Exercise 31.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your

answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Line Endangered Species

1 There are three valid arguments to support the preservation of endangered species.
An aesthetic justification contends that biodiversity contributes to the quality of life
because many of the endangered plants and animals are particularly appreciated for
their unique physical beauty. The easthetic role of nature in all its diverse forms is
reflected in the art and literarure of every culture, attaining symbolic status in the
spiritual life of many groups. According to the proponents of the the easthetic
argument, people need nature in all its diverse and beautiful forms as part of the
experience of the world.

Another argument that has been put forward, especially by groups in the medical
10 and pharmacological fields, is that of ecological self-interest. By preserving all
species we retain a balance of nature that is ultimately beneficial to humankind.
Recent research on global ecosystems has been cited as evidence that every species
contributes important or even essential functions that may be necessary to the
survival of our own species. Some advocates of the ecologicalargument contend that
15 important chemical compounds derived from rare plants may containthe key to a
cure for one of the diseases currently threatening human beings. If we do not protect
other species, then we can not protect us.

Apart from human advantage in both the easthetic and ecological arguments, the
proponents of a moral justification contend that all species have the right to exist, a
20 viewpoint stared in the United Nations World Charter for Nature, created in 1982.
Furthermore, if humankind views itself as the stewards of all the creatures on Earth,
then it is incumbent upon human beings to protect them, and to ensure the continued
existence of all species. Moral justification has been extended by a movement called
“deep ecology”, the members of which rank the biosphere higher than people
because the continuation of life depend on this larger perspective. To carry their
argument to its logicalconclusion, all choices must be made for the biosphere, not
for people.

Question 1: Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. The quality of life B. The preservation of species
C. The beauty of the world D. The balance of nature
Question 2: According to the passage, what do we know from research on global
ecosystems?
A. Humans have a responsibility to nature.
B. A balance of nature is important.
 C. Nature is very diverse.
D. Nature represents spiritual values.
Question 3: The word “erspective” in the third paragraph could best be replaced by
A. event B. view C. ideal D. truth
Question 4: Which of the arguments supports animal rights?
A. Self-interest argument B. Aesthetic justification
C. Moral justification D. Ecological argument
Question 5: The author mentions all of the following as justifications for the protection
of endangered species EXCEPT
A. the right to life implied by their existence.
B. the intrinsic value of the beauty of nature.
C. the control of pollution in the biosphere.
D. the natural compounds needed for medicines.
Question 6: What does the author mean by the statement: “According to the proponents
of the the easthetic argument, people need nature in all its diverse and beautiful forms as
part of the experience of the world”?
A. The world is experienced by nature in various forms that are equally beautiful.
B. People are naturally attracted to beautiful forms rather than to different ones.
C. Nature is beautiful because it provides varied experiences for people.
D. An appreciation of the Earth requires that people have an opportunities

Question 7: The word “them” in the third paragraph refers to:

A. stewards B. humankind C. human beings D. creatures

Question 8: It can be infered from the passage that the author

A. is a member of the “deep ecology” movement.
B. does not agree with ecological self-interest.
C. supports all of the arguments to protect species.
D. participated in drafting Charter for Nature.

Question 9: The word “unique” in line 4 is closest in meaning to:

