Increase in crop yield

Nitrogen is the most important determinant of plant growth and crop yield. Farmers add nitrogen to the soil in the form
of nitrates in fertilizers. Plants lacking nitrogen show stunted growth and yellowish leaves. Plant growth and crop yield
usually increase when nitrogen is added, but too much nitrogen can also cause plant problems such as weak stems in
grain crops (lodging) and reduction of crop quality. Too much can also damage the waterways into which runoff
occurs, causing algal blooms and depleting oxygen. Matching nitrogen availability in soil solution and crop uptake
needs is critical to improving production, while avoiding over application of costly fertilizers. The model Co-Alliance
developed is aimed at ensuring that informed decisions are made for proper management of water and nitrogen
resources on a farm. The biggest advantage Co-Alliance’s model has over other NDMs is that it uses data from
localized sensors installed in the fields of their members. It is not just modeling based on static values; it is measuring
in real time. Incorporating the farmer’s in-field data when modeling improves accuracy. This real-time, accurate data
are critical to the farmer’s ability to make well-informed decisions. The model has been so successful, Co-Alliance is
considering offering it as a separate platform to their customers. Decisions Driven by Mother Nature In many cases,
critical decisions are based on which way the wind blows… and how fast it’s blowing, and the temperature and rainfall
and humidity, too.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATOR

Shivanasamudra Falls

India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world. As of 30 April 2017, India's installed utility-scale
hydroelectric capacity was 44,594 MW, or 13.5% of its total utility power generation capacity.[1] Additional smaller
hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,380 MW (1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have
been installed.[2][3] India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW at 60% load factor.[4] In the fiscal
year 2016-17, the total hydroelectric power generated in India was 122.31 TWh (excluding small hydro) with an
average capacity factor of 33%.The hydro-electric power plants at Darjeeling and Shivanasamudram were established
in 1898 and 1902, respectively. They were among the first in Asia and India has been a dominant player in global
hydroelectric power development.[5] India also imports surplus hydroelectric power from Bhutan. factor, one of the
largest in the world.[5] India also imports surplus hydro power from Bhutan. The hydro-electric powerplants
at Darjeeling and Shivanasamudra were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and were among the first in Asia.
India has been a dominant player in global hydro power development.[6]

Hydroelectric potential

Upper Indiravati power house

The economically exploitable and viable hydro potential of India is estimated to be about 148,701 MW. [7][8] In addition,
6,780 MW from small, mini, and micro hydro schemes (with capacity of less than 25 MW) are estimated to be
exploitable.[9] 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have also
been identified. The hydro power potential in central India forming part of
the Godavari, Mahanadi, Nagavali, Vamsadhara and Narmada river basins has not yet been developed on a major
scale due to potential opposition from the tribal population.
The public sector has a dominant share of 92.5% in the hydroelectric sector. National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power Company(NEEPCO), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL), THDC, NTPC-
Hydro are some of the public sector companies engaged in development of hydroelectric power in India. The private
sector owns about 7.5% out of the total 42,783 MW. This sector is expected to grow faster, however, due to
development of potential hydroelectric energy in the Himalaya mountain ranges, including northeast of India.[5] Indian
companies have also constructed hydro power projects in Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, and other countries. [5]
Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB), a state-owned enterprise in north India, has an installed capacity of 2.9
GW. The generation cost after four decades of operation is about 27 paise (0.40¢ US) per kWh.[10] BBMB is a major
source of peaking power and black start to the northern grid in India. Large reservoirs provide operational flexibility.
BBMB reservoirs annually supply water for irrigation to 12.5 million acres (51,000 km2; 19,500 sq mi) of agricultural
land of partner states, enabling the green revolution in northern India.
Drip IRRIGATION

The pressurised (drip) irrigation technology and its adoption to meet the food security with increasing water
productivity and decreasing evapotranspiration, assured the release of abundant stress of the limited water
resources. To increase the agricultural productivity to meet future food challenges and sustain the ground water
resources of Andhra Pradesh, the government has launched APMIP (Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project). APMIP
supports the farmer’s community welfare with advanced irrigation equipment installation. This case study was taken
up to evaluate and assess the performance of the drip irrigation systems in the selected farmer’s fields of some
villages of Guntur District. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the unequal discharge distribution of emitters
of drip irrigation systems and to assess the maintenance conditions of installed systems. Farmers experience
revealed that there were some maintenance problems of installed systems in their fields and economical feasibility
of these systems at filed level was not adequate. Further, the results showed that the flow variation of some drip
irrigation systems ranges from 3-8%, which was accepted (<20%).
Canal Irrigation

Canals, or navigations, are human-made channels, or artificial waterways, for water conveyance, or to
service water transport vehicles.
In most cases, the engineered works will have a series of dams and locks that create reservoirs of low speed current
flow. These reservoirs are referred to as slack water levels, often just called levels.
A canal is also known as a navigation when it parallels a river and shares part of its waters and drainage basin, and
leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while
staying in its valley.
In contrast, a canal cuts across a drainage divide atop a ridge, generally requiring an external water source above the
highest elevation.
Many canals have been built at elevations towering over valleys and other water ways crossing far below.
Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed.
The Roman Empire's Aqueducts were such water supply canals.
ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION