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Effects of Mixed Solvent and Dye Concentration on Turmeric Immobilized

Cellophane Film Potential used as a Novel Fish Spoilage Indicator

Nawaporn Wannawisan1, Amporn Sane1, Jiraporn Runglerdkriangkrai2,

Pongtep Wilaipun2 and Panuwat Suppakul1,*

1
Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry,
Kasetsart University, Thailand,
2
Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand,
*Corrsponding author(s), e-mail: panuwat.s@ku.ac.th

Abstract:
Fish spoilage indicator (FSI) is a member of diagnostic packaging (DP) as a subclass
of intelligent packaging (IP). It uses metabolites to monitor the status of fish freshness and
spoilage. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) is responsible for a smell of spoiled fish and
can be employed as metabolite during fish spoilage. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is
commonly used for sensing pH, carbon dioxide and ammonia during food spoilage with a
pH transition from 7.8 (yellow) to 9.2 (brown). Cellophane, a well-known regenerated
cellulose, water insoluble natural polymer. Containing of numerous capillaries but no pore
made cellophane good adsorb substance during its swell. This present work aimed at
investigating the effects of dye concentration and mixed solvent on immobilization of
turmeric into cellophane film via an adsorption technique and at assessing a color transition
of turmeric-immobilized cellophane (TIC) film on pH buffer and targeted metabolite from
fish spoilage. A stock solution of 1% w/v turmeric was dissolved in an absolute ethanol.
Commercial cellophane film size 1.53.0 cm2 was immersed in turmeric solutions with
concentrations of 0.005 0.01 and 0.02% w/v in different mixed solvent ratios (ethanol
:deionized water) 1:9 5:5 and 9:1 for 0 4 and 8 h. Unbound turmeric was washed with
deionized water and dried at room temperature. The color transition of turmeric solution and
TIC film in different pH buffer have been revealed as absorption spectra and total color
difference (TCD) values. The optimal mixed solvent ratio of ethanol and deionized water
was 1:9 (1E). The turmeric concentration 0.02% w/v enabled to sense pH change. The color
transition of TIC film were yellow-orange-brown at pH 7.0–9.0 and red-brown-orange at pH
10.0–13.0. TIC film is ability to sense pH change from yellow to brown within a few
seconds after exposure to a vapor of 1% ammonia solution in the headspace. A 0.02% TIC
film turned from yellow to brown within 1 min after expos to ammonia vapor concentration
of 0.01–0.10 M and color intensity increased and reached equilibrium within 30 min.
Furthermore, Turmeric-immobilized cellophane film is potentially used for monitoring
packed fish during storage.

