ARELLANO UNIVESITY

SCHOOL OF LAW

Prepared by: Reynaldo G. Lopez / SY 2018-19, 2nd semester

COURSE TITLE: POLITICAL LAW REVIEW

COURSE CREDIT: 5 units
PRE-REQUISITE: All Political Law Subjects

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This 5-unit course is a review of all branches of Political Law. Constitutional Law 1 studies the
General Consideration in the Philippine Constitution, the elements of the State and the branches of the
national government while Constitutional Law 2 focuses on the Bill of Rights. The course includes
Citizenship, Laws on Public Officers, Administrative Law, Election Law, Local Governments, National
Economy and Patrimony, and Public International Law.

METHODOLOGY:

The class will be conducted through lectures, recitations, quizzes and examinations..

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

Readings and Assignments. You are expected to be familiar with the assigned readings on a week-
to-week basis and must be prepared to participate actively in class discussions. Supplementary readings and
assignments will be given every now and then to augment the schedule of Topics and Readings and to
ensure a better understanding of a specific topic.

Recitation. You will be called to recite or lead the discussion of a scheduled topic during the term.
You are expected to demonstrate during recitation both knowledge of the assigned readings and ability to
express yourself convincingly.

Mid-term/Final Examinations. You will be given two major examinations in this course. Both will
allow you to display your knowledge and familiarity to think critically and logically.

GRADING SYSTEM:

Your grade in this course will be determined on the basis of class standing (30%) which includes
quizzes and recitations, the preliminary examination (30%), and the final examination (40%).

COURSE OUTLINE:

INTRODUCTION

I. BASIC PRINCIPLES

A. Politics, Government, Administration, Power, Authority: definitions, concepts, distinctions

B. Scope of Political Law Review
1. Constitutional Law
2. Administrative Law
3. Law on Public Officers
4. Election Laws
5. Local Government
6. Public International Law

II. THE STATE

A. Concept and Definition

- Distinguished from nation

- Origin, Theories
B. Territory

1, Definition
2. Components
3. The Philippine Archipelago, Article 1

a. Article III, Treaty of Paris, Dec 10, 1898 (Spain ceded the P.I. to the U.S.)
b. US-Spain Treaty, Nov 7, 1900 (Cagayan, Sulu, and Sibutu)
c. US-Great Britain Treaty, Jan 2, 1930 (Turtle and Mangsee Islands)
d. 1935 Constitution (Batanes)
e. 1973 Constitution (territories by historic right or legal title)
f. RA 3046, Jun 17, 1961
g. RA 5446, Sep 8, 1968 (Sabah claim)
h. PD 1596, Jun 11, 1978 (other territories, claim over KIG)
i. PD 1599, Jun 11, 1978 (200 miles EEZ)
j. UNCLOS I, II and III (1994) (Archipelagic principle, right of innocent passage,
right to sea lane passage)
k. RA 9522 (demarcation of maritime zone and continental shelf under UNCLOS
III)
Cases:
- Province of North Cotabato v GRP Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, 568 SCRA
402 (2008)
- Magalona v Ermita, 655 SCRA 476 (2011)

C. People

1. Definition

As inhabitants, Article III, Sections 1 &2; Article II, Sections 15 & 16

As electors, Article VII, Section 4; Article XVI, Section 2
As citizens. Article II, Sections 1 & 4; Article III, Section 7

D. Government

1. Definition
- Government of the Republic of the Philippines defined, Sec 2 (1) Administrative Code

2. Constituent vs Ministrant functions

3. Parens Patriae
Case: Government v Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil 728 (1916)

4. De Jure government, Criteria for legitimacy

5. De facto government, kinds and characteristics
6. Classifications, Forms of governments

a. based on number of rulers

b. based on accountability to the people
c. based on the economic system
d. based on legislative-executive relations
e. based on divisions of the State

