Topic: Smart Cities/Smart urbanism and what that means for

existing cities.

Structure of the assignment:

 The concept of smart

 Origin of Smart city concept

 Smart City
 Different concepts of smart cities by different countries: European
countries and USA.
 Concept of smart city in India

 Principles of smart cities

 Smart urbanism and different guiding parameters for smart urbanism

The concept of smart:

Anything which is efficient, attractive, resilient or adaptive and quick witted

could be called as Smart.
(Wikipedia)

Origin of Smart city concept

The smart city concept have its origins in the Smart Growth [Bollier, 1998]
movement of the late 1990s, which advocated new policies for urban
planning.

Reason being:

• Adverse effects of urbanization: world total population in urban areas: 5 %(

18 century) to 50 % in 2007: demands on new and existing services

• Detriment of quality of life.

• Economic crisis

• Environmental degradation

• Public safety and security becomes challenge.

• Increasing demand according to the new lifestyle.

 (A THEORY OF SMART CITIES Colin Harrison and Ian Abbott Donnelly)

Smart City:

The term smart city is still quite a fuzzy concept and is used in ways that are
not always consistent. Here are a number of definitions:

 by Holland's ( 2008:308), who defines them as ‘the utilization of

networked infrastructure to improve economic and political efficiency
and enable social, cultural, and urban development’

 Smart Cities Council: "A smart city is one that has digital technology
embedded across all city functions“

 Frost & Sullivan: "identified eight key aspects that define a Smart City:
smart governance, smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart
infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizen“

 British Government: "The concept is not static, there is no absolute

definition of a smart city, no end point, but rather a process, or series of
steps, by which cities become more 'liveable' and resilient and, hence,
able to respond quicker to new challenges"
(Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework
2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences)

The concept of smart city varies from place to place. According to the
context of the city and its requirements the smart city concept
changes.

Smart city definition: by Europe

 Smart Environment: Reduction of CO2 emission; Use of renewable

energy sources, monitoring on energy consumptions.

 Smart Living: Co-working, Cultural initiatives, Living-lab, crowdsourcing

co-design.

 Smart Mobility: Development of technologies to improve urban

mobility, low environmental income.

 Smart Governance: Starting of processes for the involvement of citizens

about topics of public relevance.

 Smart Economy: Cooperation among public and private actors,

development of social incubators and of small and medium
enterprises.
 Smart People: Sharing of data, security and protection of sources,
networking and communication.
(Smart city agenda for Europe by European commission)

Smart growth concept in USA:

Smart growth is development that serves the economy, the community,

and the environment.

Smart growth principles:

 Mix land uses
 Compact building design
 Range of housing opportunities and choices
 Walkable neighbourhoods
 Attractive communities
 Preserve critical environmental areas
 Variety of transportation choices
 Development decisions cost effective
 Community and stakeholder collaboration
(Smart growth for America)

Smart city concept in India

Smart city is the city that offers:

 Competitiveness: ability to create employment opportunities, attract

investments etc.

 Sustainability: Social, environmental and financial sustainability.

 Quality of Life: Safety and security, inclusiveness, entertainment, ease

of seeking and obtaining public services etc.

Principles of smart cities

 Energy efficiency: Energy efficient practices are adopted in

transportation systems, lighting and all other services that require
energy. Good areas to focus energy efficiency measures would be the
building material used, the transport system, sewerage and water
supply systems, street lighting, air-conditioning systems and energy
consumption in buildings.
 Smart Grid: A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and
other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of
electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity
demands of end-users.

 Demand Management: While enhancing supply to meet the demand

is important, Smart Cities would also lay special emphasis on demand
management, by creating incentives for savings and disincentives for
excessive consumption.

 Improved access to information: Whether it is regarding city specific

data or the measures being taken by municipal bodies or information
relating to various service providers such as transport and similar
information relevant for potential investors has to be conveniently
available. This could be through multiple channels – internet, mobile
apps, radio, TV, print media, etc.

 Environmental Sustainability: To create a more liveable and healthy

environment, it is therefore important that smart cities that are planned,
are environmentally sustainable. This would mean not only improving
the air quality but also reducing wastage of water, electricity, fuel etc.

 Use of Clean Technologies: The trend needs to be reversed by

promoting the use of clean technologies that harness renewable
materials and energy sources and have a lower smaller environmental
footprint. In smart cities buildings, transport and infrastructure should be
energy efficient and environmentally benign.

 Use of ICT: The extensive use of ICT is a must and only this can ensure
information exchange and quick communication. Most services will
need to be ICT enabled, and this often helps reduce the need for
travel.

 Participation of the Private Sector: PPP allows Government to tap on to

the private sector’s capacity to innovate, invent and bring in
efficiency. Greater involvement of the private sector in the delivery of
services is another instrument as it enables higher levels of efficiency.

 Citizen participation: Citizen Consultation and a transparent system by

which citizens can rate different services is yet another instrument for
improving performance. Making these ratings openly available for
public scrutiny creates a powerful incentive for improved performance
and a disincentive for poor performance.

 A Smart city also communicates well with its people and enlists their
support in everything it is doing.

 Smart Governance: For cities to become smart, it is essential that the

governance structure is also smart. Therefore, ULBs/parasternal would
need to make effective use of ICTs in public administration to connect
and coordinate between various departments. This combined with
organizational change and new skills would improve public services
and strengthen support to public. This will mean the ability to seek and
obtain services in real time through online systems and with rigorous
service level agreements with the service providers.

Draft Concept Note on Smart City Scheme

Revised as on 03.12.2014 by MoUD)

Smart urbanism:
Smart urbanism integrates systems thinking with responsive
environments to make cities and towns that are capable of sustaining
life in a continuously changing environment. Finding out the practical
solutions for the built environment with a relevant thinking on planning,
ethics, precedent, learning and adaptation mechanisms could be an
approach to smart urbanism.

Enhancing quality of life could be one parameter;

 Lush green parks
 Lively squares
 Friendly river banks
 Active pavements and pedestrian crossings
 Working on the resilience of the cities at the same time
 climate adaptation planning
 coordination : transport authorities, emergency services and
energy providers, and citizens
 Regional disaster response/recovery: infrastructure, centres for
refuge, are retrofitted with micro grid solutions Database.
 Terror : Tele surveillance systems real-time
 harmoniously accommodate old and new values, and to adapt
the functions and requirements of the city),
 Equal spatial development: The unequal spatial distribution of
urban populations across the country has been a cause for
concern for the policymakers at the highest level in successive
five-year plans (Kundu 2011).
 Decentralisation: To reduce peak-hour congestion from traffic
flowing in and out of the city-centre, regional and fringe centres
outside of the city.
 The work place relationship: distance to commute should be
minimum,
 authenticity :which involves maintaining the local character of
the city, the local heritage culture and environment, while
 evolving an accommodating social, economic and
technological changes
 The experience of walk, to shop, to move should be enhanced
such that it forces people to move out, stay healthy and
rejuvenate.
 Inclusive development: physical planning can help to create
cities in which people of diverse social positions and cultures live
together on an equal footing.
 Slum upgrading
 Resettlement policy making: guidelines to minimize
displacements and ensure the rehabilitation of people affected
by projects, based on human rights to adequate shelter.
 Housing accessibility: as a fundamental factor of quality of life in
a city urbanism should enable the mechanisms that assure an
affordable source of housing possibilities to all parts of society.
 Public participation and empowerment: bottom up initiatives
may coincide with and complement top down initiatives, both
parts can take advantage of ICT that would help them
communicate before making any choices for city planning.
 Sustainable development
 Transparency in cities
 Bottom up development approach
 Decentralised and diffuse approach
 Improvements in public transport
 Smart urbanism requires cities to commit themselves with
integrated, sustainable and participative urban growth

Studying the various aspects of smart Heritage of different cities,

analysing their potential and issues and incorporating them in
present.

According to a recent UNESCO publication, historic areas in India

are faced with multiple challenges including
 Relating to poverty,
 Migration and exclusion;
 Inadequate housing,
 Poor infrastructure and
 A deteriorating living environment;
 Land tenure, ownership and tenancy;
 Weak governance and
 Conflicting interests; and finally,
 Lack of political
 As historic areas provide economic and residential opportunities
to a large number and wide range of residents and migrants,
they also become melting pots for very diverse groups of people.

 With deteriorating urban services, overcrowded housing

conditions and lack of interest on the part of many owners in
maintaining their properties, historic districts in Indian cities
increasingly resemble urban slums.

 While the Archaeological Survey of India focused its attention

predominantly on individual or groups of monuments, the Town
Planning Acts and the work of development authorities only
emphasised new development (and to a lesser degree, some
urban renewal). Historic districts or areas within cities, thus, fell
between the institutional cracks.

 According to Ravindran (2005) Clearly, the development and

renewal of historic districts in cities, with their complex and
layered built form, wide-ranging eco- nomic activities and
multiple uses, need to be addressed as a whole, rather than as a
sum of many parts.

 An important step was taken in 2004 in the form of the INTACH

Charter, which proposed a concept of “Heritage Zones”,
described as ‘sensitive development areas, which are a part of
larger urban agglomeration possessing significant evidence of
heritage’ (Menon 2005).

