PAPER

SOCIETY OF PEl'ROLEUM ENGINEERS of AIME

Fidelity Union Building NUMBER 935-G
Dallas, Texas

THIS IS A PREPRINT - - - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

INCLUSION OF RADIAL FLO' IN USE

OF PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION
IN WATERFLOOD CALCULATIONS
Paul S. Ache, Junior Member AIME
Sheil 01.L Co., Franklin, La.

Publication Rights Reserved

This paper is to be presented at the 32nd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum
Engineer~ of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers in Dallas,
Oct. 6-9, 1957. Through agreement with the author it is considered the property of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more
than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by
the Executive Secretary of the Society or the Editor of Journal of Petroleum Technology. Any
abstract should contain appropriate, conspicuous acknowledgment of the original presentation.
Publication elsewhere after publication in Journal of Petroleum Technology is granted upon re-
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warranted, a notice of copyright ownership by the individual or company which presented the paper
must be given.

Discussion of this paper at the meeting is invited. Written discussions for publication
should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office.

ABSTRACT initialed in 1943 and is presently producing at

In 1949, William E. Stiles presented an arti-
cle entitled, 'Use of Permeability Distribution in
Water Flood Calculations",l in which he outlined a
method for prediction of water flood performance.
In the method Stiles derived equations which were
based upon the assumption that the direction of
fluid flow from an injection well was in a linear
direction. These equations were mathematically
derived by a statistical presentation of permea-
bility data.
This paper introduces to the method the fact
that initially the direction of fluid flow from an
injection well is radial and then continues to
treat the direction of flow in three distinct
periods. The first is radial flow; the second is
a period of transistion from radial to linear
flow; and the third is after reservoir fill-up
when it is assumed that linear flow conditions do
predominate. Equations are then derived for the
radial flow period which express water cut and the
commensurate fraction of water flood oil recovered
in terms of dimensionless permeability. Addition-
al modifications are also suggested in application
to field performance.
98 per cent water cut.
The comparison between the actual and pre-
dicted field performance as applied to the Patoka
Benoist reservoir is good.
INTRODUCTION
The Stiles/method for predicting water flood
performance was immediately accepted because it is
logical, practical, and simple in application.
However, investigation indicates that several
logical improvements could be made.
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to
modify Stiles l method, and then apply it to a
waterflood project for verification of its accu-
racy. Stiles' method will first be briefly re-
viewed in order to aid the reader in understanding
the modifications introduced.
Stiles) Method
Stiles mathematically derives equations ex-
pressing water cut and fraction of oil recovery by
assuming:

The modified method is then applied to both 1. Penetration of the water front follows
a single lease and the entire Patoka Benoist res- the individual permeability variations as if such
ervoir of Marion County, Ill. This flood was variation were continuous from input to producing
References and illustrations at end of paper well.
 I ClliSI N OF RADIAL FLOW IN USE OF PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION IN WATERFLOOD CALCULATIONS -G
2. The distance of penetration of the flood Therefore, the direction of fluid flow can logi-
front is proportional to the permeabllity. cally be divided into three periods as follows:
3. The direction of fluid flow is linear. I-radial flow, 2-transistion between radial and
linear conditions, and 3-linear flow.
Permeability variations are then treated in
a plot of permeability capacity, expressed as a Introduction of radial flow is accom-
fraction of total, vs the fraction of cumulative plished by assuming that production rates and the
thickness. This Lorenz 2 curve is next graphicall fraction of recovery are proportional to volumes
differentiated to obtain the plot of dimensionless created by revolving particular areas formed by
permeability which is defined as the ratio of a the dimensionless permeability curve about the
value of permeability to the average, vs the frac thickness axis. This -is pictorially presented in
tion of cumulative thickness. These plots togeth- Fig. 2. Note that the areas used to create these
er with the basic assumptions provide the bases volumes of revolution are the same as utilized by
for expressing the fraction of oil recovery, oil Stiles.
production, and water production in terms of the
areas formed by the dimensionless permeability Determination of equations expressing water
curve. Refer to Fig. 1. The relationship be- cut and fraction of recovery for any conditions of
tween these areas is then established so that permeability distribution can then be accomplished
equations of water cut and fraction of recovery by utilizing these volumes of revolution. It con-
can be expressed in terms of I-the fraction of sists of the following steps: I-plot the fraction
cumulative capacity, C; 2-the fraction of cumula- of cumulative capacity vs fraction of cumulative
tive thickness, hj and 3-the dimensionless permea- thickness, 2-differentiate this curve to obtain
bility, K'. The-equations resulting are: the curve of dimensionless permeability vs frac-
tion of cumulative thickness, 3-write the equation
Fraction of Recovery =F = K'h f [l-C] of the dimensionless permeability curve as a func-
K' tion of the fraction of cumulative thickness, 4-
express in terms of the fraction of cumulative
Water Cut = fw = C[A] , "Where thickness the volumes of revolution created by re-
CrA] f I1-C] volving about the fraction of cumulative thickness
axis the particular areas representing fraction of
A = Constant = ~ B recovery or production rates, 5-determine the
kroUw fraction of recovery and water cut at various
values of dimensionless permeability, and 6-eval-
and other symbols are explained in the list of uate oil production rate from values of water cut
symbols. Thus for a particular value of dimen- and fraction of recovery. Steps 1 and 2 are ac-
sionless permeability, the corresponding fraction complished as presented by Stiles.
of recovery and water cut can be found by use of
the above equations. Stiles shows both the deri- Although the method given above will apply
vation and application very explicitly, and there- to any conditions of permeability distribution, a
fore, this author will not elaborate upon either. general inspection of several dimensionless per-
meability curves indicates that these curves ap-
Modification of Stiles) Method proach the form of a parabola of three unknowns.
This form is expressed by the equation K' = ah~c,
The basic assumptions presented by Stiles in where ~, £, and ~ are constants. Equations are
his derivation are practical and logical with one now derived for the case when the dimensionless
exception. This is the assumption that the direc- permeability curve is this form; however, before
tion of flow is linear. However, this assumption use of the presented equations, the curve in
is justified because direction of flow at times question should be checked for a fit to the gen-
does approach linear direction, and it permits eral equation of a parabola of three unknowns.
mathematical simplification of the derivation.
Assume the graphical differentiation of the
In view of the fact that initially the in- curve of the fraction of cumulative thickness vs
jected water flows in a radial direction, the the fraction of cumulative capacity can be fitted
author has developed equations based upon radial to the form K' = ahb~ c. If this curve is fitted
flow. This direction of flow does not hold by the method of selected pOints, and using the
throughout the advancement of the flood front due points [0, d], [0.5, t], and [1.0, 0], the follow-
to interference from adjoining injection wells an ing expressions result:
the convergence of the front at the producing
well. However, at least initially the fron ad- K' = d[l-h!]
n' or , Eq. 1
vances in a radial manner, and a derivation based
upon radial flow would more nearly approach ini- h = [l-K'ld]n, where Eq. 2
tial conditions of flow than a derivation based
upon linear flow. After reservoir fill-up when n = -1
steady state conditions of flow exist, it is be- 3.322 log d-t
lieved that linear flow conditions predominate. d . Eq. 3
935-G PAUL S. ACHE 3
Fig. 3, shows the points selected. The determination of (X+ W] is now presented.

The equation for fraction of oil recovery ex- (X+W] = (X+Y+W-Y]

pressed in terms of K' and h can now be developed.
All capital letters in brackets, ie, (Y], refer (X+ Y+W] = 21T.j(1-K '/~ n K' dk' =
to volumes created by revolving the respective (n+ 1) (n +2)
area about the fraction of cumulative thickness °
axis.

Fraction of Recovery =F = (Y -+ X]
(Y+X~z] .. Eq.
(X+Y+Z] = ruc l2h, but h = 1.0, therefore
[X-t-Y +Z] = ruc'2 . ,
Now, (X+Y] · 2f·_· = 2{~-KI/d)n dK' •

Therefore, Eq. 8, 1/1'w =

Determination of this defi~ite integral

~
yields Eq. 5, (X ..... Y] = r---_2.;.,;.nd-r-_-.-
(nT-l) (n-r2)
n+2
_(nU)h-n- +1 - (nt2)hLrJ -
Jl
n+ll (ntl)(nf2) r
LK'2 ~o)
2(12

[(n +l)(l-K' /d)n+2 _ (n+2)(1-K'/d)n +1 +1] G,;e)h!'# - CnH)hn:Fpn+~i'n+2) [K· 2{ ~

By substitution of the above determined
values of (X t Y] and [X t' Y +Z] into Eq. 4 and set- t- 1 . Eq. 8
1
t1ng hn = ~-K I/d ), the follOwing results: By assuming values of h, the values of K' can
F- 2d2
(n+l)(n T 2)K'2 ~n+ l)h n
r;
n+2
be determined from Eq. 1. Then by use of Eq. 6
n+-ll and 8 these values of h and K' can be used to find
- (n+-2)b.~-t-:1 the fraction of oil recovery and corresponding
. . . . . . . . . . Eq. 6 water cut. Stiles shows the manner of tabulating
these calculations very nicely, and therefore, it
The equation for water cut in terms of K I and will not be duplicated here.
h is now developed.
In determination of oil production rate by
use of the derived equations, Stiles makes the
Water Cut = fw =( krwrW) (X+W]
( !trwflOW) [X + W] + (fro/flo )(Y] follOwing additional assumptions:
However, k/~ is mobility, A, therefore, 1. All the injected water enters the
pattern in question. That is, there is no fluid
loss from the pattern either before or after fil1-
l'w = AW [X+ W]
up.
[y]
2. Oil production begins at patter fill
If for simplification, the reciprocal of up instantaneously at a rate equivalent to the
both sides is taken, the following results: water injection rate. It continues at this rate
until water breakthrough.
l/fw = (k)
AW
(Y]
(X f-W]
+1 . . . . . . Eq. 7
erv01r.
3. Shrinkage of oil occurs in the res-

The determination of (y] is now presented: These assumptions were modified in two re-
spects. First, it was considered that shrinkage
(y] = [X+ Y - X] of oil occurred only after the oil entered the
wellbore. Second, the correction of the erroneous
However, (X+Y] was determined in Eq. 5, and assumption that upon fill-up the oil production
1 rate instantaneously equals the water injection
therefore, (XT Y - X], with (h'fi ) substituted for rate was accomplished by dividing the period prior
(l-K '/d), is: to water breakthrough into a specific number of
equal fractions. The injection rate is divided in-

en + 1) (n +2)
[cn H} h ~ - (n +2,hnri 1 -ell to the same number of equal fractions. It is then
assumed that the first portion of recovery prior
to water breakthrough will be produced at a rate

[nK' 2hJ
equal to the proportional fraction of the total
injection rate. The second portion will be pro-
duced at a rate equal to twice that fraction. This
r-4-,--_~I=NCLUSION OF RADIAL FLOW IN USE OF PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION IN WATERFLQOD CALCULATIONS

process is completed until water breakthrough
when oil rates are then proportional to the dif-
ference between unity and water cut expressed as
a fraction. Table 1 illustrates the application.
The effect of including both of these modifi- periods. Fig. 6 shows a method where radial and
cations is to provide a gradual increase to the
max:1Jnum production rate. This maximum rate is e-
qual to the injection rate divided by the forma-
tion volume factor.
the termination of radial flow nor the time of
reservoir fill-up and the beginning of linear flow
can be determined and expressed in terms of the
fraction of oil recovery or water cut. Therefore,
it is necessary to arbitrarily combine these
linear flow are simply connected by a line of 45 0
slope.
RESULTS

Edinger 3 also suggests that corrections must The measure of the accuracy of the method
be made for injected fluid loss both within the Will be based upon a comparison of actual and
wellbore and from the pattern under investigation. predicted performance as applied to I-the water
That is, allowance must be made for water that cut performance of the Patoka Benoist field, and
enters the injection well but either never reaches 2-the oil production rate of a single lease. The
the formation, or once it is in, it passes out to entire Patoka Benoist field was utilized for
adjOining bed,l3.. In this respect, Edinger states water cut to insure an average basis for compari-
that an allowance of 3 per cent could be made son. A single lease of 10-acre, five spot pat-
under certain mechanical and completion conditions terns was selected for a comparison of the oil
for loss within the wellbore, and as much as 30 production rate in order to avoid the effects of
per cent for loss out of the pattern under inves- irregular flood patterns within the field. In
tigation, particularily if it is an edge pattern. predicting oil production rate the actual oil re-
covery, average water injection rate, and fill-up
AWli cat ion time were used in order to eliminate errors for-
eign to the method of predicting. These items are
The flood selected for application of the separate steps in the method, and it must be
modified Stiles' method had to meet two fundamen- realized that they would have to be est:1Jnated in-
tal requirements if logical conclusions regarding dependently in eValuation of flood performance.
the mer~ts of the method were to be made. First, However, their use in this paper is justified in
the project had to be old enough to provide a an effort to measure only the accuracy of the
complete production history, and second, but of method in predicting oil production rate and not
equal importance, the reservoir data necessary for these other factors. In determining the predicted
application of the method had to be accurate and oil production rate the lease was divided into
adequate. Sohio Petroleum. Co .) s 4 flood of the three areas which were subjected to water injec-
Benoist sand of the Patoka field in Illinois meets tion at the same approximate time. The perfor-
both of these requirements as the flood was ini- mance of each area was calculated and then totaled
tiated in Sept. 1943 and is now producing at 98 to give the predicted oil production rate of the
per cent water cut. However, this field was lease.
flooded when primary reserves amounted to 138
bbl/acre-ft. Consequently, the existing reservoir A comparison of the actual and predicted oil
performance under influence of water flooding production rate for the lease under investigation
might deviate considerably from performance that is shown in Fig. 7. The comparison appears to be
would occur after. exhaustion of pr:1Jnary energy. excellent, but again it must be emphasized that
Unfortunately, the method of prediction fails to primary reservoir energy was still available at
allow for such conditions, and therefore it must initiation of the flood. The effect of this exis-
be emphasized that conclusions are l:1Jnited to this tence was to increase flOOding efficiency and de-
specific comparison. fer water cutting. Perhaps results would have
compared even more favorably when applied to
An accurate eValuation and determination of another lease in a different field. However, def-
the reservoir permeability and its distribution is inite conclusions can not be made simply by com-
necessary for correct application of Stiles) parison of the method to one flood project.
method and the modifications. A thorough study of
this distribution was made based upon core analy- The comparison of actual and predicted water
sis from 1255 random samples involving the entire cut performance for the average of the Patoka
Benoist reservoir •. After this determination, the Benoist field is shown in Fig. 8. Once again the
relationship between water cut and fraction of re- results appear to be excellent.
covery was calculated by use of·equations derived
by both linear and radial flow assumtions. These In conclusion, the author has introduced log-
results are shown in Fig. 4 and 5. Fig. 5 also ical modifications of Stiles I method both in deri-
shows the close fit obtained by assuming the curve vation of equations and determination of oil
is of parabolic form of three unknowns and then production rate. The method when applied to the
fitted by the method of selection points and des- Patoka Benoist reservoir renders excellent results.
cribed herein.

Neither the time of oil bank interference and

 PAUT. R. ACHF.

