BAR CHART

A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to

the values that they represent. The bars can also be plotted horizontally. Bar charts are used for
plotting discrete (or 'discontinuous') data i.e. data which has discrete values and is not
continuous. Some examples of discontinuous data include 'shoe size' or 'eye color', for which you
would use a bar chart. In contrast, some examples of continuous data would be 'height' or
'weight'. A bar chart is very useful if you are trying to record certain information whether it is
continuous or not continuous data.

Figure 1: Example of a bar chart.

Bar chart can be constructed form a different orientation whether it’s horizontal, vertical
or special orientation such as Horizontal negative bars, Horizontal positive and negative bars,
Horizontal double bars and Vertical double bars. The number of bars in the chart is from a bar to
12 bars. There are 4 bars set which is single bar, double bars, triple bars and a set of five bars.
There are also special bar charts which are 3D bar chart, combination with line charts,
combination with pie chart, combination with tables, cummulative bar charts, histogram and
Pareto chart.
 PIE CHARTS
A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating
proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central
angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with
1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns.
Together, the sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to apie which has been
sliced. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical
Breviary of 1801.

The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the
mass media. However, it has been criticized, and some recommend avoiding it, pointing out in
particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data
across different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some
cases, in particular if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than
comparing the slices among them. Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25
to 50% of the data, but in general, other plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-
graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted for representing certain information.It
also shows the frequency within certain groups of information.

Figure 2: Example of a Pie chart of populations of English native speakers.

Pie charts are common in business and journalism, perhaps because they are perceived as being
less "geeky" than other types of graph. However statisticians generally regard pie charts as a
poor method of displaying information, and they are uncommon in scientific literature. One
reason is that it is more difficult for comparisons to be made between the size of items in a chart
when area is used instead of length and when different items are shown as different
shapes. Stevens' power law states that visual area is perceived with a power of 0.7, compared to a
power of 1.0 for length. This suggests that length is a better scale to use, since perceived
differences would be linearly related to actual differences.

Further, in research performed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, it was shown that comparison by
angle was less accurate than comparison by length. This can be illustrated with the diagram to
the right, showing three pie charts, and, below each of them, the corresponding bar chart
representing the same data. Most subjects have difficulty ordering the slices in the pie chart by
size; when the bar chart is used the comparison is much easier. Similarly, comparisons between
data sets are easier using the bar chart. However, if the goal is to compare a given category (a
slice of the pie) with the total (the whole pie) in a single chart and the multiple is close to 25 or
50 percent, then a pie chart can often be more effective than a bar graph.

There are many types of pie charts. Which are:

I. Polar area pie chart
Florence Nightingale is credited with developing a form of the pie chart now known as the polar
area diagram, though there are earlier uses.André-Michel Guerry invented the "rose diagram"
form, used in an 1829 paper showing frequency of events for cyclic phenomena Léon
Lalanne later used a polar diagram to show the frequency of wind directions around compass
points in 1843. The wind rose is still used by meteorologists. The polar area diagram is similar
to a usual pie chart, except that the sectors are equal angles and differ rather in how far each
sector extends from the center of the circle, enabling multiple comparisons on one diagram.

Nightingale published her rose diagram in 1858. The name "coxcomb" is sometimes used
erroneously. This was the name Nightingale used to refer to a book containing the diagrams
rather than the diagrams themselves. It has been suggested that most of Nightingale's early
reputation was built on her ability to give clear and concise presentations of data.

II. Spie chart

A useful variant of the polar area chart is the spie chart designed by Feitelson  which permits the
comparison of a set of data at two different states. For the first state, for example time 1, the spie
chart is a normal pie chart. For the second state, the radii of the slices vary according to the
change in the values of each variable. The R Graph Gallery provides an example.
III. Multi-level pie chart
Multi-level pie chart, also known as a radial tree chart is used to visualize hierarchical data,
depicted by concentric circles. The circle in the centre represents the root node, with the
hierarchy moving outward from the center. A segment of the inner circle bears a hierarchical
relationship to those segments of the outer circle which lie within the angular sweep of the parent
segment.

IV.
Exploded pie chart
A chart with one or more sectors separated from the rest of the disk is known as an exploded pie
chart. This effect is used to either highlight a sector, or to highlight smaller segments of the chart
with small proportions.

V. 3-D pie chart

A perspective (3D) pie chart is used to give the chart a 3D look. Often used for aesthetic reasons,
the third dimension does not improve the reading of the data; on the contrary, these plots are
difficult to interpret because of the distorted effect of perspective associated with the third
dimension. The use of superfluous dimensions not used to display the data of interest is
discouraged for charts in general, not only for pie charts.

VI. Doughnut chart

A doughnut chart (also spelled donut) is functionally identical to a pie chart, with the exception
of a blank center and the ability to support multiple statistics as one.
 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Health and safety is of vital importance in our business. It is essential to provide all
personnel at our sites with a safe place to work, and we recognize that any accident is disruptive
to the running of the business. Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) is our reporting standard and is
defined as the number of Lost Time Accidents (LTAs) divided by the number of hours worked,
multiplied by 100,000.

We define a LTA as 24 hours absence from work – this is a much tighter definition than
the more usual requirement of three days. As well as incidents involving employees at all our
sites where we have operational control, we also report injuries to contractors at these plants.

It is important to provide all personnel at our sites with a safe place to work, and we seek
to minimize any injuries to our staff. In order to help us improve our understanding and
management of health and safety at our sites, we are placing an increased focus on monitoring
total recordable injuries – any accident or injury, regardless of whether or not time is lost at
work. By identifying trends, sharing lessons learned, and taking action in response to these
incidents, we aim to reduce the potential for more serious accidents.

Health and Safety within International Power plc is based on three important elements:

Safety by engineering
Safety by management
Safety by behavior

All three are supported by a comprehensive risk assessment process.

SAFETY BY ENGINEERING
It is delivered by comprehensive design reviews for new build projects, or in the case of
an acquisition; a rigorous due diligence process is carried out to identify any risks. Plants are
operated and maintained in line with applicable engineering standards with regular maintenance
programmes ensuring that the equipment is always operating within design parameters.

SAFETY BY MANAGEMENT
All International Power plc assets have formally documented management systems which
are derived from a set of corporate principles. These systems are reviewed against international
best practice and updated regularly. The majority of our assets have obtained external
accreditation of their management systems through OHSAS 18001. A process is ongoing to
ensure that our remaining assets under operational control obtain accreditation by the end of
2010.
We also ensure that anyone in a supervisory position has an externally accredited health
and safety qualification. In January 2007 the Executive Management team undertook the
Institute for Occupational Safety & Health examination for senior executives.

SAFETY BY BEHAVIOUR

Safety by engineering and management can only be effective if everyone involved

behaves in the appropriate manner, i.e. complies with the rules, looks after themselves and their
colleagues and reports unsafe conditions. To support safety by behaviour we operate a behaviour
based safety program, across the company, called 'Fresh Eyes'. The aim of 'Fresh Eyes' is that
through regular work observations by colleagues, at risk behaviour and complacency can be
identified and corrective action taken before any risks escalate into an incident.

We carry out benchmarking both internally and externally to ensure that we are
constantly up to date with international best practice.
In addition to providing a safe place of work for our employees, we also have proactive health
programmes in place at the majority of our assets. These programmes provide regular health
checks and encourage healthy lifestyles through a combination of training, health monitoring and
subsidised gym memberships.

The reporting of health and safety issues is part of the Company's regular performance
reporting and review process. Data on our health and safety performance indicators is reported
within our Annual Report.
 Figure 3: Accident frequency rate in Bar Chart.

Accident Rate
14%
33%
13% 2005

17% 23%

Figure 4: Accident frequency rate in Pie Chart.