• Introduction
– Motivating applications
– Enabling technologies
– Unique constraints
– Application and architecture taxonomy
I-1
Embedded Networked Sensing Potential
• Micro-sensors, on-
board processing, and
wireless interfaces all
feasible at very small
scale
– can monitor
Seismic Structure phenomena “up Contaminant
response close” Transport
• Will enable spatially
and temporally dense Ecosystems,
Marine
environmental Biocomplexity
Microorganisms
monitoring
• Embedded Networked
Sensing will reveal
previously
unobservable
phenomena
I-2
App#1: Seismic
• Interaction between ground motions and
structure/foundation response not well understood.
– Current seismic networks not spatially
dense enough to monitor structure
deformation in response to ground motion, to
sample wavefield without spatial aliasing.
• Science
– Understand response of buildings and
underlying soil to ground shaking
– Develop models to predict structure response
for earthquake scenarios.
• Technology/Applications
– Identification of seismic events that cause
significant structure shaking.
– Local, at-node processing of waveforms.
– Dense structure monitoring systems.
I-3
Field Experiment
• 38 strong-motion seismometers in 17-story steel-frame Factor Building.
• 100 free-field seismometers in UCLA campus ground at 100-m spacing
1 km
I-4
Research challenges
• Real-time analysis for rapid response.
• Massive amount of data Smart, efficient, innovative data
management and analysis tools.
• Poor signal-to-noise ratio due to traffic, construction, explosions, ….
• Insufficient data for large earthquakes Structure response must be
extrapolated from small and moderate-size earthquakes, and force-
vibration testing.
• First steps
– Monitor building motion
– Develop algorithm for network to recognize significant seismic events using
real-time monitoring.
– Develop theoretical model of building motion and soil structure by numerical
simulation and inversion.
– Apply dense sensing of building and infrastructure (plumbing, ducts) with
experimental nodes.
I-5
App#2: Contaminant Transport
• Science
– Understand intermedia contaminant
transport and fate in real systems.
– Identify risky situations before they
Water Well
become exposures. Subterranean
Soil Zone deployment.
Spill • Multiple modalities (e.g., pH, redox
Path conditions, etc.)
Volatization • Micro sizes for some applications
(e.g., pesticide transport in plant
roots).
• Tracking contaminant “fronts”.
Dissolution
• At-node interpretation of potential
Groundwater for risk (in field deployment).
I-6
ENS Research Implications
• Environmental Micro-Sensors
– Sensors capable of recognizing
phases in air/water/soil mixtures.
– Sensors that withstand
physically and chemically harsh
conditions.
– Microsensors.
Contaminant • Signal Processing
plume
– Nodes capable of real-time
analysis of signals.
– Collaborative signal
processing to expend energy
only where there is risk.
I-7
App#3: Ecosystem Monitoring
Science
• Understand response of wild populations (plants and animals) to habitats
over time.
• Develop in situ observation of species and ecosystem dynamics.
Techniques
• Data acquisition of physical and chemical properties, at various
spatial and temporal scales, appropriate to the ecosystem, species
and habitat.
• Automatic identification of organisms
(current techniques involve close-range
human observation).
• Measurements over long period of time,
taken in-situ.
• Harsh environments with extremes in
temperature, moisture, obstructions, ...
I-8
Field Experiments
• Monitoring ecosystem processes
– Imaging, ecophysiology, and
environmental sensors
– Study vegetation response to
climatic trends and diseases.
• Species Monitoring
– Visual identification, tracking,
and population measurement of QuickTime?and a
I-10
Transportation and Urban Monitoring
Disaster Response
I-11
Intelligent Transportation Project (Muntz et al.)
Smart Kindergarten Project:
Sensor-based Wireless Networks of Toys
for Smart Developmental Problem-solving Environments
(Srivastava et al)
Middleware Framework
Network Sensor Sensor Speech Database
Management Management Fusion Recognizer & Data Miner
Sensor Badge
Networked Toys
Enabling Technologies
Embed numerous distributed Network devices
devices to monitor and interact to coordinate and perform
with physical world higher-level tasks
Embedded Networked
Control system w/ Exploit
Small form factor collaborative
Untethered nodes Sensing, action
Sensing
Tightly coupled to physical world
I-15
Some Networked Sensor Node
Developments
WINS NG 2.0
UCB Mote, 2000 Sensoria, 2001
4 Mhz, 4K Ram Node development
512K EEProm, platform; multi-
128K code, sensor, dual radio,
CSMA Linux on SH4,
half-duplex RFM radio Preprocessor, GPS
Processor
I-16
Source: ISI & DARPA PAC/C Program
Sensor Node Energy Roadmap
10,000
Power COTS
1,000
(10x)
• PAC/C Baseline (.5W)
100
I-17
Source: UC Berkeley
Comparison of Energy Sources
1999
(Bluetooth 2004
Technology)
(150nJ/bit) (5nJ/bit)
Communication
1.5mW* 50uW
~ 190 MOPS
Computation
(5pJ/OP)
Assume: 10kbit/sec. Radio, 10 m range.
Large cost of communications relative to computation
continues
I-19
New Design Themes
• Long-lived systems that can be untethered and unattended
– Low-duty cycle operation with bounded latency
– Exploit redundancy and heterogeneous tiered systems
I-21
Sample Layered Architecture
Resource
constraints call
In-network: Application processing,
for more tightly
Data aggregation, Query processing
integrated layers
I-22
Systems Load/Event Metrics
Taxonomy Models
• Spatial and Temporal • Frequency • Efficiency
Scale – spatial and – System
– Extent temporal density of lifetime/System
– Spatial Density (of events resources
sensors relative to
stimulus) • Locality • Resolution/Fidelity
– Data rate of stimulii – spatial, temporal – Detection,
• Variability correlation Identification
– Ad hoc vs. engineered • Mobility • Latency
system structure – Rate and pattern – Response time
– System task variability • Robustness
– Mobility (variability in – Vulnerability to
space) node failure and
• Autonomy environmental
– Multiple sensor dynamics
modalities • Scalability
– Computational model
complexity – Over space and
time
• Resource constraints
– Energy, BW
– Storage, Computation
I-23