CHAPTER 3 MAINTENANCE

3.1 Patrol and Inspection

Patrol and inspection of river channels and facilities compose an initiatory and
integral part of the maintenance activities. Through the patrol and inspection, any
irregularities or defects of river channels and facilities are to be detected so that
the irregularities and defects can be rectified before they come worse and impair
the functions or safety of the river channels and facilities.

Through the patrol and inspection, places or facilities to be maintained or repaired

shall be identified, and the notice to a maintenance and repair section shall be
made without delay. When large scale maintenance and/or repair works are
required, an action program should be arranged in order to avoid seriously
negative effect on the functions of the places and/or facilities during and after the
works. In a rainy season, an intensified patrol and inspection shall be
programmed by PBS / PJT-I. If any irregularities or defects are found in the river
channels and at the river facilities, repair work shall be immediately undertaken to
prevent expansion or progression of the irregularities or defects.

The said patrol and inspection shall be made once a month during a dry season
and once a week during a rainy season. In occurrence of floods, the patrol and
inspection shall be made several times a day on demand in association with the
related organizations.

All the information to be obtained trough the patrol and inspection shall be
reported to PBS / PJT-I, with descriptions Inspection Forms enclosed in
Appendix E. The report shall describe, but not limited to, facilities or place to be
maintained or repaired with a cost estimated and an implementation schedule for
maintenance or repair works. A daily report shall be prepared in case of large
scale flood occurrence. Required equipment for the patrol and inspection is listed
in Table 3.1.

In regular inspection, topographic maps along the river course and equipment
listed in Table 3.1 should be brought into the field. The inspection should be
conducted in accordance with a check list. An example of the check list for daily
patrol/inspection is prepared in Table 3.2. The check list should be submitted to
the chief of a flood control section.

3.2 Maintenance of Equipment

The necessary equipment items for the operation and maintenance intended herein

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 are as referred to in Table 3.3. Among those items, the ones requiring rather large
scale maintenance works are vehicles, heavy equipment, engine boats, etc.

The vehicles are indispensable for patrol and inspection, maintenance and repair
works, etc. Therefore they should be always maintained in workable conditions.
The heavy equipment and engine boats should be regularly inspected and
maintained through the following activities:
(a) To prepare inventory of existing equipment, which shall include at least the
item listed below;
- Operation hour record,
- Manufactured year,
- Overhaul history,
- Working efficiency,
- Salvage value, and
- Damage portion, if any.
(b) To establish operation and maintenance schedule of each equipment including
overhaul, and
(c) To estimate operation and maintenance cost including spare part cost.
3.3 Maintenance of River Channels

3.3.1 River Channels

(1) Functions

The fundamental function of a river channel is to smoothly and safety

convey flood flows up to a design flood. Therefore, a river channel shall be
maintained to keep a river flow area to convey a design flood with a due
freeboard and an adequate alignment to ensure smooth flows without
causing any interference to or any endangerment of related inner facilities.
At the same time, a river channel has a functions to enable river water
utilization for irrigation purpose, etc. by conveying river water and
maintaining river water levels.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularities of river channels
- Harmful erosion or collapse of river banks, and formation of
remarkable sand bars at riverbeds.
- Natural and artificial vegetations which may disturb smooth river
water flowing.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts in river channels

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 - Construction of illegal structures or earth works (excavation,
embankment, etc.)
- Illegal land use
- Garbage dump
- Illegal river water abstraction
c. River water quality
- Illegal waste water disposal
- Unusual color or smell of river water
(3) Maintenance work

Even after completion or river improvement works, the river channel varies
its features because of succeeding natural and/or human acts to the river.

As one of examples, sediment deposit develops gradually in upstream and

downstream parts of a bottleneck section and forms natural dunes
approximately at the center of the river channel, which disturbs river water
flowing and sometimes causes flow concentration at feet of both banks. As
another example, bank scouring is apt to take place in both banks just
downstream of a confluence of a tributary, even in the case that a river
channel is aligned fairly. That scouring results from time lag in flood peak
between a main stem and its tributary.

Therefore a river channel should be continually observed, and the

observation shall be accompanied with topographic and hydrologic survey
on demand. In the case of remarkable development of the said dispositions,
employment of groyne construction or dredging shall be considered.
Planning and design of the groyne construction and dredging shall be made
on the basis of long term monitoring of and study on the river channel
morphological conditions to be revealed by periodical river cross sectional
survey, etc. In the decision of a dredging depth, effect to stability of riparian
structures is to be fully taken into account.

3.3.2 Shortcut Channels

(1) Functions

A shortcut channel is provided to increase a river flow capacity by

shortcutting an extremely meandering river channel. As a result the
shortcutting, the riverbed gradient is steepened. After the construction, the
function of a shortcut channel is the same as that of the aforementioned
“River Channels”.

