Control
hancl@unikl.edu.my
Introduction to Process
Control
Chapter 1
2
Control Terminology
Controlled Variables (CVs) – The process variables
that are controlled. The desired value of a controlled
variable is referred to as its set point.
Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
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Control Terminology(2)
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Chapter 1 Illustrative Example: Blending system
Notation:
• w1, w2 and w are mass flow rates
• x1, x2 and x are mass fractions of component A
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Assumptions:
1. w1 is constant
2. x2 = constant = 1 (stream 2 is pure A)
3. Perfect mixing in the tank
Chapter 1
Control Objective:
Keep x at a desired value (or “set point”) xsp, despite variations in
x1(t). Flow rate w2 can be adjusted for this purpose.
Terminology:
• Controlled variable (or “output variable”): x
• Manipulated variable (or “input variable”): w2
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• Disturbance variable (or “load variable”): x1
Design Question. What value of w2 is required to have
x = xSP ?
Overall balance:
0 = w1 + w2 − w (1-1)
Chapter 1
Component A balance:
w1 x1 + w2 x2 − wx =
0 (1-2)
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Chapter 1
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Method 2. Measure x1 and adjust w2.
xSP − x1 ( t )
w2 ( t ) = w1 (1-5)
1 − xSP
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Chapter 1
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• Because Eq. (1-3) applies only at steady state, it is not clear
how effective the control law in (1-5) will be for transient
conditions.
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Classification of Control Strategies
1 x w2 FB
2 x1 w2 FF
3 x1 and x w2 FF/FB
4 - - Design change
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Justification of Process Control
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Chapter 1
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Economic Incentives - Advanced
Control
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