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IEEE Standard Definitions of

Basic Per-Unit Quantities for
Alternating-Current Rotating Machines

April 29, 1975 SH10868

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 IEEE
Std 86-1975
(Revision of
IEEE Std 86-1961)

IEEE Standard Definitions of

Basic Per-Unit Quantities for
Alternating-Current Rotating Machines

Sponsor
Rotating Machinery Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

© Copyright 1975 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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 Approved May 30,1974

IEEE Standards Board

Joseph L. Koepfinger, Chairman Warren H. Cook, Vice-Chairman
Sava I. Sherr, Secretary
Jean Jacques Archambault Irvin N. How ell, Jr Harvey C. Nathanson
Saul Aronow Irving Kolodny James D. M. Phelps
Robert D. Briskman William R. Kruesi Saul W. Rosenthal
Dale R. Cochran Benjamin J. Leon Gustave Shapiro
Louis Costrell Anthony C. Lordi Ralph M. Showers
Charles W. Flint Donald T. Michael Robert A. Soderman
Jay Forster Voss A. Moore William T. Wintringham
William S. Morgan

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 Foreword
(This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 86-1975, IEEE Standard Definitions of Basic Per-Unit Quantities for Alter-
nating-Current Rotating Machines.)
When machine parameters are expressed in a properly selected per-unit system, the parameters
of a wide range of machine sizes fall into relatively narrow ranges even though the actual values of
these same parameters may vary over extremely wide ranges. The per-unit system thereby makes
possible an easy comparison between different machines, essentially independent of size, without
the use of conversion factors, and facilitates the identification of gross calculation errors.
The proper selection of base values is fundamental to the usefulness of a per-unit system. Al-
though per-unit quantities have been used for many years by designers of rotating machinery, the
base quantities were not standardized, and it was necessary to define them in each publication. A
working group of the Rotating Machinery Committee was created to propose a set of standard def-
initions. In 1961, a proposed standard (AIEE No. 86) was published for trial use. A critical review
of that proposed standard has resulted in this present standard. J
Membership of the Rotating Machinery Committee which approved this standard was:

J. S. Ewing, Chairman
T. H. Barton, Vice Chairman P. T. Schuerman, Secretary

P. D. Agarwal G. W. Herzog J. A. Oliver

J. C. Andreas M. H. Hesse W. B. Penn
R. E. Arnold T. J. Higgins E. H. Povey
R. G. Bartheld J. C. Hogan E. P. Priebe
R. R. Bast C. H. Hoiley W. L. Ringland
J. W. Batchelor V. B. Honsinger L. T. Rosenberg
L. W. Buchanan RF.Horrell R. M. Saunders
B. M. Cain H. E. Jordan E. R. Scattergood
A. W. W. Cameron A. E. Jocz N. L. Schmitz
C. M. Clevenger W. Kerber, Jr W. J. Sheets
J. L. Cohon E. I. King D.W.C.Shen
A. G. Conrad W. H. Koch E. J. Silva
P. G. Cummings J. L. Kuehlthau M. W. Sims
A. M. Curry I. M. Levy E. P. Smith
F.T.DeWolf L. W. Magyar R. T. Smith
J. E. Doescher H. Majmudar H. D. Snively
W. C. Dumper V. S. McFarlin G. W. Staats
R. F. Edwards E. F. Merrill J. F. Szablya
E. p . Eyman E. J. Michaels R. A. Towne
G.I.Godwin R. C. Moore P. H. Trickey
E). R. Green R. F. Munier P. J. Tsivitse
& B. Hamilton E. H. Myers J. C. White
D. B. Harrington S. A. Nasar E. C. Whitney
M. S. Helm S. Noodleman R. L. Winchester
G. E. Herzog J. L. Oldenkamp H. H. Woodson

Membership of the working group responsible for the preparation of this standard was:

E. J. Michaels, Chairman

C. H. Crouse j . c. White
H. Majmudar j . W. York

Others who contributed to revisions which resulted in this present standard were:
R. M. Fisher, Jr W. C. Phillips, Jr