 The Heritage Zone concept emphasises that the conservation of

architectural heritage and sites must be undertaken in a holistic
manner, and should go hand in hand with the imperatives of
routine development process. Example: Ujjain

 Urbanisation has a significant bearing on the older/historic

areas within cities, often leading to deterioration and decay,
as well as the loss of harmony and a sense of place.
Unfortunately, this dimension of liveability is frequently neglected
by policy-makers. This is, of course, not unusual as traditionally,
across the developing world, rehabilitation and conservation of
historic and inner-city districts receives little attention in urban
development policy, with the focus mainly on monuments, or
remains of monuments, or at the most, sites or complexes
containing a number of monuments or other.
 Heritage conservation: existing cities have their own heritage
that needs to be conserved to respect the architecture and
urban design of the city and to preserve the image of the city.

 Renewal and revitalisation of older areas within cities is also

being promoted, by cities such as Ahmedabad, Jaipur,
Pondicherry and Varanasi. The emphasis on modernisation –
including modern housing, transport and infrastructure – means
that older city areas (which present a range of complex
problems and cannot be ‘modernised’ easily) are ignored,
therefore continue to decline, and are eventually torn down. In
India, too, the urbanization of poverty and poor planning on the
one hand, and the desire to ‘modernise’ and ‘develop’, on the
other, have combined to play a rather destructive role visà- vis
urban heritage (Menon 2005)

 Analysing the present condition of city, finding out the

advantages and disadvantages of the present city growth
pattern and incorporating that analysis in further development
along with the use of new technologies like GIS by creating
enormous, varied, dynamic and interconnected dataset. Real
time analysis of urban life and infrastructure.

Revitalisation of the historic urban core in Ahmedabad: existing

city
In the news lately for its well-designed and popular Bus Rapid
Transit system described earlier, the city has also been leading
the way in the conservation of the walled city area and the
traditional neighbourhoods therein (pols) since 1996. Undertaken
in a participatory and holistic manner, this exercise has focused
on creating awareness among different sections of society, and
adopting a fresh approach, towards urban conservation and
revitalisation.

The interventions are not just about the physical conservation of

heritage monuments, but also aim to protect intangible heritage
as well as improve living conditions in the pols. Further, it aims to
revive local governance in the walled city through extensive and
continuous public participation, particularly recognizing the
panch, key community leaders involved in information
dissemination, as formal representatives of the community.
Cultural revival is also a key focus area. One of the most
successful elements of the project, which has also been
replicated in other cities subsequently, is the Heritage Walk. The
Heritage Walk passes through a number of well-preserved old
neighbourhoods and raises awareness about their architectural,
cultural and socio-economic significance. It not only targets
tourists but also inhabitants of the city, aiming to build a sense of
urban identity and belonging.
The Centre was preceded by a Heritage Conservation Cell set
up within the AMC in July 1996, to oversee and coordinate all
heritage conservation efforts, in partnership with a number of civil
society organisations. The Cell introduced a bye-law in the
General Development Control Regulations which prohibited any
heritage property from being pulled down without its prior
permission. Other measures adopted include the reduction in
property tax on traditional buildings, and the reduction of the
Floor Space Index (FSI) from 3 to 1.8. In addition, the municipal
budget sanctions approximately Rs 5 million (US$ 100,000) every
year to sustain conservation activities in the area. Since waste
management is integral to the process of revitalisation of the
walled city, the Heritage Centre has also initiated a garbage
collection and disposal programme for the same.

Naya Raipur as Greenfield smart city development project

Since Raipur already burdened Naya Raipur came up as a

project.
Raipur because of existing civic infrastructure, it was ill-equipped
to take on its newfound role as the administrative capital of a
rapidly growing state.

to develop into a metropolis on account of its location and its

growing importance as a major node in the trade network of
Central India. The location of Naya Raipur actually supports the
spill over effects of Raipur.
-contained: it would be in future when it is complete,
would be self-sufficient in itself for providing better quality of life in
terms of employment , social life, entertainment.
house the spill over of that city or
town, decongestion

Naya Raipur as a satellite town.

Facilities making it a potent future town

 In terms of economy
Three factors that will reduce the pressure on Raipur CBD areas:
drivers: Employment potential

With a population of 5.6 lakhs, the Naya Raipur City is expected

to generate approximately 2.2 lakh jobs, with an assumed
workforce participation rate of 40%. The high standards of
physical and social infrastructure adopted for the city will be
able to cope with the maximum capacity of the city

AHC 2008; Nayak and Iyer 2008

www.Smarturbanism.org
Transformational ‘smart cities’: cyber security and resilience: EXECUTIVE REPORT: SMART CITIES
Theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/feature/Europe-needs-smart-urbanism-not-smart-cities
Cityofthefuture-upm.com
Making Indian Cities Liveable: the Challenges of India’s Urban Transformation by Shipra
Narang Suri
Naya Raipur : NRDA website