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 (2) Inspection items for maintenance
a. Damages and irregularities of shortcut channels:
(The same as those aforementioned for “River Channels”.)
b. Illegal and harmful human acts :
(The same as those aforementioned for “River Channels”.)
c. Riverbed variation in upstream and downstream river channels:
After opening a shortcut channel, it is a general trend that its upstream and
downstream riverbeds are lowered and raised respectively. Accordingly, the
upstream and downstream riverbeds are to be monitored after the opening
together with examination for foundation safety of riparian structures on the
basis of periodical river cross sectional survey, etc.

(3) Maintenance works

The items of the maintenance works mentioned for “River Channels” are
also required for a shortcut channel.

3.3.3 Floodway Channel

(1) Function

The fundamental function of the Floodway channel is to smoothly and safety

divert flood flows from main channel. Therefore, a river channel shall be
maintained to keep a flow area to divert a design discharge and to ensure
smooth flows.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularities of floodway channels:
(The same as those aforementioned for “River Channels”.)
b. Illegal and harmful human acts :
(The same as those aforementioned for “River Channels”.)
(3) Maintenance works

The items of the maintenance works mentioned for “River Channels” are
also required for a floodway channel.

3.3.4 Removal of Obstructions in River Channels

(1) Sweeping of rubbish

Many kinds of rubbish are often thrown into river area. That rubbish
deteriorates the environment conditions of the river area. Sweeping rubbish
on levees, high water channels, piers of bridges, and sluiceway gates shall be
periodically carried out. Especially in the cases of piers and sluiceways,

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 strict maintenance is required because piling of the rubbish at those
structures possibly impairs the structural safety of clogs the sluiceway
conduits. Further dumping wastes in the river area should also be strictly
forbidden.

(2) Cultivation and plantation in river area

Cultivation within the river area must be controlled and its approval shall be
limited to low height and short period crops so that any kind of flood control
works in the river area can be immediately conducted on demand. An area
for cultivation should be carefully selected so that any river facilities may
not be impaired or affected in terms of their functions and structural safety.

Plantation of trees in a high water channel may be done by inhabitants in

connection with cultivation to take a rest under the trees for a sunshade
purpose. However, such kind of action must be restricted to tall trees at
limited areas in order not to disturb flood flowing. Some of densely planted
trees shall be cut out after consent or assent by planters.

3.4 Maintenance of River Structures

A concrete maintenance method is described with inspection items in this sub-

section for each kind of river structures in order to keep its original function.

Repair works for the river structures shall conform to the technical requirements
shown in Appendix D, which only described essential particulars of technical
specifications and is prepared by reference to the Technical Specifications (a part
of the Contract Documents of the Project).

3.4.1 Levees

(1) Functions

The function of levees is to confine flood flows within river channels, in

order to protect people’s livelihood and properties. Therefore, levees shall
be maintained to keep their height which can provide designed freeboards
above design high water levels (DHWL), and shall be stable against collapse
and seepage and durable against scouring by river flows. Levees shall also
have a traffic function on their crest in the operation and maintenance
activities.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularities of levee:
- Crest deteriorates due to miring and subsequent trouble to traffic

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 - Erosion or scouring due to river flows
- Cracks, leakage of water or piping, holes caused by nest of ants, and
other structural damages
- Vegetation on levees, which may deteriorate levees stability and
durability
- Slope failure of levees and channel banks
- Cave-in on land side slopes
b. Illegal and harmful human acts:
- Cultivation at levee foot
- Partial cutting of levee crests and slopes for crossing or water intake
- Burning trash on levees
- Illegal works on levees such as construction of public and private
facilities and temporary building, piling, excavation, etc.
(3) Preparation for repairing works of levees:

Repairing works of damaged portions of levees shall be arranged soon after

finding the necessity of the works. Planning, surveying, design, cost
estimate and repair works shall be conducted by PBS / PJT-I.

(4) Repairing of levee crests

Probable damage at levee crests are miring and cracking on crest surfaces,
partial cutting of crest portions and collapse of crest shoulders.

Against the miring, the surface soil shall be removed and suitable soil shall
be filled with adequate moisture and sufficient compaction. The removal
shall be made by at least 50 cm in depth, depending on the miring. The said
suitable soil shall be preferably selected at brown clay or sandy clay used in
the Project’s construction. The said sufficient compaction shall be made by
means of tampers for small scale filling or compacting rollers for large scale
filling. At the late stage of the filling, adequate transversal slopes shall be
provided to avoid standing water and drainage water concentration on the
levee crests. After the filling, sodding shall be provided at the levee
shoulders.

Against the cracking, the surface soil shall be removed by trench excavation
along the cracking. In the excavation, the depth, the bottom width and side
slopes shall respectively be 30 to 50 cm, 30 cm, and 1:1.0. After the
removal, earth filling shall be made with the materials and the method as
mentioned for repairing against miring.

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 Against the partial cutting and the shoulder collapse, surface soil after the
cutting and collapse shall be removed by 20 cm in depth and earth
embankment shall be made in an ordinal levee embankment method in order
to restore the crest portions to the original states.

(5) Repairing of levee slopes

A probable damage of levee slopes is slope collapse and cracking.