Keywords: Cellophane, Diagnostic packaging, Fish spoilage indicator, Intelligent

packaging, Turmeric

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1. Introduction
All fresh seafood is very perishable products and the microbial growth is the main
cause of quality deterioration.1 A fraction of the initial microbial of fish, known as specific
spoilage organisms (SSOs), which grow up in appropriate storage conditions (e.g.,
atmosphere, temperature). When the microorganisms reach high populations, several
metabolites or chemical spoilage indices (CSIs) are produced and responsible for the off-
flavors/odors which results in their organoleptic rejection.1–3
Turmeric or curcumin is the well-known natural dye obtained from curcuma, the
rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae. Curcumin is an orange-yellow crystal powder
which melts at 183°C and dissolves in alcohol and glacial acetic acid. The pH transition
interval is between pH 7.8 (yellow) and pH 9.2 (brown).4 Curcumin contains two ferulic acid
molecules connected by a methylene bridge at the carbon atoms of the carboxyl groups
(Figure 1). Curcumin can persist in tautomeric diketo and keto–enol forms. In aqueous
solution the enol form predominates and corresponds to deprotonation of the three hydroxyl
groups. The most common applications of curcumin are as an ingredient in dietary
supplement, in cosmetics, flavoring for foods, coloring material and widely used in
biological actions and medicinal applications.6–8
Cellophane or regenerated cellulose films is a well-known hydrophilic and water
insoluble natural polymer. Their property is related to its crystallinity and the inter-molecular
hydrogen bonding between its hydroxyl groups.9–10 The regenerated cellulose films are
obtained by casting or extruding cellulose solutions and then transferring to the coagulation
bath for regeneration. They are attractively used for different applications, such as green
packaging, printable labels, biomedical materials, electronic devices, and optical products.11
Intelligent packaging is a packaging system (or material) that uses either internal
(e.g., metabolites) or external (e.g., temperature, gas, humidity) package environment as
“information” to monitor a status of product quality to enhance product safety, biosecurity,
and/or convenience or capability of tracking a product for automatic product identification
and traceability.12,13 Fish spoilage indicator (FSI) is a member of diagnostic packaging (DP)
as a subclass of intelligent packaging (IP). Fish spoilage indicator is defined as “a packaging
system (or material) which uses metabolites as “information” to monitor the status of fish
freshness and spoilage”.14 Recently, researchers have developed the intelligent packaging to
monitor the target metabolites from fish and seafood spoilage. For example, pH dye-based
indicator,15, 16 Natural dye-based indicator,17–19 polymer based indicator14,20,21 and bio-based
indicator for monitoring either volatile amines or biogenic amines have been developed.
In order to further develop a novel colorimetric fish spoilage indicator, turmeric and
cellophane film were used to investigate the effect of dye concentrations on pH transition of
turmeric solution and the effect of mixed solvent on immobilization of turmeric into
cellophane film and to assess the color transition of turmeric-based cellophane film on pH
and target metabolite from fish spoilage. A color change of turmeric solution in different pH
buffer was determined by using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer at lambda range of 300–
700 nm. A dynamic change in the solution expressed as total color difference (TCD, ∆E)
was measured using the CIE L*, a*, b* Chroma system. The color transition of turmeric
immobilized-cellophane (TIC) film was observed by photography.

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Figure 1 Chemical structure of keto-enol form of curcuma, in aqueous solution correspond to deprotonation of
the three hydroxyl groups of curcumin with the enolic (a) and phenolic (b and c) protons highlighte.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Material preparation
Commercial cellophane film, thickness 0.017±0.002 mm, was purchased from
Suksapanpanit, Thailand. Turmeric powder was supplied from TPC Herb, Thailand.
Absolute ethanol and standard pH buffer 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 ware supplied from Mersk
Millipore. Cellophane film was cut to 1.5  3.0 cm2, kept in desiccator containing with silica
gel and used without further cleaning. Ammonium hydroxide solution 25% was supplied
from Qrec, New Zealand.
2.2 pH Buffer solution preparation
A pH buffer solutions 7.0–13.0 were modified and prepared from different primary
4
salts potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4), sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O),
sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO2) and potassium chloride (KCl). A measured amount
of 0.1M NaOH, 0.2M NaOH or 0.1M HCl was added into a known volume of the primary
salt solution and made up to 100 –200 mL with distilled water. The pH buffer solutions were
kept at room temperature and measured by pH meter (Microcomputer pH-VISION 6071,
JENCO ELECTRONICS, LTD.) with calibration before use.
2.3 Effect of dye concentration on pH transition of turmeric solution
A stock solution of 1% w/v turmeric was prepared by dissolving turmeric powder in
100 mL of mixed solvent ethanol (E) and deionized water (D) with different ratio 10:0 (10E)
5:5 (5E) stirred for 30 min and 0:10 (0E) boiled at 180°C with stirred for 30 min.
The solutions were kept at room temperature and used after sedimentation. In order to study
the effect of dye concentration, a different concentration of 0.005 0.01 and 0.02% w/v from
stock turmeric solution was transferred into 2 mL of pH buffer solution range 7.0–13.0 and
7.8–9.2. Color of turmeric in different pH buffer was investigated by UV spectrophotometer
at a lambda range of 300–700 nm. The CIE L*, a*, b* chroma system (Chroma meter
CR-400, KONICA MINOLTA) which uses the corresponding value of total color difference
(TCD, ∆E) as dynamic parameters was used to analyze the dynamic change in turmeric
solution. The total color difference was expressed as Equation.

