6.4 Parasites
Lecturer: Nico Fabian
Pharmaceutical Microbiology - Entamoeba dispar: less pathogenic, x hematophage
VI. PARASITES 2. Giardia lamblia
- “old man with eyeglasses” , teardrop
- Acquires nutrients via intimate contact - F
- Obligate vs facultative (free-living or commensal)
- Endo- vs ectoparasite
- Hosts where parasite lives
o Definitive host
Needed for sexual maturaton
o Intermediate
Development stage only
o Paratenic - Giardiasis: foul-smelling greasy diarrhea, gassy abdominal
distension
Transport, eg. cockroaches
- Dx: enterotest/ string test
- Zoonosis: animal is the normal host but may also infect humans - Transmission: fecal-oral
- Infective (transmit from 1 organism to another) vs diagnostic (manifest in 3. Cyclospora cayetanensi
specimen) stage - Watery diarrhea assoc. w/ ingestion of occysts from contaminated
- Generalization fruits & vegetables
o No effective vaccine - Trans: fecal-oral
o No practical chemoprophylaxis 4. Trichomonas vaginalis
o Affects young & underprivileged - Trans: sexual
o Most are vecor-borne - Male manifestation: trichomoniasis w/c may be asymptomatic
- Classfication - Female manifestations: trichomoniasis
o Protozoa Vaginal itching
o Helminthes Burning itching
- Immunity Frothy, yellow green discharge
o Less specific response (↑eosinophils) 5. Toxoplasma gondii
- Trans: sporulated oocyst from cat feces; undercooked meat;
o Premunition / nonsterilizing
congenital
o Antigen masking & switching related to antigenic phase variation
- *sidenote: congenital disease (TORCHES)
(exhibited in bacteria by E. coli)
Toxoplasma
Rubella
A. Protozoa Cytomegalovirus
1. Entamoeba hystolitica
HIV, Hepa B
- Cyst (infective) ↔ trophozoites (feeding form)
Syphilis
- Capable of ingesting RBC (hematophage)
- S/Sx
- Clinical manifestations
Blindness
Intestinal amoebiasis: bloody diarrhea/ dysentery
Lymphadenopathy
Extraintestinal: amoebic liver abscess
Encephalitis
- Dx: fecalysis
Seizures
- Pathogenesis: flask-shaped ulceration
MODULE 6 RAMON CORTEZA III 1OF6
Module 6.4 Parasites
6. Leishmaniasis c. P. vivax
- Trans: sandfly (sim. to Phlebovirus) - Infects Young RBC (reticulocyte) (Vata)
- Clinical manifestation - Most widespread
- Leishmania tropica - Cause enlargement of RBC
Oriental sore/ Old World Cutaneous - Capable of producing HYPNOZOITES
Lymphoid tissue of skin (cutaneous) Dormant stage that stays in the liver
a) simple, confined to bite, or b) diffused/spread Capable of causing RELAPSE malaria
- L. braziliensis
Espundia/ New World Cutaneous d. P. ovale
Skin & mucus membrane (mucocutaneous) - Infects Young RBC (reticulocyte) (vata)
- L. donovani - Most recently identified
Kala-azar/ Visceral Leishmaniasis - 48 hr Tertian malaria
Reticuloendothelial system - Produce HYPNOZOITES
7. Malaria Dormant stage that stays in the liver
- Vectore: female anopheles mosquito (night biter) Relapse malaria
- Zooprophylaxis: mag-offer ng other animal para di ikaw kagatin - Dx: thin (ID species) & thick blood smear
- Clinical features - Protective factors:
Relapsing fever (sim. to Borrelia recurrentis) o Damaged RBC disrupts reproduction of Plasmodium
Fever paroxysms (fever ↔ x fever) o Eg. G6PD, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
Fever (due to release of merozoites), chills, 8. Babesia spp
sweating) - Tick-borne (sim. to Lyme disease)
- Lifecycle - Babesiosis (w/o fever paroxysms)
1. Infected mosquito bites a person - Babesia microti: USA
2. Release sporozoites (Infective stage to humans) - Babesia divergens: Europe
3. Travel to the liver & becomes - Dx: Maltese cross formations
4. Merozoites (exoerythrocytic stage) 9. Trypanosomiasis
5. Released from the liver tissue to infect RBC as a. Trypanosoma cruzi
6. Trophozoites - Chaga’s disease
7. RBC ruptures & release merozoites w/c matures into - Vector: kissing/ reduviid/ triatomine bugs
8. Gametocytes (infective stage to mosquito) - Chagoma (inflammation at the site of inoculation)
- Plasmodium spp - (+) Romaña’s sign (unilateral edema w/ conjunctivitis
a. Plasmodium falciparum characteristic of Chaga’s disease)
- Infects Young & Old RBC (fareho) b. T. brucei
- Found in the Philippines - African sleeping sickness
- Crescent shape gametocyte T. brucei rhodesiense: acute form
- Most severe form of malaria Rhodesian or East African Sleeping
- 24 hr Quotidian malaria Sickness
b. P. malariae T. brucei gambiense: chronic form
- Infects Old RBC (Matanda) Gambian or West African Sleeping
- Patchy distribution Sickness
- 72 hr Quartian malaria - Vector: tse tse fly