CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1. The Background

Obesity is a leading cause of preventable illness and death in North America.
In recent years, the number of overweight people in industrialized countries has
increased significantly, so much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has
called obesity an epidemic. In the United States, 69% of the adult population are
overweight or obese. In Canada, the self-reported data shows that 40% of men and 27%
of women are overweight, and 20% of men and 17% of women are obese.
People who are obese are at a much higher risk for serious medical conditions
such as high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and
different cancers than people who have a healthy weight.
Initially obesity was seen as a trend or lifestyle as a sign of one's success, by
having a fat body indicates that someone is living well. But now obesity has become a
serious problem because it triggers various complications of the accompanying disease.
The problem of obesity has now become a special concern of the world health agency.
Attention is not only to the amount of fat accumulated, but also to the location of
accumulation of body fat. The pattern of the spread of body fat in men and women tends
to be different. Women tend to accumulate fat in the hips and buttocks, giving a picture
like pears. hoard around the abdomen, giving an image like an apple.
This problem makes the discussion in obesity nursing care very interesting to be
adopted and studied by our group, hopefully what we write in our work can be
something that is interesting for us especially nursing students and the general public in
general.

1.2. Formulation Of The Problem

1. what is the meaning of obesity?
2. what is the cause of obesity?
3. What is the clinical manifestations of obesity?
4. What is the classification of obesity?
5. What is the complications of obesity?
6. How to prevention of obesity?

1.3. The Purpose

1. To find out the meaning of obesity.
2. To find out the cause of obesity.
3. To find out the clinical manifestations of obesity.
4. To find out the classification of obesity.
5. To find out the complications of obesity.
6. To find out how to prevent obesity.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of obesity

Obesity or obesity is defined as the excess accumulation of body fat at least 20%
of the average weight for age, sex and height. The general prognosis for improving and
maintaining poor weight loss. But the desire for a healthier lifestyle and a decrease in
risk factors associated with the threat of disease to life motivates some people to follow a
diet and weight loss program.

2.2 Causes of Obesity

Obesity can be caused by several factors such as heredity:
a. Diet
b. Medicines
c. psychosocial economy
d. Activities
e. Mindset
f. Concentration of food intake.

2.3 Clinical Manifestations of Obesity

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 Obesity can occur in all age groups, but in children usually arises before
adolescence and in adolescence, especially girls, in addition to weight increases rapidly,
also faster growth and development (it turns out if you check the age of bones), so that
eventually teenagers fast growing and mature it will have a relatively low height
compared to children of their age. Body shape, appearance and facial features of obese
people:
a. The thighs look large, especially in the proximal part, the hands are relatively small
with pointed fingers.
b. Emotional abnormalities on the face, nose and mouth are relatively small with a
double chin.
c. The abdomen, bulging and hanging similar to the pendulum of a bell, sometimes
there is a white or purple strie.
d. The forearm enlarges, the enlargement of the upper arm is usually found on the bony
and triceps.

In patients often found symptoms of emotional disturbances that may be the cause or
condition of obesity. Excessive accumulation of fat under the diaphragm and inside the
chest wall can suppress the lungs, resulting in respiratory problems and shortness of
breath, although patients only carry out mild activities. Respiratory disorders can occur
during sleep and cause temporary cessation of breathing (sleep apnea). ), so that during
the day the sufferer often feels sleepy.

Obesity can cause various orthopedic problems, including lower back pain and
worsening osteoarthritis (especially in the hip, knee and ankle area). Also sometimes
skin abnormalities are found. A person who is obese has a body surface that is relatively
narrower than his weight, so that body heat cannot be disposed of efficiently and sweats
more. Often edema (swelling due to accumulation of fluid) in the limbs and ankles.

2.4 Classification of Obesity

Obesity is classified into 3 groups:
1. Mild obesity : overweight 20-40%
2. Moderate obesity : excess weight 41-100%
3. Severe obesity : overweight> 100% (severe obesity is found in 5% of people who
are obese).
Body Mass Index (Body Mass Index, BMI)

BMI Classification

<18.5 Under normal weight

18.5–24.9 Normal
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 25.0-29.9 High normal
30.0–34.9 Obesity level 1
35.0–39.9 Obesity level 2
≥ 40.0 Obesity level 3

2.5 Complications of Obesity

An obese faces the risk of severe health problems, including:
1. Hypertension.
Addition of fat tissue increases blood flow. Increased insulin levels are associated
with salt and water retention which increases blood volume. Heart rate increases
and the capacity of blood vessels to carry blood decreases. All can increase blood
pressure.
2. Diabetes.
Obesity is the main cause of DM t2. Excess fat causes insulin resistance, and
hyperglycemia has a negative effect on health.
3. Dislipidemia.
There is an increase in levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad),
decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (good) and an increase in
triglyceride levels. Dispylidemia is at risk of developing atherosclerosis.
4. Coronary heart disease and stroke
These diseases are cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerosis.
5. Osteoarthritis.
Morbid obesity exacerbates the burden on the joints.
6. Sleep apnea.
Obesity causes a narrowing of the airway which in turn causes shortness of breath
while sleeping and heavy snoring.
7. Asthma
Children with BBL or obesity tend to experience more asthma attacks or
restrictions on physical activity.
8. fatty liver disease
Neither alcohol drinkers nor can suffer from fatty liver disease (non alcoholic
fatty liver disease = NAFLD) or non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can
develop into cirrhosis.

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 2.6 Prevention of obesity
There are several ways that can be done to prevent obesity, here are ways that can be
done:
• Stop eating before you feel full.
• Avoid consuming snacks, but replace these snacks with fruit and vegetables so as not to
eliminate the hobby.
• Avoid obesity by exercising. Exercising will also maintain your body's metabolic
system.
• It's good to reduce sweet foods.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions
Obesity (obesity) is defined as excess fat accumulation at least 25% of the
average weight for age, sex, and height. The general prognosis for improving and
maintaining poor weight loss. However, the desire for a healthier lifestyle and a reduction

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 in risk factors associated with the threat of disease to life motivates some people to
follow a diet and weight loss program. Obesity is also a pathological condition with
excessive fat accumulation than is needed for bodily functions. Nutritional problems
because excess calories are usually accompanied by excess fat and animal protein, excess
fiber and micro nutrients.
Obesity occurs because of the excess energy stored in the form of fat tissue. This
disruption of energy balance can be caused by exogenous factors (primary obesity) as
nutritional consequences (90%) and endogenous factors (secondary obesity) due to
hormonal abnormalities, syndromes or genetic defects (covering 10%).
3.2 Suggestions
With the formation of obesity papers, readers are expected to be able to
understand and study this material well.

FOREWORD

Praise and thank you. We convey the presence of GOD SWT, because with grace
and mercy we receive guidance so that we have been able to complete the task of
Obesity as a social problem which is prepared based on the material that has been
determined; The material we wrote in this paper is still minimal, because we hope
students can develop themselves to look for more incomplete material. We help with this
paper to help us learn independently and also make students more active and active in
learning. So we compiled this paper and we hope it will be useful and can help us in the
learning process, and we also thank you very much for the support of our friends and
mentors

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 A LIST OF BOOK

https://echyners.wordpress.com/2013/06/22/makalah-obesitas/

https://axa.co.id/inspirasi/cara-mencegah-dan-menghindari-obesitas/