LIST OF SYMBOLS n = constant defined by e~uation,

F = fraction of oil recovery 1

fw = water cut as a fraction or per cent --=--==--=-~--"-
3'.322 log d-t
K' = dimensionless permeability d
h = fraction 0f cumulative thickness
C = fraction of total capacity = oil mobility, ~
A = constant employed by Stiles defined by f.l.o
e~uation, = water mobility, ~
~

ACKNCMLEDGMENTS
B = formation volume factor
~ = viscosity of water, cp The author wishes to express his appreciation
f.l.o =
=
viscosity of oil, cp
relative permeability to water
to Wilbur F. Cloud and Frank W. Cole of the
krw faculty of the School of Petroleum Engineering at
kro = relative permeability to oil the University of Oklahoma.
a = constant employed in equation of parabolic
form of three unknowns REFERENCES
b = constant employed in equation of parabolic
form of three unknowns 1. Stiles, W. E., 'Use of Permeability Distribu-
c = constant employed in equation of parabolic tion in Water Flood Calculations", Trans.
form of three unknowns AIME [1949] 186, 9.
d = value of K' when h is O. Used as a se- 2. Lorenz, M. O-::-''Methods of Measuring the _Co~­
lected point in fItting equation of para- centration of Wealth", Quarterly Publication
bola of three unknowns to dimensionless of the American Statistical Association,
permeability curve. (June, 1905] 209.
t value of K ( when h is 0.5. Used as a 3. Personal interview with Ward M. Edinger.
selected point in-fitting e~uation of [February, 1956] Oklahoma City.
parabola of three unknowns to dimension- 4. Files, Engineering Section, Sohio Petroleum
les~ permeability curve. Co., Oklahoma City.

STILES I METHOD - BASED UPON LI NEAR FLOW

At the time when beds of permeabilities greater than a given

------., value, Kt, are producing water, the following is true:

I
I
I

Z
I
I
I FRACTION OF RECOVERY :
AREA OF ex + .y)
I
I
AREA OF ex + Y + Z)
I
I
I
I
h Y I k ro
I
I
OIL PRODUCTION: - - - (AREA OF (YJ)
I ).10 B

I~
K'
WATER PRODUCTION •
k
-.E:!!..
Aw
(AREA OF ex + WJ)

Figure 1
 TABLE 1
EXAMPLE OF OIL PRODUCTION RATE DEl'ERMINATIm
mE QUARTER OF A PATOKA BENOIST LEASE

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Peroid of now Cunru.lative Cunru.lative Increment Average Average Average Average Days tc Cunru.latiTe
recovery, Recovery, of recovery, water cut, oil rate, oil rate, oil rate, prliduce Days
fraction reservoir l-eservoir fraction fraction barrels of barrels of stock
barrels barrels reservoir stock tank tank oil
oil oil

Radial 0 0 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 0
Radial 0.010925 1347.5 1347.5 0 1.000 52.0 48.6 27.7 27.7
Radial 0.02l850 2695.0 1347.5 0 1.000 104.0 97.2 13.9 41.6
Radial 0.032775 4042.5 1347.5 0 1.000 156.0 145.8 9.2 50.8
Radial 0.04380 5390.0 1347.5 0 1.000 208.0 194.4 6.9 57.7
Radial 0.0900 11,074.5 5684.5 0.050 0.950 197.6 184.7 30.8 88.5
Transition 0.1000 12,305.0 1230.5 0.105 0.895 186.2 174.0 1.1 98.6
Transition 0.1500 18,457.5 6152.5 0.135 0.865 179.9 168.1 36.6 132.2
Transition 0.2000 24,610.0 6152.5 0.185 0.815 169.5 158.4 38.8 171.0
Transition 0.2500 30,762.5 6152.5 0.235 0.765 159.1 148.7 41.4 212.4
Transition 0.3000 36,915.0 6152.5 0.285 0.715 148.7 140.0 4).9 256.3
Transition 0.3400 41,837.0 4922.0 0.320 0.680 141.4 132.1 37.3 293.6
Linear 0.4000 49,220.0 7383.0 0.400 0.600 124.8 116.6 63.3 356.9
Linear 0.4500 55,372.5 6152.5 0.500 0.500 104.0 97.2 63.3 420.2
Linear 0.5000 61,525.0 6152.5 0.585 0.415 86.3 80.7 76.2 496.4
Linear 0.~500 67,671.5 6152.5 0.665 0.335 69.7 65.1 94.5 590.9
Linear 0.6000 73,830.0 6152.5 0.735 0.265 55.1 51.5 119.5 710.4
Linear 0.6500 79,982.5 6152.5 0.795 0.205 42.6 39.8 154.6 865.0
Linear 0.7000 86,135.0 6152.5 0.845 0.155 32.2 30.1 204.4 1069.4
Linear 0.7500 92,287.5 6152.5 0.895 0.105 21.8 20.4 301.6 1371.0
Linear 0.8000 98,440.0 6152.5 0.930 0.070 14.6 13.6 452.4 1823.4
Linear 0.'1500 104,592.5 6152.5 0.960 0.040 8.3 7.8 788.8 2612.2
Linear 0.9000 110,745.0 6152.5 0.980 0.020 4.2 3.9 1577.6 4189.8
Linear 0.9500 116,897.5 6152.5 0.990 0.010 2.1 2.0 3076.3 7266.1
Linear 1.000 123,050.0 6152.5 0.995 0.005 1.0 0.9 6836.1 14,102.2