Against the slope collapse, reason of the collapse shall be investigated by

employing all or some of topographic survey, soil sampling, laboratory test,
seepage and stability analysis, etc. Based on the investigation result, a
repairing method shall be determined. As a general method, earth materials
in a range of each collapse shall be removed entirely and the face after the
removal shall be treated with bench cutting on the face. Afterwards, earth
embankment shall be made in an ordinal levee embankment method in order
to restore the levee slopes to the original state.

Against the cracking, the method of the repairing is in principle the same as
that mentioned for “Repairing of levee crest”.

In the repairing for both the above slope collapse and cracking, sodding with
skewering shall be made on the restored slopes.

(6) Repairing for cave-in of levee body

The initial cause of cave-in in levee bodies is an occurrence of voids due to

(i) leakage water, (ii) washing away of backfill materials caused by faults of
sluiceway joints or impervious walls, (iii) insufficient compaction of refilled
soil for built-in facilities and backfill sand of retaining walls, and (iv) holes
caused by nest of ants, etc. Voids gradually develop into cavities which
appear on levee crest. Many cases of the cave-in mainly results from
inappropriate construction of structures.

Because of possible causes as mentioned above, an investigation on the

cause of cave-in is indispensable prior to filling up the cave. If a fault is
found in the structure itself, the levee body concerned should be removed
and reconstructed except for the case that the structure is possible to be
repaired from its inside. In case of harmful leakage even after the said
reconstruction or repairing, wet cobble revetment construction on the river
side slopes or steel sheet piles driving into the levee bodies should be made.

(7) Weeding on levees

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 Levee slopes are covered with sodding for the purpose of protection of levee
slopes. But if it is left without care, long-stem plants like kucingan (calf-
length) become surpassing and finally turf will disappear after gradual
diminishing. For this reason, turf cutting and weeding shall be carried out
periodically, the surpassing of turf shall be kept by cutting and weeding of
turf repeatedly and thereby the protection of levee slopes can be achieved for
the reason that such plant as turf is generally stronger than long-steam plant
against cutting. Furthermore turf cutting and weeding are necessitated for
the reason that long-stem plants will loosen levee slopes, increase the
hydrological roughness of the banks and therefore decrease the discharge
capacity of the river channel.

For frequency of turf cutting, the cutting shall be done at least twice a year
considering the climate condition and the plants growing rates in the area.

(8) Protective works

The causes of damage of levees are classified into the following three
categories.
a. Overflow
The following places tend to be damaged by flood overflowing:
- where the height of the levee crest is insufficient,
- where the channel bed rises, and
- downstream parts of such facilities crossing the river as bridges and
weir.
When flood water overflows the levee crest, the overflowing water scours
the toe of the backside slope. The scouring area enlarges gradually, and
finally the levee will be breached.
b. Seepage
Seepage water loosens the levee body or causes piping in the levee body or
the foundation, and subsequently it brings such structural damages to the
levee body as collapse, settlement, etc.
c. Scouring
The following places tend to be damaged by scouring:
- where flood water attacks due to meandering of the river channel,
- where the revetments are damaged, and
- downstream parts of the facilities crossing the river such as bridges
and weir.

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 When the water level at a observation site exceeds the designed flood water
level a 10-year return period, which level is 1 m below the levee crest, urgent
protective works shall be undertaken by PBS/PJT-I. The urgent protective
works provide some temporary countermeasures to minimize and localize
the damages caused by breaching of levees, etc. PBS/PJT-I shall take the
following preparatory actions.
i) To collect information on extents of the damage as precisely as possible.
Accessibility to the sites shall be also clarified.
ii) To prepare an urgent repair plan such as countermeasures, construction
methods, materials, man-power and equipment.
iii) To summon staff and associate members for flood fighting activities. It is
generally impracticable to execute the protective works by the project’s
staff only. Staff from Pengairan, Kabupaten and sometimes contractors
nearby the site are required.
iv) To secure the workers, construction equipment and vehicles.
v) To secure the materials such as sandbags, wooden piles, bamboos and
earth materials.
vi) To secure communication means such as handy talky, etc., and
vii) To secure lighting equipment for nigh works.
The technical guidance protective works is sorted in the following work
categories, and its detail is as referred to Appendix C.
(a) Countermeasures against overflow.
(b) Countermeasures against seepage/leakage.
(c) Countermeasures against scouring.
(d) Countermeasures against sliding.
(e) Countermeasures against breaching.
(f) Countermeasures against levee settlement.
(g) Countermeasures for closing of breached levee.
3.4.2 Parapet Walls

(1) Functions

The function of parapet walls is to confine the design flood water within the
river channel in order to protect people’s livelihood and properties. Usually,
the parapet walls are constructed at the areas being narrowly available for
the construction and sometimes being close to river banks. Those narrow
areas are due to social constraint, etc. for land acquisition required for the
Project’s construction.