A. active B. new C. strong D. special

Question 10: Where in the passage does the author explain how rare species contribute to
the health of the human species?
A. Lines 1-3 B. new C. Line 14-17 D. Line 18-20
Exercise 32. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Line
1 During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and
participated in a large number of reform movements, including movements to
reorganize the prison system, improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant
rights to people who were denied them, and, most importantly, free slaves. Some
5 women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves. Woman like
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were feminists and abolitionists who
supported the rights of both women and blacks. A number of male abolitionists,
including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also supported the rights
of women to speak and to participate equally with men in
10 antislavery activities. Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism
offered women a previously denied entry into politics. They became involved
primarily in order to better their living conditions and improve the conditions of
others.
When the civil war ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to
15
the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to
blacks but not to women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists worked tirelessly
to influence more and more women to demand the right to vote. In 1869, the
Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but the states on the
East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before. A women’s suffrage bill had
been presented to every Congress since 1878, but it continually failed to pass until
1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.
Question 1: With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
A. The Wyoming Territory.
B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
C. Abolitionists.
D. Women’s suffrage.
Question 2: The word “ban” in line 3 most nearly means to ...
A. encourage B. publish C. prohibit D. limit
Question 3: The word “supported” in line 7 could best be replaced by...
A. disregarded B. acknowledged C. contested D. promoted
Question 4: According to the passage, why did women become active in politics?
A. To improve the conditions of life that existed at the time.
B. To support Elizabeth Cady Stanton for president.
C. To be elected to public office.
 D. To amend the Declaration of Independence.
Question 5: The word “primarily” in line 12 is closest in meaning to ...
A. above all B. somewhat C. finally D. always
Question 6: What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?
A. The Wyoming Territory was admitted to the Union.
B. A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in Congress.
C. The eastern states resisted the end of the war.
D. Black people were granted the right to vote.
Question 7: The word “suffrage” in line 16 could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. pain B. citizenship
C. freedom from bondage D. the right to vote
Question 8: What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?
A. Voting rights for blacks B. Citizenship for blacks
C. Voting rights for women D. Citizenship for women.
Question 9: The word “it” in line 16 refers to...
A. bill B. Congress C. Nineteenth Amendment D. vote
Question 10: When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?
A. after 1866 B. after 1870 C. after 1878 D. after 1920
Exercise 33. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Line Although only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is
emitted by the Sun is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that is emitted
would be enough to cause severe damage to most forms of life on Earth were it
all to reach the surface of the Earth. Fortunately, all of the Sun’s ultraviolet
5 radiation does not reach the Earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone
layer encircling the Earth in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles
above the Earth. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation
and prevents it from reaching the Earth.
Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms
10 (O3) instead of the two atoms (O2) usually found in an oxygen molecule. Ozone
forms in the stratosphere in a process that is initiated by ultraviolet radiation
from the Sun. UV radiation from the Sun splits oxygen molecules with two
atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then
joins up with an oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV radiation is also capable
15 of splitting up ozone molecules; thus, ozone is constantly forming, splitting, and
reforming in the stratosphere. When UV radiation is absorbed during the
process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach Earth and
cause damage there.
Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the Earth has been
20 diminishing. Chief among the culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone,
those that are really responsible, are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs
meander up from Earth into the stratosphere, where they break down and release
chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form
chlorine monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2). The chlorine then becomes free to
go through the cycle over and over again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy
hundreds of thousands of ozone molecules in this repetitious cycle, and the
effects of this destructive process are now becoming evident.

Question 1. According to the passage, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun ______
A. is causing severe damage to the Earth's ozone layer
B. is only a fraction of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation
C. creates electromagnetic radiation
D. always readies the Earth
Question 2. The word “encircling” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______
A. rotating B. attacking C. raising D. surrounding
Question 3. It is stated in the passage that the ozone layer ______
A. enables ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth
B. reflects ultraviolet radiation
C. shields the Earth from a lot of ultraviolet radiation
D. reaches down to the Earth
Question 4. According to the passage, an ozone molecule ______
A. consists of three oxygen molecules
B. contains more oxygen atoms than the usual oxygen molecule does.
C. consists of two oxygen atoms
D. contain the same number of atoms as the usual oxygent molecule
Question 5. The word “free'' in line 14 could best be replced by ______
A. liberal B. gratuitous C. unconnected D. emancipated
Question 6. Ultraviolet radiation causes oxygn molecules to ______.
A. rise to die stratosphere
B. burn up ozone molecules
C. split up and reform as ozone
D. rduce the number of chlorofluorocarbons
Question 7. The pronoun “it” in line 17 refers to ______
A. radiation B. process C. formation D. damage
Question 8. The word “culprits'' in in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the
following?
A. Guilty parties B. Detectives C. Group members D. Leaders
Question 9. According to the passage, what happens after a chlorine molecule reacts with
an ozone molecule?
A. The ozone breaks down into three oxygen atoms.
B. Two different molecules are created
C. The two molecules combine into one molecule.
D. Three distinct molecules result.
Question 10. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses ___________.
A. the negative results of the cycle of ozone destruction
B. where chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) come from
C. the causes of the destruction of ozone molecules
D. how electromagnetic radiation is created
Exercise 34. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Line Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the
world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginning.
This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen
years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants
5 to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates
of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these
universities graduates in the New Word were determined that their sons would
have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because
of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General
10 Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of
1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school;
this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge
after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.
When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the
15
neighboring town of Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed
half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact
that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the
college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of
the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standard, but it was
20
more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to
open the college.
Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and
it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire
faculty, with an entering freshmen class of four students. Although the staff did
expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff
consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

Question 1: The main idea of this passage is that ______________.