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 IEEE Standard Definitions of
Basic Per-Unit Quantities for
Alternating-Current Rotating Machines
1. Scope and Introduction
Since rotating machines convert mechani-
cal energy to electrical energy, or electrical en-
ergy to mechanical energy, base values for
each kind of energy appear desirable. How-
ever, the relationships between these energies
involve power factor and efficiency. These are
not fundamental quantities, and vary consid-
erably between different designs. While gener-
ator designers consider base power to be out-
put power, synchronous-motor designers con-
sider base power to be input power. Other mo-
tor designers consider it to be output power.
The consensus of large synchronous motor de-
signers favors using the rated apparent input
power as the base even though it is necessary
to know power factor and efficiency. This per-
mits the use of the same design equations for
both synchronous generators and synchro-
nous motors. For induction motors, however,
a more practical approach is to use the rated
output power as a base, thereby eliminating
assumptions of power factor and efficiency.
This is particularly desirable when dealing
with small machines or machines with many
poles, where power factor and efficiency are
not known and accurate estimates are diffi-
cult to make.
Equivalent circuit calculations of motors
using output power as a base give values of
per-unit torque in relatively conventional
numbers; that is, close to unity for full load.
However, values of per-unit current are un-
conventional; rated current is not unity.
When apparent power is used as the base, val-
ues of per-unit current are conventional, but
torque values become unconventional and a
knowledge of power factor and efficiency be-
come necessary. Both systems have been in
use for a considerable time. Proponents of
each system are convinced that their system
best serves their purposes. Hence it seems that
both bases must be considered in formulating
acceptable definitions.
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2. Definitions
base active power (1) (synchronous generators
and motors). The total (generator) output or
(motor) input power at base voltage and base
current with a power factor of unity.
(2) (induction motors). The rated output pow-
er.
NOTE: Base active power is usually expressed in watts,
but any consistent set of units may be used.
base apparent power (synchronous generators
and motors). The total rated apparent power
at rated voltage and rated current.
NOTE: Base apparent power is usually expressed in volt-
amperes, but any consistent set of units may be used.
base current (1) (synchronous generators and
motors). The rated phase current. The value
of the base current is the value of the rated
line current for a 3-phase wye-connected ma-
chine, and is the value of the rated line cur-
rent divided by ^5" for a delta-connected ma-
chine.
(2) (induction motors). The phase current cor-
responding to the base power and base voltage
with a power factor of unity. The value of the
base current is the value of the base power per
phase, divided by the value of the base voltage.
NOTE: Base current is usually expressed in amperes, but
any consistent set of units may be used.
base impedance. The value of the base imped-
ance is the value of the base voltage divided by
the value of the base current.
NOTE: Base impedance is usually expressed in ohms,
but any consistent set of units may be used.
base power. Either base apparent power or
base active power.
NOTE: The same numerical value must be used for base
apparent power and base active power.
base speed. The rated synchronous speed.
NOTE: Base speed is usually expressed in revolutions per
minute, but any consistent set of units may be used.
base torque. The torque at synchronous speed
corresponding to the base active power. The
 IEEEStd
86-1975 IEEE STANDARD DEFINITIONS OF BASIC PER-UNIT QUANTITIES FOR
value of the base torque (in pound-force feet)
is 7.04 times the value of the base active power
(in watts) divided by the value of the base
speed (in revolutions per minute).
NOTE: Base torque is usually expressed in pound-force
feet or newton meters, but any consistent set of units may
be used.
base voltage. The rated phase voltage. The
value of the base voltage is the value of the
rated line voltage for a delta-connected ma-
chine, and is the value of the rated line voltage
divided by^S for a wye-connected machine.
NOTE: Base voltage is usually expressed in volts, but
any consistent set of units may be used.
per-unit value. The actual value divided by
the value of the base quantity when both actu-
al and base values are expressed in the same
unit.
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3. The Per-Unit Value
The per-unit value is defined as the actual
value divided by the value of the base quantity
in consistent units.
If the connection (wye or delta) on a 3-phase
motor is not known, per-unit values obtained
by using base quantities corresponding to a
wye connection will convert to actual phase
values for either actual connection.
Per-unit values should not be confused with
percent values. Per-unit values are based on a
consistent system of electrical and mechani-
cal base quantities. Percent values are usually
based on rated nameplate conditions. Percent
values are equal to 100 times the per-unit val-
ue times the value of the base quantity divided
by the value of the rated quantity, in con-
sistent units.
 >
A.ppendix A
Application Examples

Table A1 shows calculations for the following four examples: ...