E. Sovereignty

1. Definition
2. Dual Aspect, Kinds and Characteristics
3. Dominium & Imperium
4. Effects of Change in Sovereignty
5. Effects of military occupation
6. Territorial, personal and extraterritorial jurisdiction
7. Acts of State
III. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Constitution: definition, nature and concepts

B. Parts
C. History and Background
The Philippine Revolution and the Malolos Constitution
Organic Laws under the American Period
McKinley’s Instructions (Apr 7, 1900)
Spooner Amendment (1901)
Philippine Bill of 1902
Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law (1916)
Japanese Occupation
1935 Constitution
1973 Constitution
1986 (EDSA) Revolution and the Freedom Constitution
1987 Constitution
D. Amendments and Revisions, Article XVII, Sections 1, 2 & 3
Cases:
Santiago v Comelec, 270 SCRA 106 (1997)
Lambino v Comelec, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)
E. Self-executing and non-executing provisions
F. Supremacy of the Constitution
Case: Manila Prince Hotel v GSIS, 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
G. Rules on interpretation of the Constitution

IV. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. State Immunity

1. Basis: Article XVI, Section 3

2. When is a suit against a State?

3. Express Consent

a. Money Claims arising from contract

- Act 3083
- CA 327, as amended by PD 1445
Case: UP v Dizon, 679 SCRA 54 (2012)

b. Torts committed by special agents

- NCC, Article 2180

c. Incorporated Government Agencies (Note: Unincorporated government agencies

exercising proprietary functions may be sued)

4. Implied Consent

a. Government submits itself to court’s jurisdiction

The State itself files a complaint
Cases:
- RP v Sandiganbayan, GR 85384, Feb 28, 1990
- Santiago v GRP, GR L- 48214, (87 SCRA 294), Dec 19, 1978
- DOTC v Sps. Abecina, GR 206484, Jan 29, 2016

b. Government entering into business contracts

c. When inequitable for government to claim immunity

5. Suits against municipal corporations

- RA 7160, Sections 22 & 24

6. Suits against foreign states, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunity

Cases:
- 8. Arigo v Swift, 735 SCRA 102 (2014)
- Minucher v CA, GR 142396, Feb 11,2003
- Rep. of Indonesia v Vinzon, GR 154705, Jun 26, 2003
- ATCI v Echin, GR 178551, Oct 11, 2010
 7. Suits International Agencies, Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of Specialized
Agencies of the United Nations

Case:

8. Suits against public officers; exceptions

B. Delegation of powers

1. Rule, Maxim
2. Exceptions

a. By direct constitutional grant

- Tariff powers to the President, Article VI, Section 28 (2)

- Emergency powers to the President, Article VI, Section 23 (2); Article XII,
Section 12
- Rule making power to the Supreme Court, Article VIII, Section 5 (5)
- Delegation to local government units, Article X, Section 5
- Rule making powers of the Constitutional Commissions, Article IX-A,
Section 6; Article IX-C, Section 3; Article IX-D, Section 2
(2)
- Delegation to Commission on Human Rights, Article XIII, Section 18

b. By legislative grant
- Delegation to administrative bodies (rule-making power)
Case: 12. NPC Drivers and Mechanical Association v Napocor, 503
SCRA 138 (2006)
- Delegation to local government units (ordinances as subordinate
legislation)
Case: Sema v Comelec, 558 SCRA 700 (2008)
- Police Power: Two Branches: Police Power Proper & General
Welfare Clause
Cases:
- US v Salaveria, 39 Phil 102
- 15. Fernando v St. Scholastica-s College, GR 161107
(2013)
- Eminent Domain: Genuine Necessity of Taking
- Taxation: Expressly granted by law

3. Tests for due delegation of power; Case: Pelaez v Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)
a. Completeness Test
b. Sufficient Standard Test

C. Separation of powers / Checks and Balance

Cases:
- Belgica v Ochoa, Jr., 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
-Mendoza v People, 659 SCRA 681 (2011)
V. STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES, Article II

A. Preamble
1. Nature, purpose and aims

B. Principles

1. Democratic and Republican State, Article II, Section 1

a.. Manifestations of Democracy and Republicanism
- Rule of the majority
- Rule of law
- Elections through popular will
- Existence of bill of rights

2. Adoption of International Law, Article II , Section 2

a. Renunciation of war
b. Incorporation Clause
Case: Deutsche Bank AG Manila Branch v CIR, 704 SCRA 216 (2013)
c. Adherence to peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, amity with nations

3. Civilian supremacy; Role of the military, Article II , Section 3

a. Commander-in-chief clause, Article VII, Section 18
b. AFP in active service, Article XVI, Section 5 (4)
c. Respect for people’s rights Article XVI, Section 5 (2)

4. Duty and Role of Government, Article II , Sections 4 and 5

5. Separation of Church and State, Article II , Section 6

a. Freedom of Religion, Article III, Section 5
Case: Republic v Manalo, GR 221029, Apr 4, 2018
b. Political party ban on sects, Article IX-C, 2 (5)
c. No sectoral representative from religious sector, Article VI, Section 5 (2)
d. Tax exemption of churches, Article VI, Section 28 (3)
e. Non appropriations for sects; exemptions, Article VI, Section 29 (2)
f. Optional religious instruction, Article XIV, Section 3 (3)
g. Filipino ownership for schools; exceptions, Article XIV, Section 4 (2)
C. Policies

1. Independent foreign policy and nuclear free Philippines, Article II, Sections 7-8
a. Foreign military bases, Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25

2. Just and dynamic social order

a. Social justice, Article II, Section 10, Article XII, Sections 1 (2)
b. Respect for human dignity and human rights, Article XIII, Sections 1, 17-19
c. Role of women; Fundamental equality of women and men, Article II, Section 14;
Article XIII, Section 14
- RA 9262 – Anti Violence Against Women and their Children (2004)
Case: Garcia v Drilon, 699 SCRA 352 (2013)
d. Independent people’s organization, Article II , Section 23; Article XIII, Sections
15-16
e. Priority of education, science, technology, arts vulture and sports, Article II,
Section 23; Article XIII, Sections 15-16; Article XIV, Sections 1-19
f. Urban land reform and housing, Article XIII, Sections 9-10
- RA 7279 – Urban Development and Housing Act
g. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources, Article II, Section 21, Article
XIII, Sections 4-8
- PD 27 – Land Reform Act
- RA 6657 -Comprehensive and Agrarian Reform Law (1998)
h. Protection to labor, Article II, Section 18; Article XIII, Section 3
- PD 442 – Labor Code of the Philippines
i. Promotion of health and ecology, Article II, Sections 15 and 16; Article XIII,
Section 11
Case: Oposa v Factoran, GR 101083 (1993)
- RA 7277 – Magna Carta for Disabled Persons
j. Self-reliant and independent economic order, Article II, Sections 19-20
k. Role of the private sector, Article II, Section 20
 l. Role of People’s Organizations, Article II, Section 23; Article XIII, Sections 15-16

3. The family and role of the youth, Article II, Sections 12 and 13, Article XV, Sections 1-4
a. Family as a basic autonomous social institution
- EO 209 – Family Code of the Philippines
- Republic v Albios, 707 SCRA 584 (2013)
- PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code
- RA 7610 - Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act
- RA 9262 – Anti Violence Against Women and their Children (2004)
b. Protection of the mother and the unborn
- RA 10354 – Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood Act (2012)
Case: Imbong v Ochoa, 721 SCRA 146 (2014)
c. Natural and primary right and duty of parents

4. Communication and information in nation building, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 1—
11; Article XVIII, Section 23; EO 02 (2016)

5. Rights of indigenous cultural communities, Article II , Section 22; Article VI, Section 5
(2); Article XII, Section 5; Article XIII, Section 6; Article XIV, Section 17;
Article XVI, Sec 12;
- RA 8371 - Indigenous People’s Rights Act (1997)