E = [(L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2]1/2

Where L* is the brightness difference between initiation and each time interval, a* is the
redness-greenness difference between initiation and each time interval, and b* is the
yellowness-blueness difference between initiation and each time interval.

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2.4 Effect of mixed solvent on immobilization of turmeric onto cellophane film

Turmeric was immobilized on cellophane film via adsorption method. In order to
investigate the effect of mixed solvent on adsorption of cellophane film, the different mixed
solvent using ethanol and deionized water with different ratio 1:9 (1E) 5:5 (5E) and 9:1 (9E)
were prepared. The cellophane film was immersed into 2 mL of turmeric in different mixed
solution with the concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % w/v for 0, 4 and 8 h at ambient
temperature. Unbound turmeric was removed from cellophane film by washing with
deionized water and turmeric immobilized cellophane film were dried at room temperature.
Color measurement of turmeric immobilized film was investigated by using the UV-visible
spectrophotometer at lambda range of 300–700 nm. Total color difference values was used
to analyze the dynamic change of turmeric immobilized cellophane film.
2.5 Sensitivity of film to pH and target metabolites represented fish spoilage
Turmeric immobilized cellophane film was immersed into pH buffer solution to
investigate pH transition color range of 7.0–13.0 and 7.8–9.2. Turmeric immobilized
cellophane film was placed into head space of ammonia solution with different concentration
0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 M for 30 and 120 min. The dynamic change of turmeric
immobilized cellophane film was monitored using photography.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Effect of dye concentration on pH transition
Turmeric in absolute ethanol and in different mixed solvent had absorbance at peak
around 420–423 nm. In absolute ethanol, turmeric was a bright yellow with small amount of
sediment, in mixed solvent ethanol and deionized water (5E) was brownish-yellow with
small amount of sediment and in deionized water (0E) was non-homogeneous pale-yellow
solution with a lot of sediment (Figure 2). At peak, a 0.01% of turmeric in absolute ethanol
(10E) had absorption maximum about 423 nm and showed the highest absorbance spectra
comparing with in mixed solvent ethanol and deionized water (5E) (Figure 3).
In aqueous medium, curcumin molecules may remain equilibrium in the enol or keto-
enol form at a certain proportion. The enol form showed a peak at 427 nm and the keto form
showed a shoulder at 360 nm. In other polar solvents, only the enol form existed and the
peak was only at 427 nm. With increasing of ethanol resulted in the keto form onward
conversion to the enol form. At ethanol volume up to 30%, a broad peak at 360 nm and a
fairly sharp peak at 430 nm were observed and at ethanol volume up to 100%, showed the
highest peak at 430 nm8. Then, the absolute ethanol (10E) was selected to prepare a stock
solution and studied the effect of concentration on pH transition of turmeric.
A stock solution of 1% w/v turmeric was transferred into 2 mL of pH buffer solution
7.0–13.0 with different concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02% w/v of turmeric. Color
transition in different pH was investigated by UV spectrophotometer with absorption spectra
range of 300–700 nm. The initial pH of turmeric solution was 6.0±0.1 with a bright yellow
color. The color transition in pH buffer range of 7.0–9.0 was yellow-orange-brown and pH
buffer range of 10.0–13.0 was light brown-dark orange. The color transition of turmeric
solution in different primary salt was shifted from acidic from (yellow, pH 6.0) to basic form
(brown, pH 9.0), resulting in maximum lambda (max) shifting from 423 to 419 nm and 490