I
(1) A synchronous generator; 2 pole, 6.25 kVA, 3600 rjmin, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, 0.8 power factor, 0.839 efficiency, wye connection
(2) A synchronous motor; 2 pole, 5 hp, 3600 rjmin, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, 0.75 power factor, 0.796 efficiency, wye connection
~
n
(3) An induction motor; 2 pole, 5 hp, 3500 rjmin, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, wye connection <:
(4) An induction motor; 2 pole, 5 hp, 3500 rjmin, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz, delta connection
~
Table Al
"
Examples of Base Values .~Z..
Example (1) Example (2) Example (3) Example (4) o
Synchronous Synchronous Induction Induction
Base Quantity Unit Generator Motor Motor Motor ~
n
Apparent power volt-ampere 6250 5 X 746
6250 ...::I::
0.75 X 0.796
0') Active power watt 6250 5 X 746 5 X 746 = 3730 5 X 746 = 3730
~
6250
0.75 X 0.796
Voltage volt 220 = 127 220 = 127 220 220
v'3 = 127
v'3 v'3
Current ampere 6250 6250 -1 3730 3730
3 X 127 = 16.4 3 X 127 - 6.4 3 X 127 = 9.79 3 X 220 = 5.652

Impedance ohm 127 127 127 220

16.4 = 7.74 --=7.74 9.79"= 12.97 5.652 = 38.92
16.4

Speed (equals value of revolution 120 X 60 120 X 60 120 X 60 120 X 60

frequency times 120, per minute 3600 3600 3600 3600
2 2 2 2
divided by number of poles)

Torque pound-force 7.04 X 6250 = 12.22 7.04 X 6250 = 12.22 7.04 X 3730 = 7.29 7.04 X 3730 = 7.29
foot or 3600 3600 3600 3600
newton meter
00;;
(7)tr:l
'tr:l
:Coo
~~

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 AppendixB
Examples of Machine Constants !i
~l»
Ratings for the four examples in Table Bl are the same as those given in Appendix A. s:

Table Bl
Examples of Machine Constants
Example (1) Example (2) Example (3) Example (4)
Synchronous Synchronous Induction Induction
Constant Unit Generator Motor Motor Motor
Resistances: Stator, Rl ohm 0.517 0.517 0.517 1.551
Rotor,R 2 0.600 1.800
B
Reactances : Direct axis, X d ohm 8.40 8.40
Quadrature axis, X q 2.90 2.90
Exciting, X m 31.0 93.0
Leakage, X 1.6 4.8
Total loss watt 957 957 1472 1472 I
-.J Phase current ampere 16.4 16.4 16.4 9.46
~
Output power watt 5000 3730 3730 3730

Torque pound-force 11.65 7.29 7.50 7.50

foot or
newton meter
NOTES:
i
~
(1) Typical numerical values of resistance and reactance have been selected for the examples. For comparison, the synchronous motor and the syn-
chronous generator are the same machine operated in the two modes. ~c
(2) All resistance and reactance values are phase values and referred to the stator.

!
=3
£)

I
i

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 AppendixC >
Calculations of Per-Unit Values
Ratings for the four examples in Table Cl are the same as those given in Appendix A.
~
~
:j
z
Table Cl
'?
Calculation of Per-Unit Values ~
Example (1) Example (2) Example (3) Example (4)
Synchronous Synchronous Induction Induction
Per-Unit Generator Motor Motor Motor ~
Resistance = 0.0668 0.517 = 0.0399 1.551
R 7.74 7.74
R = Q:!!!= 0.0668 R1 = 38.92 = 0.0399 "
= 0.517 R 1 = 12.97