A. Harvard is one of the world's most prestigious universities.
B. what is today a great university started out small
C. John Harvard was key to the development of a great university
D. Harvard University developed under the auspices of the General Court of
Massachusetts
Question 2: The passage indicates that Harvard is _______________.
A. one of the oldest universities in the world B. the oldest university in the world
C. one of the oldest universities in America D. the oldest university in America
Question 3: It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the
Massachusetts colony were _________________.
A. rather well educated B.rather rich
 C. rather supportive of the English government D. rather undemocratic
Question 4: The pronoun "they" in line 9 refers to _______________.
A. Oxford and Cambridge universities B. university graduates
C. sons D. educational opportunities
Question 5: The "pounds" in the line 11 are probably ______________.
A. types of books B. college students C. units of money D. school campuses
Question 6: The “English cousin” in line 13 refers to ____________.
A. city B. relative C. person D. court
Question 7: Which of the following is NOT mentioned about John Harvard?
A. What he died of B. Where he came from
C. Where he was buried D. How much he bequeathed to Harvard
Question 8: The word “fledgling” in line 16 could be best replaced by which of the
following?
A. Newborn B. Flying C. Winged D. Established
Question 9: The passage implies that __________________.
A. Henry Dunster was an ineffective president
B. Someone else really served as president of Harvard before Henry Dunster
C. Henry Dunster spent much of his time as president managing the Harvard faculty
D. the position of president of Harvard was not merely an administrative position in
the early years
Question 10: The word "somewhat" in line 26 could best be replaced by _______
A. back and forth B. to and fro C. side by side D. more or less
Exercise 35. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Line It is often the case with folktales that they develop from actual
happenings but in their development lose much of their factual base; the story
of Pocahontas quite possibly fits into this category of folktale. This princess of
the Powhatan 5 10 15 tribe was firmly established in the lore of early
5 American and has been made even more famous by the Disney film based on
the folktale that arose from her life. She was a real-life person, but the actual
story of her life most probably differed considerably from the folktale and the
movie based on the folktale.
Powhatan, the chief of a confederacy of tribes in Virginia, had several
10 daughters, none of whom was actually named Pocahontas. The nickname
means “playful one”, and several of Powhatan’s daughters were called
Pocahontas. The daughter of Powhatan who became the subject of the folktale
was named Matoaka. What has been verified about Matoaka, or Pocahontas as
she has come to be known, is that she did marry an Englishman and that she
15 did spend time in Endland before she died there at a young age. In the spring
of 1613, a young Pocahontas was captured by the English and taken to
Jamestown. There she was treated with courtesy as the daughter of chief
Powhatan, while Pocahontas was at Jamestown, English gentleman John Rolfe
fell in love with her and asked her to marry. Both the governor of the
20 Jamestown colony and Pocahontas’s father Powhatan approved the marriage
as a means of securing peace between Powhatan’s tribe and the English at
Jamestown. In 1616, Pocahontas accompanied her new husband to England,
where she was royally received. Shortly before her planned return Virginia in
1617, she contracted an illness and died rather suddenly.
A major part of the folktale of Pocahontas that is unverified concerns
her love for English Captain John Smith in the period of time before her
capture by the British and her rescue of him from almost certain death.
Captain John Smith was indeed at the colony of Jamestown and was
acquainted with Powhatan and his daughters; he even described meeting them
in a 1612 journal. However, the story of his rescue by the young maiden did
not appear in his writings until 1624, well after Pocahontas had aroused
widespread interest in England by her marriage to an England gentleman and
her visit to England. It is this discrepancy in dates that has caused some
historians doubt the veracity of the tale. However, other historians do argue
quite persuasively that this incident did truly take place.

Question 1. The main idea of the passage is that __________.

A. folktales are often not very factual
B. Pocahontas did not really exist
C. any one of Powhatan’s daughters could have been the Pocahontas of legend
D. Pocahontas fell in love with John Smith and saved his life.
Question 2. The expression “arose from” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. developed from B. went up with C. was told during D. climbed to
Question 3. What is true about the name Pocahontas, according to the passage?
A. It was the real name of a girl named Matoaka.
B. It meant that someone was playful
C. Only one girl was known to have used this name.
D. Powhatan was one of several people.
Question 4. How was Pocahontas treated when she was held at Jamestown?
A. with respect B. with disdain C. with surprise D. with harshness
Question 5. It can be inferred from the passage that Pocahontas __________.
A. never intended to return to Virginia B. had a long marriage
C. suffered from a long illness D. did not mean to remain in England
Question 6. The word “indeed” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________.
A. therefore B. in fact C. unexpectedly D. in contrast
Question 7. The pronoun “he” in paragraph 3 refers to __________.
A. the governor B. Pocahontas C. John Smith D. Powhatan
Question 8. When did John Smith most likely meet Pocahontas?
A. In 1612 B. In 1613 C. In 1616 D. In 1624
Question 9. Why are some historians doubtful about the portion of the Pocahontas
folktale dealing with John Smith?
A. Captain John Smith probably never Pocahontas.
B. Captain John Smith was never actually in Jamestown.
C. His rescue purportedly happened while Pocahontas was in England.
D. His account of the rescue did not appear until well after the event supposedly
happened.
Question 10. The word “veracity” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________.
A. timing B. location C. understanding D. accuracy