Slide Set-2

Slide Set-2
Statics of Particles
1. Learning Objectives
2 Resultant of two forces
2.
3. Vectors
4. Addition of vectors
5. Resultant of several concurrent
forces
6. Rectangular Components of a
force
7. Adding forces by summing X
p
and Y components
Engineering Mechanics I– ENGG*1210 (Winter 2010) Instructor: Fantahun M. Defersha
Learning Objectives
z The objective of studying “statics of particles” is to

investigate the effects of forces on particles:
1
1. Replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single
equivalent or resultant force,
2. Relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a state of
equilibrium.
equilibrium
z Note:
¾ The focus on p
particles does not imply
p y a restriction to very
y small
bodies.
¾ Rather, the study is restricted to analyses in which the size and
shape
p of the bodies is not significant
g so that all forces may
y be
assumed to be applied at a single point.
Statics of Particles Slide 1

Resultant of two forces
z Experimental evidence shows that the

combined effect of two forces may be
represented by a single resultant force.
z The resultant is equivalent to the
diagonal of a parallelogram which
contains the two forces in adjacent legs.
(Parallelogram Law of Addition of
Forces)
z Forces do not obey the rules of addition
defined in ordinary arithmetic or algebra
(e.g., two forces acting at a right angle
to each other, one 4N and the other 3N,
add up to a force 5N,
5N not to a force 7N)

Vectors
z Vector:
¾ parameters possessing magnitude and direction which add
according to the parallelogram law.
law
¾ Examples: Force, displacements, velocities, accelerations,

momentum.
z Scalar:
¾ parameters possessing magnitude but not direction.
¾ Examples: mass, volume, temperature

Addition of Vectors
z Parallelogram Law

Addition of Vectors
z Triangle rule for vector addition

¾ Directly derived from the parallelogram law
• Law of cosines,
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
C r r r
R= P+Q
B
• Law of sines,,
C
sin A sin B sin C
= =
Q R A
• Vector addition is commutative,

r r r r
B P+Q =Q+ P

Addition of three or more Vectors
z Addition of three or more vectors can be performed through

repeated application of the triangle rule

Addition of three or more Vectors – Cont…
z The polygon rule for the addition of three or more vectors

¾ Equivalent to the repeated application of the triangle rule

Product of a Scalar and a Vector
z We define a product kP of a scalar k and a vector P as a vector the

same direction as P (if k is positive), or a direction opposite to that
of P (if k is negative) and a magnitude equal to the product of P
(magnitude of P) and the absolute value of k

Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
z Concurrent forces:
¾ Set of forces which all pass through the same point.
z A set of concurrent forces applied to a particle may be
replaced by a single resultant force which is the vector sum
of the applied forces.

Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the
same direction as P and Q and
lengths in proportion. Graphically
evaluate the resultant which is
equivalent in direction and
proportional in magnitude to the
diagonal.
The two forces act on a bolt at A.

Determine their resultant.
• Trigonometric solution - use the
triangle rule for vector addition in
conjunction with the law of
cosines and law of sines to find
the resultant.

Sample Problem 2.1 – Cont…
• Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides

equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The
magnitude and direction of the resultant or of
the diagonal to the parallelogram are
measured,
R = 98 N α = 35°
• Graphical
p solution - A triangle
g is drawn with P
and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude
and direction of the resultant or of the third side
of the triangle are measured,
R = 98 N α = 35°

Sample Problem 2.1

• Trigonometric solution - Apply the
triangle rule. From the Law of Cosines,
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
= (40N )2 + (60N )2 − 2(40N )(60N )cos 155°
R = 97.73N
From the Law of Sines,

sin A sin B
=
Q R
Q
sin A = sin B
R
60N
= sin 155°
97.73N
A = 15.04°
α = 20° + A
α = 35.04°
Rectangular Components of a Force
z In many cases, it is desirable to resolve a force into two

components which are perpendicular to each other
r r r
F = Fx + F y
Fx = F cosθ
i θ
Fy = F sin
F = Fx2 + Fy2

Rectangular Components of a Force -- Unit Vectors
r r
• Define perpendicular unit vectors i and j which are parallel to the
x and y axes.