0.600 = 0.0463 - 1.800 - 4

R2 = i'2.97 R 2 - 38.92 - 0.0 63
~~
Reactance = 1.085 8.40 = 1.085 31.0 = 2.39 93.0 ~
Xd 7.74
= 8.40 X d = 7.74 X m = 12.97 Xm = 38.92 =2.39 ...z:z:
2.90 = 0.375 2.90 x 1.60
= i2.97= 4.80 ~
Xq X q = 7.74 = 0.375 0.123 X = 38.'92= 0.123
00 = 7.74
Rated voltage 220/V3 220/V3 220/V3 220 = 1 000
= 1.000 = 1.000 = 1.000
127 127 127 220 .

Rated current 16.4 16.4 16.4 = .67

16.4 = 1.000 16.4 = 1.000 9.79 1
~=167
5.65 .

Rated output power 5000 3730 = 0.597 3730

6250 = 0.800 3730 = 1.000 ~= 1.000
6250 3730

Loss* 957 957 = 0.153 1472 1472

6250 = 0.153 3730 = 0.395 3730= 0.395
6250

Input power* 0.800 + 0.153 = 0.953 0.597 + 0.153 = 0.750 1.000 + 0.395 = 1.395 1.000 + 0.395 = 1.395

Torque 11.65 = 0 953 7.50 = 1.029

12.22 .
~=0.597 ~=1.029
12.22 7.29 7.29
Rated speed 3600 3500
3600 = 1.000 ~ =1.000 3600 = 0.972 ~=0972 ...
3600 3600.
,~
* At rated load. ~tiJ
teen
~a

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 IEEE Standards on
Rotating Machinery
IEEE
Std Title
43-1974 Recommended Practice for Testing Insulation Resistance of Rotating Ma-
chinery
56-1958 (Reaff 1971) Insulation Maintenance for Large AC Rotating Machinery
(ANSIC50.26-1972)
58-1956 Induction Motor Letter Symbols
66-1969 Short Circuit Characteristics of DC Machinery
67-1972 Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Turbine Generators (ANSI
C5G.30-1972)
85-1973 Airborne Sound Measurements on Rotating Electrical Machinery
86-1975 Definitions of Basic Per-Unit Quantities for AC Rotating Machines
95-1962 Insulation Testing of Large AC Rotating Machinery with High Direct Volt-
age
112A-1964 Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators
113-1973 Test Code for Direct-Current Machines
1144969 Single Phase Induction Motor Tests (ANSI C50.2M972)
115-1965 Test Procedure for Synchronous Machines
116-1958 Test Code for Carbon Brushes
117-1974 Standard Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulating Materials
121-1959 Guide for Measurement of Rotary Speed
251-1963 (Reaff 1971) Test Procedures for DC Tachometer Genrators
252-1963 Test Procedures for Polyphase Induction Motors with Liquid in the Mag-
netic Cap
275-1966 (Reaff 1972) Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulating Ma-
terials for AC Electric Machinery Employing Form-Wound Pre-insulated
Stator Coils
286-1968 Recommended Practice for Measurement of Power-Factor Tip-Up of Rotat-
ing Machinery Stator Coil Insulation
288-1969 Guide for Induction Motor Protection (ANSI C37.92-1972)
290-1969 Electric Couplings
303-1969 Auxiliary Devices for Motors in Class 1 — Groups A, B, C, and D, Division
2 Locations
304-1969 Test Procedure for Evaluation and Classification of Insulation Systems for
DC Machines
329-1971 Synchronous Motor Protection Guide (ANSI C37.94-1972)
421-1972 Criteria and Definitions for Excitation Control Systems for Synchronous
Machines
429-1972 Evaluation of Sealed Insulation Systems for AC Electric Machinery Em-
ploying Form-Wound Stator Coils (ANSI C50.26-1972)
433-1974 Recommended Practice for Insulation Testing of Large AC Rotating Ma-
chinery with High Voltage at Very Low Frequency
434-1973 Guide for Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Large High-
Voltage Machines
492-1974 Guide for Operation and Maintenance of Hydro-Generators

Binder: A special binder is available for IEEE Standards on Rotating Machinery

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