introduction.
It looks like A and C are both good candidates for introduction, but notice that all of the sentences talk
about action figures which is obviously the topic. In A, the subject of the sentence is “small children, adult,
and adults” which is not the topic. In C on the other hand, the sentence talks about collecting action figures.
Therefore, the first sentence is C.

Locating the Second Sentence

The second sentence usually elaborates the first sentence. Looking from the paragraph, A and B are the only
candidates (Why?). Notice that in the first sentence, we are talking about many Filipinos. Now, who is ‘closer’
to “many Filipinos”? The author’s father, or the children, teenagers, and adults? In addition, observe below
that it is a bit “strange” if we place B as the second sentence. Further, if we place B as the second sentence,
we would not find any place for A later. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Correct
Collecting action figures has become a popular hobby for many Filipinos nowadays. Small children, teenagers,
and even adults would spend money just to get ahold of their favorite action heroes.

Incorrect
Collecting action figures has become a popular hobby for many Filipinos nowadays. In fact, even my father who
is already 40 years old has a big Transformer robot.

Locating the Third Sentence

In the third sentence, the author may talk about his father (B) or his neighbor (E). This is logical because we
talked about many Filipinos, then children, teenager adults. Notice that we are talking about a topic from
general to specific.
Now, B and E may be interchangeable, but looking at the beginning of the sentences, the word “in fact” is
more appropriate as the third sentence. The phrase “not only that” if put on the third sentence would
reinforce the idea of “small children, teenagers, and adults” which is not connected to “neighbor.” Read
the paragraphs below and you will see that putting E on the third sentence makes the flow of the paragraph
disconnected. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Correct
Collecting action figures has become a popular hobby for many Filipinos nowadays. Small children, teenagers,
and even adults would spend money just to get ahold of their favorite action heroes. In fact, even my father
who is already 40 years old has a big Transformer robot.

Incorrect
Collecting action figures has become a popular hobby for many Filipinos nowadays. Small children, teenagers,
and even adults would spend money just to get ahold of their favorite action heroes. Not only that, our rich
neighbor who is already in his late 50’s just came back from Japan, bought a life-size statue of Vegeta.
Locating the Fourth and Fifth Sentences
It is clear after we have chosen the third sentence that D is the conclusion of the paragraph. You will also see
that the phrase “not only that” in E reinforces the idea of old people (ages 40 and 50’s) collecting action
figures.
Collecting action figures has become a popular hobby for many Filipinos nowadays. Small children, teenagers,
and even adults would spend money just to get ahold of their favorite action heroes. In fact, even my father
who is already 40 years old has a big Transformer robot. Not only that, our rich neighbor who is already in his
late 50’s just came back from Japan, bought a life-size statue of Vegeta.

Therefore, the correct order of the above question is C-A-B-E-D.

In actual examinations, what makes a Paragraph Organization test a bit easy is the availability of choices. For
instance, let us answer the question in the previous lesson — this time with choices. Use Sample Choices 1 in
the table below.

If the person who constructed the test used Sample Choices 1, it is very easy to answer because once
you know that C is the first sentence, you don’t have to read the whole paragraph. There is only one choice
which has C as the first sentence; that is, b.

Now, suppose the person who constructed the example used Sample Choices 2. In the choices, there are only
two sample choices which begins with C (b and d), so still, you eliminate the three wrong answers.

Sample Choices 3 is well-thought because each choice might be equally likely to be chosen. A and C are good
candidates as the first sentene and D is a very good candidate for a conclusion. Still, even though Sample
Choices 3 is better made (on the perspective of the examinee), knowing the first sentence will still eliminate
three choices.

Specific Techniques and Strategies

1). Try to find out the topic addressed by the paragraph. This can be done by looking for the words that are
repeated often in the given sentences.
2). If a particular word is repeated in more than one sentence then the sentences can be placed one by one in
the paragraph.
3). If a sentence starts with a ‘name’ of a person, then that sentence will definitely be the first sentence in the
paragraph to be formed.
4). If a sentence starts with pronouns other than ‘I’ and ‘You’, then that sentence will not be the first
sentence of the paragraph
5). The sentences starting with the words ‘That’, ‘These’, ‘Thus’ and ‘Those’ , then those sentences will not
come first in the paragraph
6). If an article namely ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ is present at the starting of a sentence. Then the chances of that
sentence to be the first in the arrangement is higher.
7). If all the articles (a, an, the) are present as the starting words of different sentences then they are
arranged as follows:
The sentence starting with ‘A’ comes first
The sentences starting with ‘An’ and ‘The’ will follow the sentence starting with ‘A’ according to their
content.
8). If there are 3-sentences starting with the words ‘But’, ‘So’ and ‘Now’ respectively. Then those
3-sentences will be arranged in the following order:
1=> sentence starting with ‘But’
2=> sentence starting with ‘So’
3=> sentence starting with ‘Now’

The Right Approach

Adopting the right approach towards sentence rearrangement or paragraph organization questions is
essential. Without it, you may experience difficulty in finding out where to start from. Thus, it is recommended
that you follow a step-based approach which is highly effective in tackling these questions.

Step: I Read all the given sentences.

Step: II Find as many mandatory pairs as you can.
Step: III Decide upon the topic sentence and the closing sentence.
Step: IV Move to the options and mark the right answers.

At the outset, pls. note that Step: II is the most important step in this approach. If you can spot mandatory
pairs well, you will be able to effectively break down a sentence rearrangement question into smaller parts
that are easily manageable. Once you have spotted the mandatory pairs, the task becomes much easier.
The only thing required then is to sequence the pairs and arrive at the final arrangement.

What is a Mandatory Pair???

A mandatory pair is a group of sentences that must necessarily come together. It means that the two
sentences which form a pair have to be strongly linked with each other. When you are sure that no other
sentence can come between a pair of sentences; it means you have found a mandatory pair.

Clues for Finding Mandatory Pairs

(I) General to Specific:
From a general introduction the discussion becomes more and more specific with each progressing sentence.
You will be able to spot mandatory pairs, if you can observe and make out how this happens. You must follow
the tone of discussion. The tone is general at first, then becomes progressively specific and is summative at
the end (in the closing sentence).

EXAMPLE
1. Persons at each level of a firm can participate in kaizen, from the Chief Executive Officer down, as well as
external stakeholders when applicable.(General)
2. The format of kaizen could be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. (Specific)
3. At Toyota, it is generally a local improvement in a workstation or local area and involves a small group in
improving their own work environment and efficiency. (Even more specific)

In the above sentences, it can be seen clearly that the paragraph starts with a topic sentence which has a
general tone. Sentence 1 (the topic sentence) mentions that anybody related to the firm can participate in
Kaizen. Sentence 2 makes the discussion specific by getting into further detail about the format of
participation in Kaizen. Sentence 3 is even more specific as it gives the information about the format of
participation seen at Toyota.

(II) Pronoun Antecedent:

Pronouns are the words that replace nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses. The antecedent is the entity that
the pronoun replaces or refers to. Thus, the pronoun clearly forms a pair with the antecedent that it replaces.
You will be able to identify a great number of mandatory pairs by focusing your attention on how the
pronouns are being used.

EXAMPLE
1. Science appears to have uncovered a set of laws that, within the constraints set by the uncertainty
principle, tell us how the universe will evolve with the passage of time, if we are aware of its state at any
given time. (A set of laws)

2. The Almighty might have originally decreed these laws, but it so seems that he has since left the universe
to evolve as per them and now doesn’t interfere in its working.(These laws); (The Almighty)

3. But how did he select the early state or pattern of the universe? (He)

In the above example it is clearly visible that 1-2 forms a mandatory pair; “a set of laws” in sentence 1
becomes “these laws” in sentence 2. Likewise, “The Almighty” in sentence 2 becomes “he” in sentence 3,
thereby making 2-3 a pair.

(III) Sequential Order:

The discussion of ideas proceeds in the sequence in which they were introduced.
The idea which is introduced earlier is brought up for discussion earlier. So it is suggested that you maintain a
track of the order in which ideas appear one by one in the discussion.

EXAMPLE
1. This book is full of interesting stories and practical suggestions, describing Mr. Carton’s activities at
ABS-CBN (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32), GMA, and TV5 in particular.
2. He began at ABS-CBN as an order giver, not as a listener — neither to the staff nor to his consumers and
committed every possible mistake in the book.
3. By the time he entered GMA 4 years later, he had learnt a lot from his experience, infact, he started
out his 2nd stint as top dog by assembling the entire staff together and asking for support, a far cry from his
yelling out commands just 48 months prior.
4. At TV5, he entered during a time of crisis.

Observe the sequence in which the names of 3 companies are introduced in sentence 1: ABS-CBN, GMA and
TV 5. In succeeding sentences, the same sequence is maintained. Sentence 2 discusses “ABS-CBN”, sentence 3
“GMA” and sentence 4 “TV5”.

(IV) Complete Name – Surname (Incomplete Name):

If there are 2 sentences out of which one contains the complete name and the other only the surname or half
name, then the sentence which has the complete name comes prior to the sentence which has only the
surname or half name. The basic idea is that the complete name represents the complete identity of the
individual. Once you have become familiar with the complete identity, a surname or half name can be used.

EXAMPLE
A. Chad Ruffin believes users have a hard time comprehending speech in noisy surroundings, mainly because
today’s ear implants provide almost no information about pitch. (Complete Name –Chad Ruffin.)
B. Ruffin knows it firsthand; he himself received a cochlear implant 6 years ago. (Surname – Ruffin)

The sequence can be seen clearly in the above example, where the complete name Chad Ruffin comes prior
(in sentence A) to the surname Ruffin (in sentence B).
(V) Full Form – Abbreviation:
The full form provides complete information regarding something. Once that information is there, an
abbreviation / acronym can be used in its place. The usage of an abbreviation /acronym ensures that needless
repetition is avoided. Such repetition becomes cumbersome to the reader so writers generally use
abbreviations / acronyms to replace a full form. Thus, you will see this clue getting applied frequently in
sentence rearrangement.

EXAMPLE
A. Gross Domestic Product represents the total monetary value of all commodities & services produced over
a specific period of time. (Full Form – Gross Domestic Product)
B. In a nutshell, GDP is everything produced by people and businesses, including salaries of workers. (Short
Form – GDP)

In sentence A “Gross Domestic Product” (the full form) is present. Sentence B, which comes afterwards, does
not repeat the complete set of words: Gross Domestic Product. Because the reader is now familiar with
what Gross Domestic Product is, the writer uses the short form “GDP”.

(VI) Link Word / Connectors:

Link words are also known by other names such as connectors, conjunctions and transitional words. They are
widely used in writing to connect two sentences. Their importance lies in the fact that they modulate the flow
of discussion. Focusing on the usage of link words will give you idea regarding how a sentence stands in
relation to its succeeding sentence.

EXAMPLE
A. Gravitational force is not included in Grand unified theories.
B. But, this doesn’t matter a lot, because gravitational force is so feeble that its effects can usually be
overlooked when we deal with elementary particles or atoms. (But – Connector of Contrast); (Because –
Connector of Reason)
C. However, the fact that the force is both long range and always attractive means that its effects all
combine together. (However – Connector of Concession)
D. So for a fairly large number of particles, gravitational force can supersede all other forces. (So -Connector of
Conclusion)

“But” (in sentence B) clearly shows that Sentences A and B are in opposition. “Because” (in sentence B) gives
the reason why the non inclusion of gravitational force does not matter a lot. “However” (in sentence C)
indicates that sentence C somewhat deviates or moves away from what had been expressed in sentence B.
Finally, “so” (in sentence D) indicates in the direction of a conclusion. On reading further, it is clear that a
conclusion has been arrived at in sentence D.