Unit Vectors – Cont…
Vector components may be expressed as products of the unit vectors

with the scalar magnitudes of the vector components.
r r r
F = Fx i + Fy j

Addition of Forces by Summing x and y Components
z When three or more forces are to be added, no practical

trigonometric solution can be obtained from the force
polygon which defined the resultant of the forces
z In this case, an analytical solution of the problem is to

resolve the forces into x and y components and
¾ Obtained the x component of the result force by summing all the

x components of the forces acting on the particle and
¾ Obtained the y component of the result force by summing all the

y components of the forces acting on the particle

Cont….
Forces acting on Resolve each

particle A (given) force in to x and y
components
Note
N t th
thatt Sx
and Qy are
negative
Cont…
Obtain the x and y components of the resultant force

by summing the x and the y components,
respectively,
ti l off all
ll the
th forces
f acting
ti on the
th particle
ti l
−1 Ry
R= R x2 + R y2 θ = tan
Rx
r r r r r r r r
R x i + R y j = Px i + Py j + Qx i + Q y j + S x i + S y j
r
(
= ( Px + Qx + S x )i + Py + Q y + S y j
r
)
Sample Problem 2.3
Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

resultant of the force on the bolt.

Sample Problem 2.3 – Solution

• Resolve each force into
rectangular components.
force mag x − comp y − comp
r
F1 150 + 129.9 + 75.0
r
F2 80 − 27.4 + 75.2
r
F3 110 0 − 110.0
r
F4 100 + 96.6 − 25.9
R x = +199.1 R y = +14.3
• Determine the components of the resultant by

adding the corresponding force components.

Cont…
• Calculate the magnitude and direction.
R = 199.12 + 14.32 R = 199.6 N

14.3 N
tan α = α = 4.1°
199.1 N

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Slide Set-2

z The objective of studying “statics of particles” is to

Statics of Particles Slide 1

Resultant of two forces

z Experimental evidence shows that the

Statics of Particles Slide 2

¾ Examples: Force, displacements, velocities, accelerations,

Statics of Particles Slide 3

Statics of Particles Slide 4

z Triangle rule for vector addition

• Vector addition is commutative,

Statics of Particles Slide 5

Addition of three or more Vectors

z Addition of three or more vectors can be performed through

Statics of Particles Slide 6

Addition of three or more Vectors – Cont…

z The polygon rule for the addition of three or more vectors

Statics of Particles Slide 7

Product of a Scalar and a Vector

z We define a product kP of a scalar k and a vector P as a vector the

Statics of Particles Slide 8

Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces

Statics of Particles Slide 9

Sample Problem 2.1

The two forces act on a bolt at A.

Statics of Particles Slide 10

Sample Problem 2.1 – Cont…

• Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides

Statics of Particles Slide 11

Sample Problem 2.1

From the Law of Sines,

Rectangular Components of a Force

z In many cases, it is desirable to resolve a force into two

Statics of Particles Slide 13

Rectangular Components of a Force -- Unit Vectors

Statics of Particles Slide 14

Unit Vectors – Cont…

Vector components may be expressed as products of the unit vectors

Statics of Particles Slide 15

Addition of Forces by Summing x and y Components

z When three or more forces are to be added, no practical

z In this case, an analytical solution of the problem is to

¾ Obtained the x component of the result force by summing all the

¾ Obtained the y component of the result force by summing all the

Statics of Particles Slide 16

Forces acting on Resolve each

Obtain the x and y components of the resultant force

Sample Problem 2.3

Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

Statics of Particles Slide 19

Sample Problem 2.3 – Solution

• Determine the components of the resultant by

Statics of Particles Slide 20

• Calculate the magnitude and direction.

R = 199.12 + 14.32 R = 199.6 N

Statics of Particles Slide 21

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