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to 550 nm. Moreover, a new brown shifted (pH 9.0) to dark orange (pH 13.0) leading to
maximum lambda appeared at 431–459 nm and 520–550 nm (Figure 4). Pourreza and
Golmohammadi stated that at pH 3.0–7.0 curcumin acts as a potent H-atom donor because of
its keto form and above pH 8.0, the enol form predominates, and it acts mainly as an electron
donor. At pH 13.0, curcumin is completely deprotonated to form the highly negatively
charged species Cur3-. From their research study, it showed that the absorption intensity of
curcumin nanoparticle in the pH range of 7.0–9.5 initially decreased at lambda 423 nm with
a color change from yellow to red, and new red shifted absorption bands in the pH range of
10.0–13.0 appeared at lambda 460 nm with a color change from red to brown.
Focusing on color span of turmeric, the pH buffer range of 7.8–9.2 were prepared from the
primary salt based borax. The color transition in pH buffer range of 7.8–8.0 was yellow, pH
buffer range of 8.2–8.6 was orange and pH buffer range of 8.8–9.2 was brown. The color
transition of turmeric solution was shifted from acidic from (yellow, pH 6.0–7.8) to basic
form (brown, pH 9.2), resulting in maximum lambda shifting from 420–423 nm to 550–560
nm (Figure 5). The effect of higher concentrations of turmeric in buffer solution shows the
better intensity of color for all pH ranges.
The total color different (TCD) values in pH buffer solution 7.0–9.0 were 1.33–19.1,
3.71–23.89 and 4.63–39.00 at concentration of turmeric 0.005 0.01 and 0.02%w/v,
respectively. In the pH buffer based borax (pH range of 7.8–9.2), TCD values were 5.74–
15.58, 13.18–27.51 and 18.11–44.99 at concentration of turmeric 0.005 0.01 and 0.02% w/v,
respectively (Figure 6). It is generally known that TCD values greater than 5 can be easily
detected by the unaided eye, and TCD greater than 12 indicates a completely different color
space. Then, the effect of higher concentrations of turmeric shows the better intensity of
color in buffer solution pH range of 8.0–13.0 and 7.8–9.2 and we noticed that 0.02% w/v of
turmeric was ability to sense pH change and showed a clearer color transition in different
pH buffer solution, in turn, wider color span at narrower pH range.

Figure 2 A 1% Turmeric solution in absolute ethanol 10E (a), in mixed ethanol and deionized water 5E (b) and
in deionized water 0E (c)

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Figure 3 Absorbance spectra of 0.01% Turmeric in different solution of ethanol and deionized water 5E and
10E

Figure 4 Absorption spectra of turmeric solution with concentration of 0.005% w/v (a), 0.01% w/v (b)and
0.02% w/v (c) in different pH buffer prepared from different primary salts (pH 7.0–13.0)

Figure 5 Absorption spectra of turmeric solution with concentration of 0.005% w/v (a), 0.01% w/v (b) and
0.02% w/v (c) in different pH buffer prepared from primary salt based borax (pH 7.8–9.2).

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Figure 6 Total color difference of turmeric solution in different pH buffer solution prepared from different
primary salts pH 7.0–13.0 (a) and from primary salt based borax pH 7.8–9.2 (b)

3.2 Effect of mixed solvent on immobilization of turmeric onto cellophane film

Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric. Curcumin is an oil soluble
pigment, practically insoluble in water at acidic and neutral pH, soluble in alkali.26 In absolute
ethanol, turmeric/curcumin had highest intensity comparing to in aqueous solution. Cellophane
films is a well-known hydrophilic, water insoluble polymer and ability to swell in water.10
At the same concentration, the increasing of ethanol in mixed solvent showed the
higher intensity at peak of turmeric. After immerging cellophane film into turmeric solution
for 0, 3, 6 and 9 h, the result showed that turmeric in mixed solvent 1E was absorbed into the
cellophane structure within 3–4 h. While, in mixed solvent 5E and 9E, turmeric still
remained in the solution and wasn‟t absorbed into the film. Yushkin et al.27 reported that
degree of swelling of cellophane films depended on ethanol concentration in solution. When
increasing the ethanol in mixed solvent, the degree of swelling of cellophane film will be
decreased. Then we selected turmeric in mixed solvent ratio 1E to study the immobilization
of turmeric into cellophane film.
The total color difference of turmeric solution before absorption and turmeric
immobilized-cellophane film after immersed cellophane film into turmeric solution with
ratio of ethanol and deionized water 1:9 (9E) (Table 1). The color intensity of turmeric
solution was also investigated and observed. The results showed that no significant color
difference between TIC film after immerging in turmeric solution for 4 and 8 h; however,
absorbance of turmeric solution was gradually decreased when storage time increased. Kaur
et al.28 studied the degradation of curcumin (30 μM) in water/ethanol system and found that
curcumin was fast degradation in water/ethanol system. They controlled the degradation of
curcumin by trapping curcumin in nanoemulsion (NEm) which showed the stability of
curcumin in NEm up to 2 h. The initially curcumin was partially deprotonated and
fragmented into trans-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-hexanal. The obtained
product was further decomposed into smaller molecules such as vanillin, feruloyl methane
and ferulic acid and was poor absorption at 420 nm indicating degradation and decrease in
concentration of free curcumin.29,30

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Table 1 Total color difference of turmeric solution before absorption and turmeric
immobilized-cellophane film after absorption (mixed solution 1E)
conc. time solution before absorption film after absorption
(%w/v) (hr) a* b* TCD a* b* TCD
0.005 0 8.565 -22.970 8.565 -22.970
4 8.275 -22.453 0.768 1.755 -5.178 19.052
8 8.220 -21.833 1.193 1.868 -5.208 18.988
0.010 0 11.375 -35.118 11.375 -35.118
4 11.088 -34.813 0.732 3.855 -10.695 25.557
8 11.310 -34.285 0.897 4.025 -10.900 25.333
0.020 0 11.278 -45.813 11.518 -45.268
4 10.905 -45.518 0.507 7.450 -22.335 23.328
8 10.928 -45.165 1.015 7.450 -22.468 23.199

3.3 Color transition of turmeric immobilized-cellophane film

The color transition of turmeric immobilized-cellophane (TIC) film after immerging
into pH buffer solution 7.0–13.0 and 7.8–9.2 showed in Figure 7. The initial color of TIC
film was bright yellow. The TIC film after immerging into pH buffer solution range of
7.0–13.0, TIC film turned to yellow-orange-brown in pH 7.0–9.0 and turned to yellow-
orange-brown and in pH 10.0–13.0. In pH buffer based borax range of 7.8–9.2, TIC film
turned to yellow in pH 7.8–8.0, turned to orange in pH buffer 8.2–8.6 and turned to brown in
pH buffer 8.8 –9.2. Additionally, we noticed that TIC film in pH buffer higher than 11.0,
turmeric was removed from cellophane film. Musso et al.23 stated that curcumin was found
to be uniformly soluble in sodium hydroxide solution and possessed a distinct reddish-
orange color. The color transition of TIC film with concentration of 0.02% w/v (0.02T) after
exposed to ammonia vapor showed in Figure 8. TIC film was able to sense ammonia vapor
from 1% ammonia solution within a few seconds and turned from yellow to brown with
1 min. After exposure to ammonia vapor from different concentration in the closed package
0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 M for 30 and 120 min, the results showed that 0.02%
TIC film was able to sense ammonia and turned from bright yellow to brown within 1 min.
The color intensity of TIC film increased with time and reached equilibrium within 30 min.

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Figure 7 Color transition of turmeric 0.02%w/v (0.02T) immobilized-cellophane (TIC) film in pH buffer
solution 7.0–13.0 and 7.8–9.2.

Figure 8 Color transition of turmeric immobilized-cellophane (TIC) film after exposed to head space of 1%
ammonia solution

4. Conclusions
The results presented in this study indicate that color of turmeric in absolute ethanol
was brighter than that of turmeric in deionized water-based solvent. The concentration of
0.02%w/v (0.02T) as ability to sense pH change and showed a clearer color transition in
different pH buffer solution. However, the swelling degree of cellophane was decreased
when the ratio of ethanol increased. Then turmeric was able to absorb into the cellophane
structure only in mixed solvent ethanol and deionized water 1:9 (1E). After exposure to
ammonia vapor, TIC film (0.02T) turned from yellow to brown within 1 min. The color
intensity of TIC film increased with time and reached equilibrium within 30 min. Hence,
TIC film is potentially used for monitoring packed fish during storage.

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Acknowledgements
Financial support from the Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food
(CASAF), Kasetsart University.

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