6. Honest public service, Article II, Sections 27-28

a. Ombudsman, Article XI, Sections 4-6
b. Full public disclosure, Article II , Section 28
c. SALN, Article XI, Sections 17
- RA 3019 – Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
d. President’s health, Article VII, Section 12
e. Publication of loan applications, Article VII, Section 20
f. Public foreign loans, Article XII, Section 21
g. Contracts with foreign groups, Article XII, Section 2 (5)
h. Conflict of Interest, books of account, Article VII, Sections 12 and 20
i. COA annual report, Article IX-D, Section 4
j. Right to information, Article III, Section 7
k. Equality of opportunity; political dynasty, Article II, Section 26
Case: Ang Ladlad v Comelec, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
- RA 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials
and Employees (1989)

7. Autonomy of local governments, Article II, Section 25; Article X; RA 7160 (LGC)
a. Kinds of Autonomy: Administrative Autonomy v Political Autonomy
Case: Limbona v Conte Mangelin, 170 SCRA 786
b. Devolution, Section 17, RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991
c. Deconcentration of powers, Section 528, RA 7160
VI. CITIZENSHIP, Article IV

A. Definition, importance, distinguished from nationality

B. Rights and duties of a citizen
C. Modes of acquiring citizenship Article IV, Section 3
1. Involuntary: by birth (natural born citizen); Principles governing them
a. jus soli
b. jus sanguini, Article IV, Section 2
2. Voluntary: by naturalization (naturalized citizen)
a. Direct naturalization
- Judicial naturalization; CA 63, CA 473, RA 530
- Substantive requirements: Qualifications & Disqualifications
- Procedural requirements
Case: So v RP, 513 SCRA 267 (2007)
- Administrative naturalization; RA 9139 (2001)
- Substantive requirements: Qualifications & Disqualifications
- Procedural requirements
- Legislative naturalization
- Special naturalization laws
- Mass naturalization law; Philippine Bill of 1902
- General law of naturalization; LOI 270 (1978)
b. Derivative naturalization
- wife, minor children. Alien woman upon marrying a Filipino
D. Modes of losing citizenship, Article IV, Section 3
1. Involuntary
a. by denaturalization (cancellation of certificate of naturalizarion)
b. found by final judgment to be a deserter of war
2. Voluntary
a. by expatriation
- by naturalization in a foreign country
- by express renunciation of Philippine citizenship, Article Iv, Section 4
- by taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country; exception: Doctrine of
Indelible Allegiance
E. Modes of reacquiring citizenship
1. by naturalization
2. by repatriation
a. Commonwealth Act 63 (deserted AFP)
b. RA 965 (1963) (served Allied Forces in World War II)
c. RA 2630 (1960) (deserted US Armed Forces)
d. PD 725 (natural born Filipinos who lost citizenship)
e. RA 8171 (1995) (lost citizenship due to marriage, politics or economics)
- how is repatriation accomplished?
f. RA 9225 (Sep 17, 2003) (Citizenship Retention and Acquisition Act of 2003)
- Effect of acquisition of foreign citizenship before RA 9225
- Effect of acquisition of foreign citizenship under RA 9225
Cases:
- Mercado v Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999)
- Maquiling v Comelec, 696 SCRA 420 (2013) & 700 SCRA 367
(2013)
- David v Agbay, GR 1991113, Mar 18, 2015
2. By law (direct act of Congress)
F. Who are citizens of the Philippines? Article IV, Section 1
1. Filipino citizens before the 1987 Constitution
a. citizens under the 1973 Constitution
b. citizens under the 1935 Constitution
c. citizens under the Philippine Bill of 1902
2. those born with Filipino father or mother
3. those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the 1935 Constitution
a. elect Philippine citizenship under the 1935 Constitution
b. elect Philippine citizenship under the 1973 Constitution
c. elect Philippine citizenship under the 1987 Constitution
d. Procedure in electing Philippine citizenship; CA 625
Case: Republic v Sagun, 666 SCRA 321 (2012)
4. naturalized Filipino citizens under the 1987 Constitution
a. direct naturalization
G. Dual / Multiple citizenship; effects; RA 9225 (2003)
 a. how acquired: by birth, by naturalization
b. dual citizenship distinguished from dual allegiance, Article IV, Section 5
VII. SUFFRAGE, Article V; ELECTION LAWS

