Integrated Building Management Systems (IBMS)

Objectives of learning this subject

Integrated Building Management Systems (IBMS)

Syllabus
• Basic Types of service
• Importance of IBMS
• HVAC Systems
• Electrical systems
• Lighting
• Fire Fighting systems
• Vertical transportation
• Water proofing
• Plumbing
• Building security
 HVAC Systems
Major Topics
• What is HVAC
• Need for HVAC
• HVAC fundamentals
Working of VCC and VAM
Human comfort, Psychrometry,
Psychrometry terms,
• HVAC systems
• Alternatives to active HVAC systems
• Indoor air quality
• Introduction to Green buildings
Understanding
HVAC
 Refrigeration fundamentals

It is cooling by removal of heat

It is transfer of heat from where it

is not wanted to a place where it is
not objectionable.
 Air Conditioning

The process of treating air so as to

control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness and distribution
of the conditioned space.

ASHRAE
 Human Comfort

Comfort
Condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with surrounding
environment.
 What we say about What the air conditioner
discomfort does

It is too warm The air is cooled

It is too cold The air is warmed
It is too stuffy The conditioned air is
circulated gently

It is dusty or smoky The air is filtered

There is an unpleasant The bad air is exhausted
odour and fresh air is taken in

The air is stale The air is mixed with fresh

outdoor air
 Human Comfort

Temperature
Humidity
Filtration
Distribution
Filtration
Understanding:

• TR
• Heat
 BTU
British Thermal Unit

Amount of heat required to raise One

Pound of Water by One degree
Fahrenheit.
 Ton of Refrigeration (TR):

Cooling obtained by uniform melting

of 1 US tonne of ice at 0 0C within 24
hours.

Significance: It indicates system’s

cooling capacity.
F=0 0C
One TR is approximately equal

• 12000 Btu/hr

• 3.517 kW

• 3024 kcal/hr
Heat
Types of Heat
 Concepts

1. Sensible heat and latent heat

Sensible Heat

0 0C 100 0C
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
100 0C 100 0C
Latent Heat
- 5 0C
5 0C
5 0C
• Understanding working of Vapour
Compression Cycle
• COP, EER, SEER, IPLV
• Air Conditioner Vs Heat Pump
• Understanding Comfort Air Conditioning
fundamentals
Psychrometry
DBT, WBT, DPT, RH
Summer and Winter Air
Conditioning
Understanding working of Vapour
Compression Cycle (VCC)

Basic Components
• Evaporator
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve (Metering device)
Vapour
Compression
Cycle (VCC)
 Indoor Unit
Evaporator

Expansion valve
(metering device)
 Outdoor Unit

Compressor

Condenser
 Function of each component of VCC

1. Evaporator: It is heat exchanger where the refrigerant

picks up the heat and cools the surrounding.

2. Compressor: The function of compressor is to increase

the temperature and pressure of refrigerant so that the
refrigerant is able to reject the heat in the condenser.

3. Condenser: The condenser is a heat exchanger where the

refrigerant rejects the heat absorbed to the surroundings.

4. Metering device (Expansion valve): The function of

metering device is to reduce the temperature and pressure
of the refrigerant entering the evaporator so that the
refrigerant is able to absorb the heat in the evaporator.
Vapour Compression Cycle (VCC)

Qcondenser = Qevaporator + Qcompressor

 3 2

3a 2a

4 1

Qcondenser = Qevaporator + Qcompressor

Schematic of vapour compression cycle

 Vapour Compression Cycle

W/c Shell & A/c Coil

tubes

Reciprocating

Thermostatic
expansion valve

Screw

Electronic
expansion valve
Centrifugal

Shell & tubes

Plate type
Compressors

Screw

Centrifugal

Scroll

Reciprocating
 Heat Exchangers
(Condensers and Evaporators)
Shell & Tube DX
Evaporator

Fin & Tube

type H/E

Plate Heat
Exchanger
 Expansion Devices

Thermostatic Expansion Valve Electronic Expansion Valve

 Working of VCC
(Refer Animation Attached)
Working of Domestic
Refrigerator
(Refer Animation Attached)
 COP
• COP: Coefficient of Performance
Ratio of Refrigerating effect (or cooling
effect) to work input to the compressor.
In some situations, it is also expressed as
EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). SEER
stands for Seasonal Energy Efficiency
Ratio
 IPLV
• Integrated Part Load Value
Performance of system at various part
load conditions (e.g. 100 %, 75 %, 50 %,
25 %)
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
Only Compressor of Vapour Compression
cycle (VCC) gets replaced by:

1. Absorber

2. Pump and

3. Generator

Remaining components similar to that

present in VCC
 Heat pump
Maintains temperature of system higher
than the surrounding.

Used for heating applications (space

heating, hot water generation)

Working cycle same as air conditioner

except the sequence of operation is
exactly reverse to that of air conditioner
Draw a schematic of vapour
compression cycle and explain
the functions of each component

Explain the significance of

• TR
• COP
• IPLV
Explain the difference between
Air conditioner and a heat
pump?