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 (2) Inspection items for maintenance
a. Damages and irregularities of parapet walls:
- Erosion or scouring of river banks near which parapet walls are
constructed.
- Cracks on parapet walls.
- Leakage through the wall bodies or wall foundations.
- Cave-in at foot protection portions.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts:
- Cultivation at the parapet wall feet.
- Breaking parapet walls for crossing or water intake.
- Illegal works on the parapet walls, such as public and private
facilities, temporary building, etc.
(3) Maintenance works
a. Repair or restoration against erosion or scouring of river banks shall be
made in the same way as that of the maintenance works as mentioned for
river channels.
b. Repair of cracks on parapet walls shall be made in a manner that
concrete shall be removed in V-shape by about 10 cm in depth along
cracks and fresh mortar shall be filled in the removal parts.
c. Repair against leakage through the wall bodies or wall foundations shall
be determined in terms of the method through investigation on the
leakage. Generally conceivable methods are pressure grouting of mortar
into the wall bodies and sheet piles driving into the foundations on river
sides of the walls.
d. Repair against cave-in shall be done in the same manner as that for
levees.
e. Illegal human acts shall be prohibited in collaboration with the local
government, etc. and soon be repaired after finding.
3.4.3 Revetments

(1) Functions

The function of revetments is to protect levees and river banks from scouring
by water flows and some objects drifting in the rivers. The revetment works
are composed of slope facing, footing and foot protection.

The slope facing functions are to protect the slopes from scouring by water
flows and to retain the earth bodies of the levees and river banks.

The functions of the footing are to bear the weight of the slope pavement and

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 to withstand sliding of the bank slopes. The foot protection functions to
protect the riverbeds in front of the footings from scouring and to sustain the
foundation and slope pavement works.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularities of revetment works
- Any cracks on the slope pavement.
- Conditions at the revetment works, especially at low elevation
portions during low water levels.
- Condition of construction joints, upper and lower ends of the
revetment works.
- Sinking of the gabion works due to flowing out of foundation
materials in case of insufficient filter effect.
- Sucking out of the filling materials behind slope facing due to high
flow velocity.
b. Lowering of riverbeds in front of the foot protections.
c. Erosion or scouring at the river banks upstream and downstream of the
revetment works.
d. River flow conditions during floods, in view of difference between the
actual conditions and the assumed conditions in the revetments design.
(3) Repairing of the revetment works
a. Repairing of the revetments works
- Repairing against crack on concrete work shall be made in a manner
that concrete shall be removed in V-shape in about 10 cm depth along
each crack and fresh mortar shall be filled in the removal parts.
- Repairing against cracks or sucking out on wet cobble work shall be
made in a manner that cobble stones adjacently on both the sides of
each crack or sucking out are to be removed and vacancy after the
removal is to be filled with wet cobble masonry in the regular work
manner.
- Repairing against brittleness of wet cobble masonry, the brittleness
parts shall be exhaustively removed and reconstructed with new
masonry work.
b. Against riverbed lowering in front of the footing protections, additional
placement of gabion mattresses on the river side of the originally placed
gabions shall be considered if the lowering is deep and impair structural
safety of the protections. In case excessive lowering, that additional
placing shall be made in layers and accompanied with concrete, wooden

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 or steel sheet piles driving.
c. Against erosion or scouring at the river banks neighboring to each
revetment, extension or new application of bank protections shall be
made. Against unfavorable flow conditions of river water around the
revetment, new groynes construction as well as said extension or new
application of bank protections shall be considered through study and
investigation.
3.4.4 Gate Structure (Babat Barrage, Floodway Inlet, Floodway Rubber Dam, Jabung
Outlet)

(1) Functions

The function of gate structures is to store a water in channel by closing of

gates or to regulate upstream water level and to control outflow discharge by
gate operation. Structural damage or malfunction of the gate structures
including gates will induce serious effects on a flood protection. Those
structural damage and malfunction are probable in the cases of foundation
seepage, scouring or erosion of the channels, sediment deposit and
mechanical or artificial error in gate operation. The water level must be kept
less than the design high water level by suitable operation of gates.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

Inspection shall be made focused on, but not limited to, the points shown
below.
a. Damages and irregularity
- Any cracks on the concrete of structure
- Sinking and abrasions of weir, slab and apron
- Leakage through construction joints or ends of the apron.
- Leakage at contact portion between gate sheet and seal.
- Scouring or erosion in aprons or riverbed protections at both upstream
and downstream reaches of the structures.
- Damage on aprons and upstream and downstream riverbed
protections.
- Clogging of gate structure with garbage, sand and gravel, etc.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts
- Missing of any part of gates
- Obstructing gate operation
- Improper or insufficient arrangement of gate operators
(3) Maintenance

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 a. Mechanical repair and parts supply for gates, their accessories and
inspection bridge, in case of irregularities, damage or loss.
b. Repair for the bag of rubber gate using the rubber plug repair method in
case of minor damage (less than about 10 mm), and a patch type repair as
used for repairing a conveyor belt in case of major damage (about 10 mm
or more).
c. Test operation and greasing of gates and their accessories at least once a
year.
d. Painting of gate leaves and inspection bridges at least once three years.
e. Cleaning of gates, their accessories and inspection bridges at least three
times a year.
f. Removal of deposit at river banks in front of the gates.
g. Restoration of riverbed or channel bed elevations in the case of scouring
or erosion of the river bank toes.
h. Repair of cracks shall be made in a manner that concrete shall be
removed in V-shape by about 10 cm in depth along cracks and fresh
mortar shall be filled in the removal parts.
i. Repair against leakage through the construction joints or ends of apron
shall be determined in terms of the method through investigation on the
leakage. Generally conceivable methods are pressure grouting of mortar
into the bodies.
j. Illegal human acts shall be prohibited in collaboration with the local
government, etc. and soon be repaired after finding.
3.4.5 Sluiceways

(1) Functions

Sluiceways are provided to lead local drainage water to river channels

through conduits crossing levees.

Since the sluiceways interconnect river channels and land side areas,
structural damage or malfunction of the sluiceways including gates thereto
will induce serious effects to local drainage. Those structural damage and
malfunction are probable in the cases of foundation seepage around the
conduit bodies, clogging of conduit openings, scouring or erosion of the
outlet channels, sediment deposit at the outlet and inlet channels and
mechanical or artificial error in gate operation.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularity

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 - Gates, gate leaves and inspection bridges: in operational and movable
conditions, any damage, rusting, greasing or painting.
- Conduits: any cracks on concrete, or any deformation due to
foundation settlement, etc.
- Earth works: any cracks and cave-in in banks neighboring to or levees
above the conduits.
- Clogging of sluiceway with garbage, sand and gravel, etc.
- Seepage in foundations around the conduits.
- Scouring or sedimentation at river banks and the inlet and outlet
channels.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts
- Missing of any part of gates.
- Putting stones around gate leaves and obstructing gate operation.
- Improper or insufficient arrangement of gate operators.
(3) Maintenance works
a. Mechanical repair and parts supply for gates, their accessories and
inspection bridge, in case of irregularities, damage or loss.
b. Test operation and greasing of gates and their accessories at least once a
year.
c. Painting of gate leaves and inspection bridges at least once three years.
d. Cleaning of gates, their accessories and inspection bridges at least three
times a year.
e. Removal of deposit at river banks near the sluiceways and in the conduit
openings and the inlet and outlet channels.
f. Restoration of riverbed or channel bed elevations in the case of scouring
or erosion of the river bank toes or the outlet channel beds.
g. Civil works for repairing cracks, cave-in, etc. at the foundations, river
banks or levees shall be made in a same way as those for levees.
h. Against deformation of conduits, investigation to scrutinize the cause
shall be made first and the works for renovation shall be made if
functional or structural inconvenience is found through the investigation.
3.4.6 Drainage Canals and Ditches

(1) Functions

Drainage canals are constructed to collect local drainage water and to drain
the water into the sluiceways. The side ditches have a function as drainage
water collectors at levee feet.

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 (2) Inspection items for maintenance
a. Damages and irregularities of the ditches and canals
- Vegetation (water hyacinth, enceng gondok, etc.) which may disturb
smooth water flows.
- Erosion or collapse of canal beds and slopes.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts
- Dumping garbage in the canals.
- Barrier put privately in the canals.
(3) Maintenance works
a. Cleaning of the canals by neighboring residents (local society oriented:
gotong royong), including removal of water hyacinth (enceng gondok) at
least three times annually. Water hyacinth poses particular problems
because of the rate of growth and the speed with which they can re-grow
thick after clearance.
b. Against progressing scouring at the channel bottoms and slopes, lining
and drop structures to be made of wet or dry cobble masonry shall be
additionally provided taking into account the specific conditions of each
site. Sediment and other obstructions including artificial ones shall be
removed.
3.4.7 Pumping Station

(1) Functions

Pumping station for irrigation is provided in order to supply proper irrigation

water to the beneficial area.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularity
- Pumps, driver: in operational and movable conditions, any damage,
rusting, greasing or painting.
- Earth works: any cracks and cave-in in banks neighboring to or levees
above the conduits.
- Clogging of the trash racks and conduits with garbage, sand and
gravel, etc.
- Seepage in foundations around the conduits.
- Sedimentation at river banks and the intake.
b. Illegal and harmful human acts
- Missing of any part of pump and driver.
- Putting stones around conduit and suction sump, obstructing pump

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 operation.
- Improper or insufficient arrangement of pump operators.
(3) Maintenance works
a. Mechanical repair and parts supply for pumps, driver and their
accessories, in case of irregularities, damage or loss.
b. Test operation and greasing of power transmission devises and their
accessories at least once a year.
c. Removal of deposit at river banks near the intake and in the conduit
openings.
d. Civil works for repairing cracks, cave-in, etc. at the foundations, river
banks or levees shall be made in a same way as those for levees.
e. Against deformation of conduits, investigation to scrutinize the cause
shall be made first and the works for renovation shall be made if
functional or structural inconvenience is found through the investigation.
3.4.8 Inspection Road/Access Road

(1) Functions

Inspection roads and access roads are used for periodical patrol, emergency
inspection and repairing works of river channels and river structures. The
roads are also used for the maintenance works and flood fighting activities.

Considering the functions mentioned above, public use of those roads shall
be regulated in terms of vehicle weights, traffic frequency, etc..

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Damages and irregularities of embankment, side slopes, etc. of the roads.
b. Conditions of vegetation and pavement / metalling of the roads.
c. Conditions of the appurtenants such as cross drains and guide posts.
d. Conditions for public use
(3) Maintenance works

Repair or restoration of damaged portions in subgrade and shoulders of the

roads shall be made in ordinary manners for earth works. For control of
public traffic of the roads, such simple facilities as gates, barriers, etc. shall
be provided if necessary.

Repair methods of various kinds of damages in pavement are described

below.

a. Cracking in asphalt pavement

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 - Problem
Cracking in asphalt wearing surfaces takes many kinds of forms. Some
common forms of the cracking are defined below.

Alligator or Map Cracking: these are interconnected cracks forming a series

of small blocks resembling an alligator’s skin or chicken wire. Alligator
cracking is generally caused by excessive deflection of surface over an
unstable foundation, or by the asphalt material drying out.

Edge Cracks: These are longitudinal cracks near the edge of the foundation,
usually due to lack of lateral support or drying out of the asphalt.

Lane Joint Cracks: Lane joint cracks are longitudinal separations along the
seam between two paving lanes, usually caused by a weak seam between
adjoining spreads.

Shrinkage Cracks: Shrinkage cracks are interconnecting cracks forming a

series of large blocks, often difficult to determine whether the cracks are
caused by volume change in the asphalt.

Slippage Cracks: Crescent-shaped cracks caused by the lack of a good bond

between the surface course and the base course beneath.
- Correction
Alligator and slippage cracks repair should remove the surface course down
to the base course and laterally into sound surface course. Make the removal
square or rectangular with straight and vertical faces apply tack coat to the
exposed faces. Patch the exposed part with a densely graded hot asphalt and
compact to the same elevation as the surrounding surface.

Edge and lane joint cracks repair should clean out cracks with stiff-bristled
broom and compressed air. Fill (do not overfill) cracks with emulsion slurry
or liquid asphalt mixed with sand. When cured, seal with liquid asphalt and
sprinkle the surface with sawdust or dry sand to prevent liquid asphalt from
being picked up by vehicles.

Shrinkage crack repair should fill cracks with asphalt emulsion slurry to be
followed by a surface treatment or slurry seal over the entire surface.
- Prevention
The early detection and repair or minor defects is the most important.
Cracks and other defects, which are almost unnoticeable in their first stages,
may develop into serious defects if not soon repaired. For this reason,

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 frequent close inspection of the wearing surface should be made. In all cases
of wearing surface distress, it is best to determine first the causes of the
difficulty; then repairs can be made which will not only correct the damage
but will prevent or retard its recurrence.

b. Distortion in asphalt pavement

- Problem
Surface distortion is any change of the surface from its original shape.
Distortion takes a number of different forms below.

Channels (Ruts): These are channelized depression which may develop in

the wheel tracks of an asphalt surface. They may result from consolidation
or lateral movement of the surface under traffic, or by wear from studded
tires.

Corrugations (Shoving): Corrugations are a form of plastic movement

typified by ripples across the asphalt surface, usually occurring in asphalt
surfaces that lack stability. They may appear as crescents with the curved
portion pointing in the direction of traffic as in slippage or and actual bump
transverse to the direction of travel.

Grade Depressions: Depressions are localized low areas of limited size

which may or may not be accompanied by cracking. These “birdbaths” are
not only a source of surface deterioration but are a hazard to motorists.

Upheaval: Upheaval is the localized upward displacement of a surface due to

swelling of the foundation beneath.
- Correction
Channel and grade depression repair should determine the limits of channels
with a straightedge. Apply a light tack coat and spread densely graded
asphalt in the channels with a paver. Be sure that the material is feathered at
the edges. Compact with a pneumatic tired roller. Then place a sand seal
over the area.

c. Disintegration in asphalt pavement

- Problem
This is the breaking up of a surface course into small, loose fragments.
Potholes and raveling are two of the more common types.

Potholes: These are bowl-shaped holes of various sizes in the surface course
resulting from localized disintegration.

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 Raveling: This is the progressive separation of aggregate particles in the
surface course, usually the result of poor construction technique including
low asphalt or heavy traffic.
- Correction
Potholes should be repaired in the same way as alligator cracks.

To correct raveling, sweep the surface free of all dirt and loose aggregate.
Apply a fog seal of asphalt emulsion. After the seal has cured, apply a
surface treatment.

d. Rut in macadam pavement

A problem is a failure of the structural slab beneath surface stone due to

permitting traffic to displace stone.