A. Definition, nature
B. Scope
1. Election
- Batas Pambansa 881, Omnibus Election Code (1985)
2. Plebiscite, Article X, Sections 10, 11, 18
3. Initiative, Article XVII, Section 2;
- RA 6735, Initiative and Referendum Act
- RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991, Sections 120-126
- Limitations on local initiative, Section 124
- Limitations upon the Sanggunian , Section 125
4. Referendum, Article VI, Section, 32; RA 7160 Sections127
5. Recall, Article X, Section 3; RA 7160, Section 69-75
- Prohibition from resignation, Section 73
- Limitations on Recall, Section 74
C. Qualifications and disqualifications of voters, Article V, Section 1
- RA 8189 – Voter’s Registration Act (1996)
D. Secrecy and sanctity of the ballot, Article V, Section 2
- RA 9369 – Election Automation Law
E. System of Absentee voting, Article V, Section 2;
- RA 9189 – Overseas Absentee Voting Act (2003)
- RA 7166 – (Synchronized Elections), Section 12 – Absentee Voting for AFP, PNP and
government employees assigned to places where they are not registered
voters
 THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

VIII. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, Article VI

A. Who may exercise legislative power, Article VI, Section 1

1. Congress
2. Regional / local legislative power
3. People’s Initiative on Statutes
a. Initiative and Referendum
4. The President under a martial law rule or in a revolutionary government

B. Houses of Congress: Composition, Qualification and Term of Office

1.Senate, Article VI, Sections 2-4

2. House of Representatives, Article VI , Sections 5-8

a. District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment

Cases:
- Aquino III v Comelec, 617 SCRA 623 (2010)
- Alaba v Comelec, 611 SCRA 147 (2010)
- Naval v Comelec, 729 SCRA 299 (2014)
- Bagabuyo v Comelec, 573 SCRA 290 (2008)
- Reyes v Comelec, 699 SCRA 522 (2013) and 708 SCRA 197 (2013)

b. Party-list System, RA 7941

Cases:
- BANAT v Comelec, 586 SCRA 210 (2009) and 592 SCRA 294 (2009)
- Atong Paglaum, Inc. v Comelec, 694 SCRA 477 (2013)
- Coalition of Asso. of Senior Citizens in the Phil. v Comelec, 201 SCRA 786 (2013)
- Lico v Comelec, GR 205505, Sep 29, 2015
- Abang Lingkod v Comelec, 708 SCRA 133 (2013)
- Akbayan v HRET, 612 SCRA 375 (2010)

3. Election:

a. Regular election, Article VI , Section 8

b. Special election, Article VI , Section 9

4. Organization and Sessions

a. Election of officers, Article VI , Section 16 (1)

b Rules of proceedings, Article VI , Section 16 (3) and 21
c. Journal and Record, Article VI , Section, 16 (4)
- Journal v Enrolled Bill
- Congressional Record, Article VI , Section 16 (4) par. 2
d. Regular, Special and Joint Sessions
e. Salaries, Article VI , Section 10, Article XVIII, Section 17

C. Qualifications, Privileges, Inhibitions and Disqualifications

1. Age, Citizenship, Residence, Literacy and other Qualifications

Case; Deavid vs Poe-LLamanzares, GR 221538, Sep 20, 2016
2. Freedom from arrest, Article VI , Section 11; Privileged Speech and Debate Clauses,
Section 11
3. Incompatible and Prohibited Offices, Article VI , Sections 13, 14
Case: Liban v Gordon, 593 SCRA 68 (2009) and 639 SCRA 709 (2011)
4. Duty to disclose, Article XI, Section 17, Article VI, Sections 12, 20