Total recovery of Reservoir Oil from pattern under investigation:
Average water injection rate:
Formation volume factor: 1.07
123,050 bbls.
208 bb1s.!day
EXPLANATION OF CALCULATIONS
Column 2: Water cut begins when fraction of
recovery is 0.043~ as read from Fig. 6, graph of
water cut and fraction of recovery. This portion
was divided into four equal phases.
Column 3: Column 2 multiplied by total re-
covery of reservoir oil.
Column 5: Average water cut between two
points of fraction of recovery as read from Fig.
6.
Column 6: Unity minus Column 5. Fraction
of oil = 1.0 - Fraction of water.
Column 7: Column 6 multiplied by average
water injection rate after fill-up.
Column 8: Column 7 divided by formation
volume factor.
Column 9: Column 4 divided by Column 8.
 MODIFICATION OF STILES' METHOD - BASED UPON RADIAL FLOW

Shrillicage is assumed to tuke place only ufter the oil has

entered the well bore; therefore, t~e formation volume

factor, B, is omitted at this time. However, at the time

when beds of permeabilities greater than a given value, K',

are producing water, the following is true:

FRACTION OF RECOVERY-
h
VOLUME OF REVOLUTION OF AREA eX + Y) ABOUT h

VOLUME OF REVOLUTION OF AREA ( X + Y + Z) ABOUT h

OIL PR ODUCTION •

k ro
~(VOLUME OF REVOLUTION OF AREA ( v) ABOUT h )

WATER PRODUCTION =

_k...,:rN:..:.:.._ _ (VOLUME OF REVOLUTION OF AREA ( X + W) ABOUT h )

.uw

Figure 2

(0, d)

K'
I

_ f)-- - 1..-_ _---'_ _ _---''''''' Ll~O!. 2.)

h

Figure 3
 CURVXS OBTiilllED IN APPLICATION OJ!' STILES' M'!:TI!OD CURVliS OBTAINED IN "pPLICATION OF A 140DIFICA'I'ION BASED

IN PREDICTION OF I/ATERl!'LOOD PElU"ORMnNClI OF TIIlI UPON RADLU. nON OF STILES' METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF l'iATERl!'LOOD

PATCKA J!'IELD (BENOIST SAND), I!ARION COUNTY, ILLINOIS PERI'ORMnNClI OF THE PATOKA !'IELD (BENCIST SAND), ilARION COUNTY, ILLINOIS

Dimensionless Permeablllty and Capacity Distribution

p1mensionles8 Penn&ab1l1tv Distribution
10 1.0
H- + I
-,-- c-t i I
V
f-r
i I 10
;.,
8
_l_
,
-,-
-+ 1/
V, I
0.8
:1..
.....g
0
1- - +-i: +-+-'--+-++-1 :--+-+-' -~, --
..
I
, :
~-

VI
-L'
i
~-
, f-- -t--l -+- I

.....
!: ;., 8
...
..;
--L .~.. ;.. / 1
0
.. 0; ... t·--~ - Line of Equation K' • ah b + 0
"i i 0.5 '"
!: ~f----
--/-.
0 • • Points obtained by Stiles 'a method
e --- r-- t-- ....... _- - J ... ...
..;

I I I ""
&:
, I
!- ~ .
0 G
ee .. ~ ;
e
~
~
-1 .,- --~-
i ~" r
C-
. i
';j
....
0
4

t- V- -~
I
:; - --+-I --t- I
'--j--
, it-
!-\--
I

--r-
0.4
.
" ..
p,

....
_..
-T- ~ .. ....

.
.!I" -+- -t-
Q

A
-~ --.- -;-- -.~-
i I I ..
.!;
0.2 "
~j"";;:: --- _L --"r-
~+ h-
i
-j I
~ !lA
I
,
il 1·1'-~:::;. ..•..
0
--:- -T ~
~ 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0
o
Jhoactlon or Cumulati va Thickness -h o 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0
Fraction of Cumulative Thickness - h

Correlation of Water Cut and Recovery

Correl<...ttlon of 'Hater Cut and Recovery
100
I Ii
r-r- --- 1 :
I
L L
1/ i
+- 100

c---;- .~
+-rj" I
V
/'1 I --+--- 1-: _.i. -~--
~T- ~
k-:t"
=-+ _L I~-

H._;.T- r-r-
I
eo V~_ I-~--
,--, -:-'- •

V
/; •
: -c-t-
i
80
-,
'/ ;
,
+' -'-- r--r- --'
•
A i . ,--
.. +---

A- I
i
... 1

I
"
G

.
0
~
50
H --_ .. -- -l- II
V
I
! !
1
i l H-- 50
+- I ___ L_
i
• •
I
f -+- __.. i. __

,._-- --~--
I-I
p,

.;
1
I
'T
I
Ii-- I j-
~
--;--
-+- --i--
II
!-J! !I +-- +- .;
/
i 1
i
0
~
G
40
-,-- -' 'I L I
~
0
i
•
I
-i- -l- ----.--_.
-1-.
" 40
i
+- -+ -+
+'
: ~ I 'I G
;
G
~

1-<
. I II:
1
! I \
+'
s• -i- ( !. •
·--c--

+·'1-1 i +-+- --+-

I ! ! j f-t . ---1--
I
20
1--'- VIV ! ,
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011 Reoov&.ry, Percent 20 50 80 100
011 Reoovery, Percent

F'igure 4
F'igure ;)
 OIL PRODUCTION RATE. THOUSANDS OF B BLS. PER MONTH

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 COMBINED PERIODS OF FLOW FOR
PREDICTING WATERFLOOD PERFORMANCE
COMP ARISON OF ACTUAL AND

Patoka Field (Benoist Sand), Marion County, Illinois PREDICTED WATER CUT PERFORMANCE

Patoka Field (Benoist Sand), Marion County, Illinois

Oil Recovery versus Water Cut Oil Recovery versus Water Cut

60···
;: :::::

""::;::/.::':::;"':::::'
I: . !;:":: : :: :.• ,
., :: ::.: :':'Ii!'I'. :'~! ,:'. ;:::" ;:. ::i: ;:::1::: ::,~ "ii' :;,;;; :., . ," ':::::~::;;.;::
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20 . ,.. : :ji:i~.'~' 'i'l:;: :::: AJTIl+:d iii: .i.; :~,g -;::~ i;i';;: :;; :j'
•• j:::tio!f: 'i: ii';: if;, 'f::::: ~. i~ "" H , ..... )i .: .. c..", .:.,:; : .. ~~. '''':'::.:::::::''
':i i~~ :i;: 'ii :.:. ::i: ~. j;fifB: f';: Ii;: .::: .~: :::: :::: :::. :.:;::~~:
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0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100

Oil Recovery, Percent Oil Recovery, Percent

Figure 6 Figure 8