Remove the stone and repair the embankment of levee, replace the sand
cushion or stone.

3.4.9 River Channels at Bridges

(1) General

A structure is only as stable as the foundation that it rests on. Many rivers
are naturally scour-prone and considerable efforts are required to maintain
the riverbeds in a condition which does not aggregate the tendency to scour
and undermine bridge foundations. Alluvial channels, in particular, have a
tendency to shift their locations, which often results in adverse scour effects
bridge foundations. Under conditions where water-borne debris is abundant,
channel blockage frequently results and causes damage to bridge
superstructures, as well as their foundations, especially when rare or unusual
floods occur. Although other types of structural damage are more apparent
and spectacular, this phase of structural maintenance concerning river
channels is equally important.

(2) Inspection items for maintenance

a. Erosion or scouring in upstream and downstream river channels at a
bridge.
b. Damage in river structures nearby a bridge after flooding.
c. Deposition in upstream and downstream river channels at a bridge after a
rainy season.
d. Debris being stagnated at bridge piers after flooding.
(3) Maintenance works

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 a. Erosion

This most destructive condition occurs where an actual flood and flow
direction differs from the direction to be orientated by a pier. Undermining
of the pier and subsequent settlement may result in serious structural damage
of the bridge. Erosion may also result in reduction of friction pile stability
since it removes some of the riverbed material from the friction area. In
some cases, bearing piles founded in a hard layer may even lose some
stability due to scour.

Erosion is a time-dependent process, which is strongly influence by the

variable nature of stream flow. The effects of erosion are particularly
evident after rare and unusual floods are experienced. Many complex
factors in rivers interact during floods and cause erosion of riverbeds and
banks, shift of river channel alignments and change of river profiles.
Therefore, an expect advice should be obtained before attempting to correct
a serious erosion problem.

Where scour holes adjacent to an abutment or a pier are evident, the best
treatment is to line the side of the hole locating nearest to the abutment or
pier with rock fragments. However, this may result in moving the scour hole
to a different location. In the case of major scour holes undermining the
structural elements, hydraulic and structural engineers should be consulted.

Minor scour conditions can be corrected by the placement of riprap or large

stones to be dumped randomly. Where scour reached the point where
settlement of the footing occurs, the stream flow should be diverted from the
scoured area by the construction of a temporary cofferdam.

If measurable settlement occurs or is progressing, it will be essential to

provide temporary support for the structural members subjected to the
settlement. This can be done by making a cofferdammed area large enough
to accommodate timber or steel crib on which the members may be
temporarily supported.

Other methods may also be required depending on the circumstances; such

as driving pile bents and carrying the members on heavy traverse beams
being supported on the pile bents. If possible, pile driving should be avoided
since it could cause even greater settlement.

b. Deposition and debris removal

Bars caused by deposition in the stream can deflect the current against an

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 abutment or a pier. This misalignment and concentration on flow causes an
increase in velocity at that point, which greatly increases the stream’s erosive
ability. Debris can lodge against bridge elements or catch more debris until
the stream is partially dammed. Any unusual runoff may then overflow the
banks, wash out bridge approaches, and damage the bridge itself.

The upstream channel, within the right-of-way, should be cleared at least

annually after a rainy season that may wash out trees or other debris. All
drift, logs, trees and other debris should be removed from the channel.
Undercut trees should either be removed or shored up with riprap so they do
not fall into and lodge in the channel or clog downstream bridge openings.

Any obstruction that may restrict the waterway of a structure and the
downstream channel should also be removed immediately.

Basically, the channel reach to be maintained should be long enough to

prevent any deposition or debris in the unmaintained channel from: (1)
introducing turbulence near the structure, (2) causing flow to be other than
parallel to the axis of the piers and abutments, or (3) deflecting the current
against the banks such that the stream could be diverted around the structure.

Where streams dry up in a dry season, a bulldozer or front-end loader can be

used to push fallen trees, logs and other water-borne debris into a location
where a crane can load it for removal. Rocks and stones can be redistributed
evenly to maintain the original stream bottom or be placed along the banks at
points of maximum erosion. Significant sand and gravel deposits that must
be removed can be pushed to a point where a crane working on the banks or
the structure can load them for use in other areas. Silt and other unsuitable
materials can be removed to waste in the same manner.

3.4.10 Bridge Structures

(1) General

A series of bridge maintenance system is described in detail in “BRIDGE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)” (English and Indonesian versions)
owned by Bina Marga (Jakarta). Available references are shown in Table 3.4.

In addition to those references, ASSHTO manuals may be recommendable as

for a reference for specific bridge maintenance.

Referring to those references, an outline of bridge maintenance is introduced

in this sub-section.

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 (2) Inspection

The objective of bridge inspection is to assist to ensure that a bridge is able

to function in safety and that an appropriate action is taken to maintain and
repair the bridge on a timely basis.

