YOU CAN DONWLOAD HANDOUTS AS SLIDES FROM:

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/phys-pharm/media/teaching/
BIOCHEMISTRY

ANATOMY PHARMACOLOGY
Introduction to Physiology. (structure of the body
and its components)
(the science of drug action)

Functional Organisation of PHYSIOLOGY

the Body.
The idea of Homeostasis.
PHYSICS CHEMISTRY

Foundations of Medicine
Sergey Kasparov
M.D. PhD, Dr. Sci.
Room E9

Our main texts: abnormal normal abnormal

Germann and Stanfield “Human Physiology”

Wildmayer et al. “Vander’s Human Physiology”

10 ed.
PHYSIOLOGY
Further resources:
Boron and Boulpaep “Medical Physiology”

Barrett et al, “Ganong’s review of Medical

Physiology”
If you know how it works you
The main text for this lecture is: Germann & Stanfield
can repair it!

Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems

Four major types of cells in human body:
Nerve cells (neurones): Muscle cells:
1 2
How does it work?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
(striated)

1. Specialised cells which transmit 1. Elongated cells specialised on

information in the form of electrical generating mechanical force.
signals. Their membranes carry 2. Their membranes carry
electrical charges. electrical charges (similar to
PHYSIOLOGY 2. Some neurones have membranes nerve cells).
which can receive information from
the outside environment (light in the
eye, or temperature in the skin).
3. Other neurones may command
muscles (movement), glands (saliva
secretion) etc.

1
3 Epithelial cells (epithelia):
Organ systems:

1. Nervous
2. Musculo-skeletal
3. Cardiovascular
1. Form continuous sheet-like layers 4. Respiratory
on non-cellular material called
basement membrane. 5. Gastrointestinal
2. Separate body from the external
environment (also inside the body!)
6. Urinary
Endocrine
3. Some epithelial cells can
specifically transport ions, organic
7. Reproductive
molecules and water from one side 8. Immune
to another.
4. Can form glands – specialised
Exocrine 9. Endocrine
structures which secrete various
products either to the outside of 10.Intergumentary
the body (exocrine glands) or
endocrine glands (products get into
the bloodstream).
Fill in the table See Table 1.1 in Germann&Stanfield

4 Connective tissue cells:

The overall body plan

Cartilage Blood Bone

Internal
environment
1. Typically: widely scattered cells embedded in non-
of the body
cellular material – extracellular matrix .
2. In structures such as tendons (which anchor muscles
to the bones) these cells are surrounded by a
meshwork of long molecules which give it mechanical
strength and elasticity.

The Exchange of Materials between External and

What is a tissue? Internal Environment
Tissue is an association of similar cells which perform similar function(s).

What is an organ?
An organ is an association of tissues which combine to perform specific
functions of the body. Organs are the structural units of the body.

Terms to remember:
1. Absorption: intake of various molecules into the blood from the lumen (Example:
water, nutrients in the gastro-intestinal tract)
2. Secretion: transport into the lumen. Example: HCl (hydrochloric acid) and special
other chemicals required for digestion in the stomach or – secretion of H+ ion in
kidney…

2
 The Exchange of Materials between External and
Internal Environment Extracellular fluid constitutes the INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT of the body

Because our cells are extremely sensitive to the

changes in the environment, the body is trying to
keep it very stable (in terms of composition,
temperature, pH etc). This is the basic idea of
HOMEOSTASIS.

Terms to remember-2:
Homeostasis means maintenance of
3. Filtration: movement of small molecules through cellular/molecular sieves, such as in
kidneys constant (static) conditions of the
4. Reabsorption: some materials may be first filtered/secreted but then retrieved
from the GI tract or kidneys. Example: water in kidneys or some chemicals secreted internal environment
by liver (more in later lectures)

The key points:

Body Fluid
Compartments-1 1. Four main types of cells in human body are: nerve cells,
muscle cells, epithelial cells and connective tissue-like cells.
2. A tissue is an association of similar cells which perform
40 % similar function (s). An organ is a an association of tissues
solids which combine to perform specific functions of the body.
There are ~10 organ systems in the body.
3. There is a continuous exchange of materials between
External and Internal environment. This involves
absorption, secretion, reabsorption, filtration.
65%
intra 4. The bulk of the body water is inside the cells (intracellular
60 % cellular water). The extracellular water is mainly in the interstitial
fluids fluid. Plasma water volume is ~20% of the total
extracellular water.
5. The body keeps the condition of the internal environment
80%
35% inter-
extra- stitial stable (constant, static) = homeostatis! Homeostasis is one
cellular
20% of the key organising principles of the body.
plasma

Fizzy… or physi-ology???
Body Fluid Compartments-2

Total body water:

Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid

Interstitial Plasma of
fluid the blood

For a 70 kg male:
TBW = 42 litres
ICF = 28 litres
Plasma = 3 litres
or ~20% of extra- Download slides from:
cellular fluid
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/phys-pharm/media/teaching/