Iliad by: Homer

1) What are the practices in this era or period?

Yes, These practices reflected with this era because it contains many reflection of the

peacetime. Life of the ancient Greek civilization.

 War is something that is connected with other parts of the life. Something that every

man must undergo to defend the city where he lives.

 The author, Homer, often describes the battle scene by comparing it to the Greek life.

2) What are the practices that are that are reflected in the story or epic in those era or

period in terms of:

 Social or socio cultural

 Religion

 Political

In Greece 8th Century BC civilization the ancient Greece emerged into the light of world

history. Normally it is regarded as coming to an end when Greece fell to the Romans, in 146 BC.

However, major Greek (or “Hellenistic”, as modern scholars call them) kingdom lasted longer

than this. As culture (as opposed to a political force), Greek civilization lasted longer still,

continuing right to the end of the ancient world.

In terms to their religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes religion is

not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, tough the two are

closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for

religion itself. Although, its origins may be traced to the remotest eras, Greek religion in its

developed from lasted more than a thousand years, from the time of Homer (probably 9th century

or 8th century BCE). Its effect was most marked on the Romans , who identified their deities with

those of the Greeks. Under Christianity, Greek heroes and even deities survived as saints.

On the other hand, the“politics” comes from the Greek word for city-state, “polis”. For

the Greeks, the city-state was essentially a community of citizens making decisions together

about matters of communal concern. This is why the Greeks never referred to the name of a city

– “Athens”, for example – but always to its citizens – “the Athenians”. Citizens were the free
members of the community who had been born to native families (those who had lived in the

city-state for generations). From the earliest days of the city-states the adult male citizens would

regularly meet together in public assembly to decide matters of importance for the state. This

was made possible by the fact that most city-states would have no more than a few thousand

such citizens. In contrast to political developments in Mesopotamian city-states, more than two

thousand years before, kings early on lost most of their power in Greek city-state, and in many

cases vanished altogether. From that time onwards these city-states were republics rather than

kingdoms. In all the states, a small group of aristocrats initially had a controlling position. They

formed a small council of men who frequently met to discuss public matters in depth – something

that a large assembly of several thousand citizens could not do.

 Aeneid Poem by: Virgil

1) What are the practices in this era or period?

Yes, these practices reflected in this era or period because it talks about leaders that give

the roman a peace in their nations. Especially those emperor who do his/her best just to

protect his/her nation.

2) What are the practices that are that are reflected in the story or epic in those era or period

in terms of:

 Social or socio cultural

 Religion

 Political

Between 29 and 19 BC, Virgil written the Aeneid a latin epic poem. The poem tackles

about the story of Aeneas, A Trojan who travelled to Italy where he became the Romans

ancenstor. The Aeneid hero Aeneas was already known in Greco-roman legend and myth, having

been a major character in Homer’s. It was written in a time of major political and social change

in Rome, with a recent fall of the Republic and the Final War of the Roman Republic which is that

was the war between Octavion, Mark Anthony, and Cleopatra having torn through society, and

the faith of many Romans in the greatness of Rome was seen to be severely fatlering.

The new emperor, Augustus Caesar began to institute a new era of prosperity and peace,

specifically through the re-introduction of traditional Roman moral values. In the same way, the

Aenied helps to advocate acceptance of the working of the gods as fate, particularly stressing

that the gods work their ways through humans in that time.

The Romans has three important principles in Law. One, an accused person was presumed

innocent unless proven guilty. Two, the accused was allowed to face the accuser and offer a

defense against charge. And last, guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight”. The birth of

the Golden Age of the Rome built a good impact that helps to Rome develop.
 Divine Comedy: Inferno Summary by Dante Alighieri

1) What are the practices in this era or period?

The practice in this era are the strongest feelings of every people . People are not scared of

their doings in life especially those people who do bad things and those people who are not

afraid to commit insidious act.

2) What are the practices that are that are reflected in the story or epic in those era or period

in terms of:

 Social or socio cultural

 Religion

 Political

Divine Comedy is originated in Italy. Italy is considered the birthplace of Western

civilization and a cultural superpower. Italy has been the starting point of phenomena of

international impact such as the Magna Graecia, the Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church,

the Renaissance, the Risorgimento and the European integration. Italy was a home of many

influenceable civilization and culture.

The famous elements of Italian culture are its arts, music, style and iconic food. Italy was

the birthplace of opera, the popular tastes in drama in Italy have long favored comedy; the

improvisational style known as the Commedia dell’arte began in italy in the mid-16th while the

Divine Comedy was in 13th century.

In terms to their Religion, Roman Catholic is the largest religion in the country, although

the Roman Catholic has been separated from the state, it still plays the big role in the nation’s

political affairs partly due to Holy See’s location in Vatican City. The Christianity began to seep

into Italy not long after the death of Christ, but the Christianity in there faced larger obstacles

than in lands to the east, for in the West both of the Government and the aristocracy committed

to the state religion as part of Roman way of Life, regarded it as nothing but a superstition. Even

people seeking spiritual salvation and those in the country’s rural areas tended to cling to their

local cults and seek solace in the mysterious new religion of the Orient.
 Don Quixote Novel by Miguel de Cervantes

1) What are the practices in this era or period?

The practices in that era is chivalry because in Spain many knights are fighting for what is

right especially those people who’ve got violated.

2) What are the practices that are that are reflected in the story or epic in those era or period

in terms of:

 Social or socio cultural

 Religion

 Political

Don Quixote was originated in Spain the history of the Spain dates back to the Middle

Ages. In 1516, Habsburg Spain unified a number of disparate predecessor kingdoms. Its modern

form of a constitutional monarchy was introduced in 1813, and the current democratic

constitution dates to 1978. Spaniards are romance ethnic group and nation. The Spanish culture

is widely known for flamenco music and dance, bullfights, fantastic beaches and lot of sunshine.

The rich culture of the Spain is based on diverse historical influence from Celtic and Iberian

times. Family values dominate and, the culture of machismo is slowly declining. Spaniards are

friendly, but somewhat formal in their approach to strangers.

Religious wars and the plague hit Spain hard and, by the European Thirty Years War. The

form of government in Spain is a parliamentary monarchy,[1] that is, a social representative

democratic constitutional monarchy in which the monarch is the head of state, while the prime

minister—whose official title is "President of the Government"—is the head of government.

Executive power is exercised by the government, which is integrated by the Prime minister, the

deputy prime ministers and other ministers, which collectively form the Cabinet, or Council of

Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the Cortes Generales (General Courts), a bicameral

parliament constituted by the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent

of the executive and the legislature, administering justice on behalf of the King by judges and

magistrates. The Supreme Court of Spain is the highest court in the nation, with jurisdiction in all
Spanish territories, superior to all in all affairs except constitutional matters, which are the

jurisdiction of a separate court, the Constitutional Court.