CONCRETE II
(CE-862)
Fall Semester
Lecture 01
Agenda
Type of loads
Advantages
• Considerable compressive strength than other materials
• Inherent resistance to fire and weathering effects
• Inherent stability due to nature of material
• Due to inherent mass of structure- generally meet vibration criteria
• Lower maintenance cost
• Increase in strength with passage of time
• Require less skilled labor
• More robust due to monolithic nature
• Offer pleasing aesthetics solution, easy to create unusual shapes
• Good sound insulator
• Design is tolerant to small, late alterations
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Disadvantages
• Low tensile strength
• Slower form of construction due to formwork and falsework
• Deadload limits scope
• Greater foundation costs
• Greater drawing office and detailing costs
• Difficult to post strengthen elements
• Fair faced finish needs very skilled contractors and carefully designed
joints
Definitions
Formwork: Term used to describe the fabrications and constructions used to form
the shape of concrete structure, acting as the mould.
Falsework: Temporary structure used to support other structures, usually
permanent, until they can support themselves.
Reinforce Concrete Basics
• Cage is placed into a mould and wet concrete is poured thus forming a
composite element. As concrete dries, it shrinks and grips the
reinforcement. To aid this grip, reinforcement bars are made with rough
pattern
Cement
• Portland Cement is finely pulverized clinker (powdered stony residue)
produced by burning, at about 1450 0C, lime (CaO), silica (SiO2),
alumina (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Lime → 60 – 65 %
Silica →18 – 25 %
Alumina →3 – 8 %
Iron oxide →0.5 – 5 %
Cement
• Main compounds of Portland Cement
Types of Cement
• Type III – High early strength cement → High fineness, high heat of hydration, required
when rapid strength is desired such as formwork reuse or sufficient strength for further
construction
• Type IV – Low Heat of Hydration Cement for massive concrete → rise in temperature
due to large pour can result in high heat of hydration → serious cracking
Types of Cement
Initial
Plastic workable paste setting
time
Final
Setting
30min
Initial set setting
time
600min
Solid unworkable paste
Final set
Hardening
Admixtures
A component which imparts physical and economic benefits
• Air entraining → surfactants are added to reduce surface tension.
Surface tension is due to unequal cohesive forces at the surface.
Increase in resistance to freeze thaw
Increase cohesion and reduce bleed and segregation
• Accelerators → Reduce time for mix to change from plastic to
hardened state OR increase the 24hr strength say for access
reason. Normally inorganic chemicals which accelerate production
of calcium silicate hydrate.
• Retarders→ Extend the time for the mix to change from the plastic to
the hardened state. Probably admixture adsorb on the surface of
cement and slow down the reaction OR prevent the precipitation of
calcium hydroxide.
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Admixtures
• Water proofing→ against rain, tidal and splash zone, chloride attack
Reducing the size, number and continuity of capillary pores
Blocking the capillary pore structures
Low water content to give low permeability and durable
concrete
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Strength of Concrete
• Compressive strength
Determined by 28 days old test specimen
The strength may vary from 3000 to 6000 psi as normal
concrete and beyond 6000 psi as high strength concrete
• Tensile strength
Related to opening of micro cracks in concrete
Is usually determined from modulus of ruptures or split
cylinder test
• Shear Strength
Usually vary from one third to fourth – fifth of ultimate
compressive strength
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Modulus of Concrete
• Static Modulus of concrete is dependent on:
Loading conditions
Age of concrete
Strength of concrete
Aggregate proportioning
• Initial Modulus → slope of stress-strain at origin
• Tangent Modulus → slope of tangent to the curve at some
point- say 50% of ultimate strength of concrete
• Secant Modulus → slope of point from origin to a point 25
– 50 % of ultimate compressive strength
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Modulus of Concrete
• Long term Modulus → slope of stress strain curve when
load has been applied for certain length of time
• For normal weight concrete ranging from 90 – 155 lb/ft3
Ec = 57000√fc’
Initial Tangent Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Stress σ
Secant Modulus
Strain ε
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Movement in concrete
• Plastic shrinkage
Self desiccation, hydration and evaporation
• Thermal movement
Coefficient of thermal expansion is 10x10-6 /0C
• Elastic movement
Due to short term applied loads
• Creep
Long term moment due to applied load
For external exposure, creep is approximately the same as
elastic movement (as internal water is less or none)
For internal exposure, creep is approximately 3-4 time elastic
movement (internal water is more)
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Movement in concrete
• Drying shrinkage
Loss of water
100x10-6 external and 400x10-6 internal
Reinforce Concrete Basics
Relative Movement
Thermal
Shrinkage (Int)
Shrinkage (ext)
Creep (Int)
Creep (ext)
Elastic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Sizes start from #3 (3/8”) to #11 (11/8”) and for special cases,
we may refer to #14 (14/8”) and #18 (18/8”) also
• Grades of steel may vary from 40 (40 ksi) to 70 (70 ksi) with 60
(60 ksi) as most common
Steel bars – Grades, sizes and strength
Types of Loads
Types of Loads
• Dead loads
• Live Loads
• Environmental Loads
Seismic
Wind
Rain
Snow
Types of Loads
• Dead loads
• Live Loads
• Environmental Loads
Seismic
Wind
Rain
Snow
Types of Loads
Types of Loads
Live Load
Types of Loads
Live Load
Safe structure and failure
Safe structure and failure
Definition
Safe structure and failure
Elastic Design
Assignment:
Write two page report
Assignment:
Write two page report
Assignment:
Write two page report