D. Quorum and voting majorities, Article VI, Section 16 (2)

E. Discipline of members, Article VI , Section 16 (3)

Case: Pobre v Defensor-Santiago, 597 SCRA 1 (2009)
F. Powers of Congress

1. Legislative
a. Legislative Inquiry and Oversight Functions, Article VI , Sections 21 & 22
Cases:
- Makalintal v Comelec, GR 157013, Jul 10, 2003
- Abakada group Party List v Purisima, GR 166715, Aug 14, 2008
b. Bicameral Conference Committee
c. Limitations on legislative power
- Limitation on Revenue, Appropriations and Tariff Measures
- Presidential Veto and Congressional Override
- Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws

d. Passage of laws
- Requirement as to bills
- As to titles of bills, Article VI, Section 26 (1)
Case: Imbong v Ochoa, 721 SCRA 146 (2014)
- How does a bill become a law?
- Effectivity of laws, NCC, Article 2

2. Non-legislative

a. National Board of Canvassers, Article VI, Section 4 (4)

b. Calling for special election, Article VI, Section 10
c. Decide temporary disability of the President, Article VI, Section 11
d. Veto or extension of habeas corpus and martial law, Article VI, Section 18
e. Approval of amnesty, Article VI, Section 19
h. Senate concurrence in treaties, Article VI, Section 21
i. Declaring a state of war or national emergency, Article VI, Section 23
j. Utilization of natural resources, Article XII, Section 2
k. Constituent assembly to amend or revise the Constitution, Article XVII, Sections
2-4
l. Initiate impeachment, Article XI, Section 2
m. HRET and SET, Article VI, Section 17
n. Commission on Appointments, Article VI, Section 18
o. Approve national budget Article VI, Section 25
p. JBC (one seat)
r. Informing power
Cases:
- Belgica v Ochoa, Jr. 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
- Abakada Guro Party List v Purisima, 562 SCRA 251 (2008)

IX. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, Article VII

A. The President

1. Qualifications, election, term and oath, Article VII, Sections 1, 4 & 5

Case: Macalintal v PET, 635 SCRA 783 (2010), 651 SCRA 239 (2011)
2. Privileges, Prohibition, Inhibitions and Disqualifications, Article VII, Sections 6, 13
Case: Pormento v Estrada, 629 SCRA 530 (2010)
3. Presidential immunity

B. Powers and Functions

1. Executive and administrative powers in general

2. Power of appointment and removal, Article VII, Sections 13-16
a. In general
Cases:
- Funa v Ermita, 612 SCRA 308 (2010)
- Funa v Agra, 691 SCRA 196 (2013)
b. Commission on Appointments confirmation
- permanent or temporary
- regular or ad interim
c. Midnight appointments
 Cases:
- De Castro v JBC, 615 SCRA 666 (2010)
- Velicaria-Garafil v O.P. GR 203372, Jun 16, 2015
3. Power of control and supervision, Article VII, Section 17
a. Doctrine of qualified political agency / alter ego principle
Cse: Hontiveros-Baraquel v Toll Regulatory Board, GR 181293, Feb 23, 2015
b. Executive departments and offices
c. General supervision over local government units, Article X
- Direct and indirect supervision, RA 7160, Local Government Code of 1991
4. Military powers (Commander-in Chief), Article VII, Section 18; Article II, Section 15;
Article VIII, Section 1 (2)
a. calling out power
b. Habeas Corpus
c. Martial law

Cases:
- Kulayan v Tan, 675 SCRA 482 (2012)
- Ampatuan v Puno, 651 SCRA 228 (2011)
- Fortun v Macapagal-Arroyo 668 SCRA 504 (2012)
- Lagman v Medialdea, GR 231658, Jul 4, 2017
5. Pardoning powers, Section 19, Article IX-C, Section 5
a, Nature and limitations
Cases:
- Monsanto v Factoran, Jr., 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
- Risos-Vidal v Comelec, 747 SCRA 210 (2015)
b. Forms of executive clemency
6. Diplomatic power (Treaty making), Article XII, Section 21
Cases:
- Saguisag v Ochoa, Jr. GR 212426 and 212444, Jan 12, 2016
- Bayan v Executive Secretary, GR 138570, Oct 10, 2000
- Treaty vs Executive Agreement
7. Powers relative to revenue, appropriation and tariff measures; Limitations Article Vi,
Sections 24 & 25
Case: Araullo v Aquino III, 728 SCRA 1 (2014) and 749 SCRA 284 (2015)
8. Borrowing power, Article VII, Section 20
9. Budgetary power, Article VII, Section, 22
10. Informing power, Article VII, Section 23
11. Delegated powers
a. Emergency power, Article VI, Section 23 (2)
b. Tariff power, Article VI, Section 28 (2)
12. Veto powers, Article VI, Section 27
13. Residual powers
14. Executive privilege
Case: Neri v Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and
Investigations, 549 SCRA 77 (2008) and 564 SCRA 152 (2008)

C. Rules of Succession
1. President, Article VII
a. Before assumption of office
b. Upon assumption of office
c. temporary incapacity
2. Vice President, Article VII, Sections 3, 7-9

X. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT, Article VIII

A. Judicial Power
1. Adjudicatory power
a. Involving rights legally demandable, Article VIII, Section 5 (1)
b. Affecting ambassadors, public ministers and consuls
c. PET = SC
2. Judicial Review
a. Acts of Judicial Department: lower courts, Article VIII , Section 5 (2)
b. Acts of Executive Department
c. Acts of Legislative Department
d. Requisites for Judicial Review of a constitutional issue
1. Actual case or controversy;
- justiciable question)
 - not moot and academic; exceptions
- ripe for judicial action

2. Issue must be raised by proper party (locus standi); exceptions

Cases:
- Resident Mammals v Reyes, GR 180771, Apr 21, 2015; (Epistolary
Jurisdiction)
- Oposa v Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993) (Intergenerational rights)
3. Issue must be raised at the earliest opportunity; exceptions
4. Necessity of deciding the constitutional question (lis mota)
e. Functions of Judicial Review
f. Judicial Restraint; Limitations on the exercise of Judicial Review
3. Incidental powers

B. Rule-Making Powers, Article VIII, Section 6 (5)

1. Protection and enforcement of constitutional rights
2. Pleading, practice in all courts
3. Admission to the practice of law
4. IBP: discipline and practice of law
5. Legal assistance to the underprivileged

C. Auxiliary Administrative Powers

1. Detailing of lower court judges, Article VIII , Section 5 (3)
2. Change of venue or place of trial, Article VIII , Section 5 (4)
3. Power of appointment, Article VIII , Section 5 (6)
4. Discipline lower court judges, Article VIII , Section 11
5. Administrative supervision over all courts and court personnel, Article VIII , Section 6
6. Fiscal autonomy, Article VIII , Section 3
7. Annual report, Article VIII , Section 16
8. Supervision of JBC, Article VIII , Section 8 (5)
9. Plenary powers over the bar, Article VIII , Section 8 (5)
10. Supervisory power over IBP, Article VIII , Section 8 (5)

D. Concepts, definitions, distinctions

1. Political v Justiciable Question
Case: Ocampo v Enriquez, GR 225973, Nov 8, 2016
2. Ministerial v Discretionary Functions
3. Judgment v Discretion
4. Substantive v Procedural Law
Case: People v Teng Moner y Adam, GR 202206, Mar 5, 2018
5. Substantive v Procedural Rights
6. Facial Challenge v As Applied Challenge
a. Void for Vagueness Doctrine
b. Overbroad Doctrine
Cases:
- Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network, Inc. v Anti-Terrorism Council. 632
SCRA 146 (2010)
- Estrada v Sandigabnayan, GR 148560, Nov 19, 2001