(VII) Keywords / Key Phrases:

That word in a sentence which has greater significance as compared to others words is the keyword. There
could also be a group of words that together express an important idea. Such a group is known as a key
phrase. When a keyword or a key phrase appears in discussion, it is often seen that the next line repeats it.
The next line generally defines it and explains the meaning behind it. You will see that the discussion starts
revolving around the keyword. Hence, it is fairly easy to spot a mandatory pair by looking at the use of
keywords / key phrases.

EXAMPLE
A. Kaizen (a Japanese management technique) ensures continuous small improvements, the culture of
continual aligned small improvements and standardization generates significant results in the form of
compound productivity improvement. (Keywords: continuous, continual and improvement)
B. Thus, the English translation of “kaizen” can be: “continuous improvement” or “continual
improvement.”(Repetition of keywords)

Sentence A contains key words such as continuous, continual and improvement. These keywords get
repeated in sentence B. In fact, they come together to form phrases: “continuous improvement”&“continual
improvement”and make A-B a mandatory pair.
 Practice Test

PART 1
1. A. One effective way is to diversify his funds to different investments like real estate, stocks and money
instruments like bonds and trust funds.
B. It is always best to expand money to different investment wheels.
C. A wise investor must not put all his eggs in one basket.
D. He should always consider the risks involved in investing his money.
1. CBAD 2. CBDA 3. CDAB 4. CDBA

2. A. It is very vital to have social media presence however personal blogs serve as web domains.
B. Most people including celebrities and businessmen have blogs nowadays.
C. Therefore, building them will help anyone in promoting himself or his business.
D. Apparently blogs are like our offices only they are in the internet.
1. BDAC 2. BADC 3. BACD 4. BDCA

3. A. The basic steps in building a website are easy to remember and registering a domain name is the usual
priority.
B. Designing a layout will come after that.
C. Finally, adding more content and social media presence are required to keep your site active.
D. Then you need a hosting provider to host your site’s content in the World Wide Web.
1. ABCD 2. ADBC 3. ACBD 4. ADCB

4. A. Speaking in English every day is also proven effective.

B. Another way is watching English movies and TV shows particularly with English subtitles.
C. Reading articles in books, newspapers, and magazines is just among the helpful ways.
D. There are many ways to improve and develop English proficiency.
1. DCBA 2. DACB 3. DABC 4. DCAB

5. A. Others don’t realize yet what to pursue because they have many dreams.
B. Finding the right course in college is one of the most challenging decisions anyone can make.
C. Some people want to pursue their dreams ever since they were just little.
D. Indeed destiny is a matter of choice.
1. BDAC 2. BCDA 3. BADC 4. BCAD

6. A. While passport, airline tickets and valid IDs are required, proof of financial capacity may be required for
visa application.
B. Many Filipinos rejoiced hearing that good news.
C. The Bureau of Immigration announced recently that proof of financial capacity is not a primary
requirement at the airport.
D. Positive points go to the bureau for this.
1. CBAD 2. CADB 3. CABD 4. CBDA

7. A. This will be one of your tickets to land a job in the government.

B. That is why many people apply to take the Career Service examination.
C. If you passed the exam, you will get a certificate of eligibility.
D. Career Service Eligibility is a major requirement to apply for a job position in the government.
1. DCBA 2. DBAC 3. DBCA 4. DCAB

8. A. Your passport will arrive in 7 days if you choose the rush processing.
B. Getting a passport is faster nowadays.
C. Now, it only takes about 10 working days.
D. Compared before, it would take about a month for the regular processing.
1. BCAD 2. BDCA 3. BADC 4. BACD

9. A. Facebook has been the number one social network in the web and the world for quite long now.
B. Mobile instant messaging apps are also dominating social presence in the internet.
C. After many acquisitions, Facebook bought Instagram, one of the fastest growing photo sharing
 networks.
D. Because of that, Facebook acquired WhatsApp, a leading instant chat platform like Kakaotalk.
1. ACBD 2. ABCD 3. ADCB 4. ADBC

10. A. They will help you to purchase through zero-interest installment schemes.
B. Thus, you must be wise and pay in full if you want to avoid never-ending debts.
C. Credit cards are helpful if you know how and when to use them wisely.
D. However, they will produce interests from interests if you didn’t pay the whole amount at the due date.
1. CDBA 2. CABD 3. CDAB 4. CADB

PART 2
1. A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow
the world to cope with the mass motorisation that will one day come to China or India.
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made from
water, using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon
emissions from the whole system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy
than any existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a
diesel hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil, coal or gas, the fuel cell
has an efficiency of 30 %.
1. CEDBA 2. CEBDA 3. AEDBC 4. ACEBD

2. A. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians’ only preoccupation.
B. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
C. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are monuments of the rich like
pyramids and tombs.
D. Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they
were buried in simple graves.
E. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as
most monuments were made for the rich.
1. CDBEA 2. ECDAB 3. EDCBA 4. DECAB

3. A. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, what you want to do is
bum his fields, or if you're really vicious, salt them.
B. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy's productive capacity means destroying the
information infrastructure.
C) How do you do battle with your enemy?
D) With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle
with its enemy.
E) But in the industrial era destroying the enemy's productive capacity means bombing the factories which
are located in the cities.
F) The idea is to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, and depending upon the economic foundation,
that productive capacity is different in each case
1. FDEBAC 2. DCFAEB 3. DEBACF 4. DFEBAC

4. A. Events intervened, and in the late 1930s and 1940s, Germany suffered from “over-branding”.
B. The British used to be fascinated by the home of Romanticism.
C. But reunification and the federal government’s move to Berlin have prompted Germany to think again
about its image.
D. The first foreign package holiday was a tour of Germany organized by Thomas Cook in 1855.
E. Since then, Germany has been understandably nervous about promoting itself abroad.
1. ACEBD 2. DECAB 3. BDAEC 4. DBAEC

5. A. Four days later, Oracle announced its own bid for PeopleSoft, and invited the firm’s board to a
discussion.
B. Furious that his own plans had been endangered, PeopleSoft’s boss, Craig Conway, called Oracle’s offer
 “diabolical”, and its boss, Larry Ellison, a “sociopath”.
C. In early June, PeopleSoft said that it would buy J.D. Edwards, a smaller rival.
D. Moreover, said Mr. Conway, “he could imagine neither price nor combination of price and other
conditions to recommend accepting the offer.”
E. On June 12th, PeopleSoft turned Oracle down.
1. CABDE 2. CADBE 3. CEDAB 4. CAEBD

6. A. A few months ago I went to the University of the Philippines to see what the young people who are
going to be running our country in a few decades are like.
B. I would go to sleep in my hotel room around midnight each night, and when I awoke, my mailbox would
be full of replies—sent at 1:15 a.m., 2:59 a.m., 3:23 a.m.
C. One senior told me that she went to bed around two and woke up each morning at seven; she could
afford that much rest because she had learned to supplement her full day of work by studying in her
sleep.
D. Faculty members gave me the names of a few dozen articulate students, and I sent them e-mails,
inviting them out to lunch or dinner in small groups.
E. As she was falling asleep she would recite a math problem or a paper topic to herself; she would then
sometimes dream about it, and when she woke up, the problem might be solved.
1. DABCE 2. DACEB 3. ADBCE 4. AECBD

7. A. To avoid this, the QWERTY layout put the keys most likely to be hit in rapid succession on opposite
sides. This made the keyboard slow, the story goes, but that was the idea.
B. A different layout, which had been patented by August Dvorak in 1936, was shown to be much faster.
C. The QWERTY design (patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868 and sold to Remington in 1873) aimed to
solve a mechanical problem of early typewriters.
D. Yet the Dvorak layout has never been widely adopted, even though (with electric typewriters and then
PCs) the anti-jamming rationale for QWERTY has been defunct for years.
E. When certain combinations of keys were struck quickly, the type bars often jammed.
1. BDACE 2. CEABD 3. BCDEA 4. CAEBD

8. A. Branded disposable diapers are available at many supermarkets and drug stores.
B. If one supermarket sets a higher price for a diaper; customers may buy that brand elsewhere.
C. By contrast, the demand for private-label products may be fewer prices sensitive since it is available
only at a corresponding supermarket chain.
D. The demand for branded diapers at any particular store may be quite price sensitive.
E. For instance, only Save-On Drugs stores sell Save-On Drugs diapers.
F. Then, stores should set a higher incremental margin percentage for private-label diapers.
1. ABCDEF 2. ABCEDF 3. ADBCEF 4. AEDBCF

9. A. Having a strategy is a matter of discipline.

B. It involves the configuration of a tailored value chain that enables a company to offer unique value.
C. It requires a strong focus on profitability and a willingness to make tough trade-offs in choosing what
not to do.
D. Strategy goes far beyond the pursuit of best practices.
E. A company must stay the course even during times of upheaval, while constantly improving and
extending its distinctive positioning.
F. When a company’s activities fit together as a self-reinforcing system, any competitor wishing to imitate
a strategy must replicate the whole system?
1. ACEDBF 2. ACBDEF 3. DCBEFA 4. ABCEDF

10. 1. Participation involves more than the formal sharing of decisions.

2. Through anticipation, individuals or organisations consider trends and make plans, shielding institutions
from trauma of learning by shock.
3. Innovative learning involves both anticipation and participation.
4. It is an attitude characterised by cooperation, dialogue and empathy.
A. 2314 B. 1243 C. 4132 D. 3214 E. 1324

11. 1. Finally the bureaucratic organisation took over from the pioneering enterprise.
 2. The 19th century was the age of entrepreneur, the self-made man.
3. Thoughtful business administration took over from action-centred business entrepreneurship.
4. In the 20th century the rational executive took command.
A. 4213 B. 3124 C. 2431 D. 2341

12. 1. However, different rulers and governments dealt with the different groups in a compartmentalised
manner.
2. Various situtatutional and political changes have taken place over the past three and half centuries.
3. This tendency resulted in deeply embedded fragmented South African society which became even more
prominent in the period 1948 until the new commencement of the new Constitution on May 10 1994.
4. South Africa is a racially divided society since the first European settlers arrived in 1652.
A. 2413 B. 4213 C. 3124 D. 1342 E. 2134

13. 1. He was so busy with them that he did not get time to eat.
2. Thousands of people came to him and asked different types of questions.
3. No one cared to see that he had this food or rest that night.
4. Pedro Penduko once stayed in a small village.
A. 2341 B. 3214 C. 4213 D. 4231

14. 1. Such a system will help identify and groom executives for positions of strategists.
2. Evaluation of performance is more often than not done for the purpose of reward or punishment for the
past performance.
3. They must become an integral part of the executive evaluation system.
4. Even where the evaluation system is for one's promotion to assume higher responsibilities, it rarely
includes items that are a key for playing the role of strategists effectively.
A. 4213 B. 4321 C. 1234 D. 2431

15. A. Similarly, turning to caste, even though being lower caste is undoubtedly a separate cause of
disparity, its impact is all the greater when the lower-caste families also happen to be poor.
B. Belonging to a privileged class can help a woman to overcome many barriers that obstruct
women from less thriving classes.
C. It is the interactive presence of these two kinds of deprivation—being low class and being
female—that massively impoverishes women from the less privileged classes.
D. A congruence of class deprivation and gender discrimination can blight the lives of poorer
women very severely.
A. ABDC B. BDCA C. DABC D. BCDA