Thus, “Bridge Inspection” has the following specific objectives:

- to check safety of bridge under operating conditions
- to prevent closure of bridge
- to record present bridge condition
- to provide feedback to design, construction and maintenance personnel
- to check effects of vehicle loads and traffic volumes
- to monitor long term performance of bridge
- to provide information for load rating bridge
Data from those inspections are used to formulate plants of maintenance,
rehabilitation, strengthening and replacement of bridges.

There are there types of regular bridge inspections being carried out under
the BMS, as follows:
- Inventory Inspection.
- Detailed Inspection.
- Routine Inspection.
Special inspections are also being carried out in some circumstances.

(3) Routine maintenance

Routine maintenance is basically preventative in nature and comprises

mainly repetitive and technically simple tasks. Routine maintenance should
commence when the bridge is newly constructed and continue throughout
the life of the structure.

The scope of routine maintenance is as described below.

a. Cleaning operation
- Removal of earth, gravel, sand and rubbish from locations where it may
have a harmful influence such as preventing drainage of water and
causing corrosion, erosion slippery conditions:
- deck drains and scuppers
- deck expansion joints
- bearings
- truss members which hold dirt and debris
- fence rails and posts

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 - diaphragms
- horizontal bracing
- flanges on girders and cross frames
- cable supports on pylons of suspension bridges
- tops of cross heads
- weep holes in retaining walls
- debris in the river channel
- Removal of excessive vegetation especially around bearings and
expansion joints, in stone of concrete walls and around timber structures.
The extent of removal should normally be about 3 metres from each side
of the bridge. Removal of vegetation should take account of the possible
effect of increased erosion.
- Washing signs, bridge name plates and painted areas.
Most of these activities can be carried out by laborers using brooms and
shovels. The removal of growth can be carried out using a heavy bush knife,
axes or saws.
b. Repair of minor damage
Repair of minor damage to bridge elements such as road signs, bridge name
and number plate, and statues are carried out mainly by manpower.
c. Minor painting
Minor painting is also to be carried out on railing and parapets.
d. Maintenance of running surface
Maintenance of the running surface consists mainly of treating potholes and
damaged asphalt surface on the bridge and its approach ways.

(4) Periodic maintenance

a. Repairing
Repainting is carried out to:
- protect steel parts from corroding,
- highlight certain elements,
- direct traffic, and
- protect timber from rot and insects.
b. Renewal of asphalt running surface
An asphalt surface on a steel or concrete deck will generally last for 5 to 8
years before renewal is required. The existing asphalt surface should be
removed from the deck before the new surface is placed. The total thickness

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 of the asphalt should not exceed 50 mm.

A gravel or spayed-seal running surface should have all deformed or failed

areas dug out and gravel added and compacted prior to constructing a new
sprayed or asphalt seal.
c. Major cleaning of bridge
Major cleaning of bridges requires a high pressure water cleaning system,
preferably fitted onto a truck for mobility. The spray should be capable of
generating pressures up to 35.000 kPA.

The extent of major cleaning will vary from bridge to bridge but will in
general include washing down the outside of the girders, the flanges of
girders where foreign matter has accumulated, bearing sills and other areas
which are not able to be reached during normal routine maintenance. This
work may require the use of scaffolding.
d. Maintenance of bearings
Bearings should be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, vegetation and debris.
Washing, scrubbing and scraping should be used where necessary.

Moving bearings should be greased every three years. Scaffolding or other

access equipment will be usually required to carry out this operation.

Grease nipples which are blocked or damaged should be replaced so that

grease can be pumped effectively until emerging of the grease can be seen at
the other end of the bearing.

The bearings should be packed with sufficient grease only to ensure full
lubrication but not so much as hide any problems which may develop
(before the next greasing) and prevent detection at the next inspection.
e. Minor repairs
Minor repairs include the following:
- renew parts and minor elements,
- repair hand and guard railing,
- service moveable parts,
- strengthen structural members,
- repair minor bank slips and erosion, and
- repair river training works.
The elements of bridge are listed below.
- Abutment/pier : Pier wall & column, Abutment wall, Wing wall,

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 Weep hole.
- Deck system : Edge beam, Running surface, Footway & kerb,
Scuppers, Deck drainage.
- Deck joint : Steel joint, Steel profile, Rubber joint,
Connection joint.
- Bearing : Steel bearing, Rubber bearing, Mortar pad &
base plate, Hold down bolt.
- Railing/parapet : Post railing, Horizontal railing, Railing support,
Parapet.
- Furniture : Gauge, Road sin, Road marking, Lighting post,
Power conduct, utilities.
Renewal of minor elements and parts is carried out as required in order to
restore an element to a state in which it can perform its required function.
The renewal activities include all minor, exchangeable parts of the elements
listed below.
- Deck system : Scupper
- Deck joint : Rubber joint
- Bearing : Steel bearing, Rubber bearing
- Furniture : Road sign, name plate, Number plate, Statue,
Lighting
Servicing of moveable parts is carried out as required. Proper functioning of
these elements depends on regular lubrication with a suitable heavy grease
after cleaning.

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