BIOLOGY 1 (DB014)-F2F-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.

ORGANELLES CHART

ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION

1. NUCLEUS i. DOUBLE MEMBRANE BOUNDED 1. control center of activities & cell division.
 Outer membrane continuous with 2. Involved in the production of ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (rRNA)
3. Contains genetic materials of a cell in
ii. HAVE NUCLEAR PORES the form of chromosomes.
 for exchange materials thus makes nucleus 4. Carry out instructions for the synthesis
selectively permeable. of proteins .

iii. NUCLEOPLASM
 Fluid matrix of nucleus
 Have chromatin (DNA bound with histone
protein)

iv. NUCLEOLUS (Non-membranous & Part of

chromatin.)
• ONE NUCLEUS may have one or two
nucleolus/nucleoli
• Dense mass of granules/ fibres
• MOST visible under microscope
BIOLOGY 1 (DB014)-F2F-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION

2. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC • Have ribosome • To package & transport proteins

RETICULUM • interconnected system of membrane-bound made by the ribosomes.
flattened sacs called cisternae.

3. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC • The SER has no ribosomes & interconnected tubules. • Participates in the synthesis of lipids,
RETICULUM phospholipids and steroids.
• Detoxifies drugs and poisons (e.g.
Liver cells).
• Stores calcium ions which are
necessary for muscles contraction

4. GOLGI APPARATUS
• a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called • modify, sort, stores & ship (transport)
cisternae. cell products.
• Each stack contain about 4 – 7 cisternae. • Transporting & storing lipids.
• A Golgi body has two faces, the cis face & the trans • Forming lysosomes containing
face. hydrolytic enzymes.
• The cis face is located near the endoplasmic • Production of digestive enzymes.
reticulum & is the receiving side of the Golgi body. • Secretion of carbohydrates for the
• The trans face is located near to the cell surface formation of plant cell walls &
membrane. insect cuticles.
BIOLOGY 1 (DB014)-F2F-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION

5. MITOCHONDRIA • Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures that vary • Sites of cellular respiration
in size & shape. Size: about 2 - 8 µm in length.
• Double membrane bounded
• Inner membrane folded and form cristae
• Have own DNA,enzyme and ribosome

6. LYSOSOME • single membrane-bounded, the enzymes inside are • Autophagy

prevented from digesting the cell itself • Release enzymes that destroy/
• contain hydrolytic enzyme engulfs worn-out organelles in the
cell.
• Lysosome will digest material that
has been taken into the cell via
phagocytosis.
• Release enzymes to the outside of the
cell to digest other cells in a process
known as exocytosis.
• Autolysis
• The lysosome’s membrane breaks
down, releasing its enzymes &
digesting the entire cell; self-
destruct. E.g. reabsorption of tadpole
tails, the digestion of larval tissues
to be replaced by new tissues.
BIOLOGY 1 (DB014)-F2F-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION

7. RIBOSOME • Made up of ribosomal RNA & protein. • sites of protein synthesis

• Composed of two subunits: large and small
subunits.
• Two type: free ribosome and bounded ribosome
• SIZE OF RIBOSOME:
 PROKARYOTE (70S) ribosome comprises a
50S (large) subunit and 30S (small)
subunit.
 The EUKARYOTE (80S) ribosome has large
60S and small 40S subunit.
•
8. CHLOROPLAST • DOUBLE MEMBRANE BOUNDED separated by a • FUNCTIONS OF GRANA/
narrow inter membrane space. THYLAKOID :
• MATRIX: stroma (fluid-filled space in • Main function: to trap/ absorb/
chloroplast) capture light energy// site for light
• Stroma contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes for dependent reaction (to use it to form
part of photosynthesis. carbohydrates).
• SIZE: about 3-10 µm in diameter & 2-3 µm in
thickness. • FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLAST :
• SHAPE: Lense-shape (biconvex). • Site of photosynthesis.
• HAVE
• THYLAKOID 
BIOLOGY 1 (DB014)-F2F-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
ORGANELLES
9. CENTRIOLES
two shorts bundles of
microtubules positioned at
right angles to each other.
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
• A series of interconnecting flattened
membrane-bounded sacs
• Chlorophyll pigment found in
thylakoid membranes.
• GRANAstacked of thylakoid
• Centrioles are found in animal cells. • Centrioles act as organizers of
• Centrioles are about 150 nm in diameter & are spindle fibers & are involved in the
arranged at angles to each other. separation of chromosomes/
• Centrioles are chromatids during cell division.
• They are located just outside the nucleus in a clear • In some cells, centrioles divide to
of cytoplasm called the centrosome. produce basal body from which
• The wall of each centriole is made up of nine flagella & cilia develop.
triplets of microtubules arranged at an angle.
• At times of cell division, they migrate to opposite
poles of the cell where they produce the spindle