E. Effects of declaration of unconstitutionality of law / act

1. Orthodox v Modern View
2. Operative Fact Doctrine
Case: Araullo v Aquino III, 728 SCRA 1 (2014) and 749 SCRA 284 (2015)

F. Modes of review and other judicial actions

G. Jurisdiction and Organization of courts

1. SC: en banc v division cases
2. General v Limited jurisdiction
3. Original v Appellate jurisdiction
4. Exclusive v Concurrent jurisdiction
5. Criminal v Civil jurisdiction
6. Regular v Special courts; Quasi-judicial bodies

H. Additional functions and powers for the Chief Justice

a. Presiding officer in the Impeachment court, Article XI, Section 3 (6)
b. Chair, Judicial and Bar Council, Article VIII, Section 8
 c. Chair, Presidential Electoral Tribunal, Article VII, Section 4
d. Supervisory powers over all Justices and Judges, Article VIII, Section 6
e. Control & supervision over all officials & employees of Judiciary, Article VIII, Section 6

I. Safeguards of Judicial Independence

- Re: COA Opinion on the Appraised Value of the Properties Purchased for the retired
Chief/Associate Justices of SC, 678 SCRA 1 (2012)
- Re: Request for Guidance/Clarification on Section 7, Rule 111, RA 10154 requiring
government employees to secure a clearance of pendency/non-pendency of cases
from CSC, 706 SCRA 502 (2013)
- Re: Save the SC Judicial Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v Abolition of
Judiciary development Fund (JDF) and Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy
UDK-15143, Jan 21, 2015

J. Appointments to the Judiciary

Cases”
- Chavez v JBC, 676 SCRA 579 (2012 and 696 SCRA 496 (2013)
- Jardeleza v Sereno, 733 SCRA 279 (2014) and Resolution, GR 213181, Jan 21, 2015
- Villanueva v JBC, GR 211833, Apr 7, 2015

K. Judicial Privilege
Case: Re: Petition for recognition of the exemption of the GSIS from payment of legal fees,
612 SCRA 193 (2010)

XI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL

BODIES/AGENCIES

A. CSC, COA, COMELEC, Article IX, A, B, C, D

1. Powers and Functions
2. Qualifications and Disqualifications
3. Jurisdiction
4. Appointment and Terms of Office
5. Prohibited offices and interests
6. Salary
7. Removal
8. Fiscal Autonomy
9. Submission of Reports
10. Rule-Making powers
11. Review of final orders, resolutions and decisions
a. Rendered in the exercise of quasi-judicial functions
b. Rendered in the exercise of administrative functions
Cases:
- Funa v Villar, 670 SCRA 579 (2012)
- Funa v Duque III, 742 SCRA 166
- Dela Llana v Chairman, COA, 665 SCRA 176 (2012)
- Capablanca v CSC, GR 179370, Nov 19, 2009

B. Economic Agencies
1. BSP, Article XII, Sections 20, 21
2. NEDA, Article XII, Sections 9, 10

C. National Commissions
1. Commission on Human Rights (CHR), Article XIII, Sections 17-19
2. National Language Commission (Komisyon ng Wikang Pambansa), Article XIV, Section 9
3. National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM), Article XVI, Section 6
- RA 6975 – Establishing PNP under DILG
4. National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP), Article XII, Section 5; Article XIV,
Section 17, Article XVI, Section 12
- RA 8371 – Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

D. Anti-Graft Bodies
1. Sandiganbayan, Article XI, Section 4
- PD 1606, Section 4 – Jurisdiction of Sandiganbayan
2. Ombudsman, PD 1630 (1979); RA 6770 (1989)
Case: Caoibes v Ombudsman, GR 132177, Jul 19, 2001