Can a air conditioner work as a

heat pump?
1. One ton of refrigeration (TR) is
approximately equal to ___.
a. 3024 kcal/h
b. 3.517 kW
c. 12000 Btu/hr
d. All of the above

d) All of the above

Latent heat is more important than
sensible heat in refrigeration cycle

a) True b) False

a) True
Does the heat loss from the
condenser is equal to the heat gain
to the evaporator?
a) It is more
b) It is less
c) They are equal
d) They are equal only after
running for a certain time

(Answer : a )
Which of these could be the
possible value of Heat Rejection
Factor (HRF)
a) 0.8
b) 1.0
c) 1.2
d) 0.9

(Answer : c )
Which of the following has better
energy efficient performance?
a. 1.2 kW / TR
b. 1 kW / TR
c. 0.7 kW / TR
d. 1.5 kW/TR

(Answer : c )
Room heaters are more efficient
than heat pumps for heating
application
a. True
b. False

(Answer : b )
Psychrometry
 Willis Haviland Carrier
was an engineer and inventor, and is known as the
man who invented modern air conditioning.
Psychrometry
 Psychrometry

It is a branch of Engineering Science

which deals with the study of Moist Air
(i.e. dry air mixed with water vapour).
Psychrometry

Psychro metry
Properties of Measurements
moist air
% By Volume
 Psychrometric terms

• DBT
• WBT
• DPT
• RH
 Psychrometric terms

• Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT):

Dry-bulb temperatures are read from an
ordinary thermometer that has a dry bulb.
( not exposed to moisture as well as radiation)
• Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT):
The temperature of air recorded by a
thermometer, when its bulb is surrounded by
a wet cloth and is exposed to moving air at a
velocity of 2.5 – 5 m/s.

Wet bulb depression: Difference between

DBT and WBT
Device which measures DBT and WBT
simultaneously is called Sling Psychrometer.
• Significance of WBT:

• Higher the WBT, humid is the air.

• Lower the WBT, dry is the air.

• At 100 % Relative humidity, DBT= WBT

• Dew Point Temperature (DPT):
The temperature at which condensation of
moisture begins when the air is cooled.
• Significance of DPT

• Condensation occurs at Dew Point.

• Therefore if we want to dehumidify (remove

moisture) air then it should be brought in
contact with a surface whose temperature is
below Dew Point Temperature of air.

• Dew Point is important for Dehumidification

Applications.
• Humidity ratio:

It is mass of water vapour present per kg of

dry air and is generally expressed as gram
per kg of dry air .
• Relative Humidity:

(How much moisture in the air)

(How much it could hold at saturation)

at same temperature

Relative humidity is expressed in

terms of percent.
 Humidity ratio
(It signifies quality of air)

Vs

Relative humidity
(Signifies Human Comfort)
 Fog

Fog occurs when air is saturated

 Condensation

Condensation occurs at Dew Point

SHF
= Sensible Heat
_______________________________________

(Sensible + Latent heat)

 Latent Heat Concept
• Latent heat is considerably larger than
sensible heat.

• In VCC cycle, we use the concept of latent

heat in evaporator. This reduces the
quantity of refrigerant required and makes
the system compact.

• However, for air conditioning applications,

the latent load due to moisture is critical.
 Latent Heat Concept

• In Air conditioning, moist air has two

components i.e. dry air and moisture. Dry air
remains in gaseous phase in the air conditioning
operating range. However only moisture changes
its phase (dehumidification / humidification)

• Since latent heat (phase change) is considerably

larger, in air conditioning application, latent load
due to moisture becomes significant especially
near highly humid areas such as coastal climatic
conditions. This increases the cooling
requirement (TR capacity).
Review of Psychrometry
Explain significance of WBT, DPT
Identify the Psychrometric process
generally used for summer and winter
conditions
Define Human comfort. List the
factors affecting human comfort.

What are the typical values of

Temperature, RH, Velocity for comfort
air conditioning.
For same DBT, WBT of Pune will
be higher than Chennai
a. True
b. False

(Answer : b )
The process used in comfort air
conditioning for summer season is
a. Heating and humidification
b. Cooling and humidification
c. Cooling and dehumidification
d. Heating and dehumidification

(Answer : c )
Which temperatures plays a
significant role in dehumidification
applications
a. DPT
b. WBT
c. DBT
d. All of the above

(Answer : a )
Which combination will make a person
feel uncomfortable?
a) decrease temperature, increase humidity,
decrease air motion

b) increase temperature, increase humidity,

increase air motion

c) increase temperature, decrease humidity,

decrease air motion

d) increase temperature, increase humidity,

decrease air motion
Answer: d
 References:
1. Carrier Corporation Training Material
2. Trane Air Conditioning Handbook
3. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
4. Ramesh Paranjpey, Basics of Air Conditioning
5. P.N. Ananthanarayanan, Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
6. R.S. Khurmi and J.K. Gupta, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning