DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Hieght of cantilever wall from ground level = 3.00 m

Unit weight of Earth g = 18 kN/m3 = 18000 N/m2
Angle of repose = 30 Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil q0 = 170 kN/m3
Coffiecent of friction m = 0.5 = 25 N/mm2
Concrete = M 20
Steel fe = 415
Nominal cover = 30 mm
Surcharge angle b = 16 Degree
Founadation depth = 2.00 m

1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars Cocrete M = 20

s st = =
2 2
230 N/mm wt. of concrete = 25000 N/mm
s cbc = = 7 N/mm3

m = 13.33
m*c 13.33 x 7
k= = = 0.289
m*c+sst 13.33 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.289 / 3 = 0.904
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.904 x 0.289 = 0.913

2 Diamension of base:-
sin b = 0.276 cos b = 0.961 tanb = 0.287
Sin F = 0.5 Cos F = 0.866

cos b - cos 2 b -cos 2 f 0.961 - 0.924 - 0.75

Ka = cos b = 0.961 x = 0.38
cos b + cos b - cos f
2 2
0.961 + 0.924 - 0.75
For surcharge wall, The ratio of length of slabe (DE) to base width b is given by eq.
q0 170
a = 1 - = 1 - = 0.30 Eq (1)
2.7 y H 2.7 x 18 x 5.00
The base width is given by Eq.
x K a cos b
b = H
(1- a) x (1+3 a)

x 0.38 x 0.961
b = 5.00 = 2.62 m
( 1 - 0.30 )x( 1 + 0.90 )
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.
0.7HKa 0.7 x 5.00 x 0.38
b = = = 3.80 m
(1-a) m ( 1 - 0.30 )x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.4 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.6 b = 0.60 x 5.00 = 3.00 m
Hence Provided b = 3.00 m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
Width of toe slab = a x b = 0.30 x 3.00 = 0.90 m Provided toe slab = 1.00 m
Let the thickness of base be = H/12 = 5.00 / 12 = 0.42 or say = 0.40 m for design
Hence width of heel slab = 3.00 - 0.40 - 1.00 = 1.60 m purpose
3 Thickness of stem:-
Heigth AB = 5.00 - 0.40 = 4.60 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
Kxy x H12 0.38 x 18 x( 4.60 )2
Maximum Bending momentat B = = = 72.27 Kn-m
2 2
Hence the horizontal earth pressure is P H = P cos b = 72.27 x 0.961 = 69 kN
 H1 4.60
B.M. at B = PH x
= 69.00 x = 105.8 kN
3 3
BM 105.80 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 340 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep d = 350 mm and total thickness = 350 + 60 = 410 mm
Assuming that 12 mm F bar will be used. a nominal cover of = 60 - 6 = 54 mm
Reduce the total thickness = 300 mm at top so that effective depth of = 240 mm
69 x 1000
tv = = 0.197 N/mm2 > tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 350
4 Stability of wall:-
Length of heel slab = 3.00 - 1.00 - 0.41 = 1.59 m
Height H2= H1+Ls tan b = 4.60 + 1.59 x 0.287 = 5.06 m
Height H = 5.06 + 0.40 = 5.46 m
2
Ka x y x H 0.38 x 18 x( 5.46 )2
Earth pressure p= = = 101.66 kN ..(2)
2 2
Its horizontal and vertical component are
PH = P cos b = 101.66 x 0.961 = 97.71 kN
PV = P sin b 101.66 x 0.276 = 28.02 kN
P is acting on vertical face IG, at H/3 and hence Pv , will act the vertical line
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a
Let W 1 = weight of rectangular portion of stem
w2 = weight of triangular portion of stem
w3 = weight of base slab
w4 = weight of soil on heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
Detail force(kN) lever arm Moment about toe (KN-m)
w1 1 x 0.30 x 4.60 x 25 = 34.5 1.26 43.47
w2 1/2 x 0.11 x 4.60 x 25 = 6.33 1.055 6.67
w3 1 x 3.00 x 0.40 x 25 = 30 1.5 45
w4 1 x 1.60 x 4.83 x 18 = 139.04 2.2 305.90
w5 Pv = 28.02 3.00 84.05
Sw = 237.89 total MR 485.09
Total resisting moment = 485.09 kN-m ..(1)

Over turning 5
Over turning moment Mo = 101.7 x = 184.9 kN-m
3
485.09
\ F.S. against over turning = = 2.62 > 2 Hence safe
184.879
mSw 0.5 x 237.89
F.S. against Sliding = = = 1.22 < 1.5
PH 97.71
Hence not safe , To make safe against sliding will have to provide shear key

Pressure distribution net moment SM = 485.09 - 184.9 = 300.21 kN-m

\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
SM 300.21 b 3.00
x = Sw
=
237.89
= 1.26 m
6
=
6
= 0.5
b 3.00
Eccenticity e = - x = - 1.26 = 0.24 m < 0.5 Hence safe
2 2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 237.89 6x 0.24 ##### > 100 fail
= 1+ = x 1+ =
toe b b 3.00 3.00 kN -m2
Pressure p1 at SW 6e 237.89 6x 0.24 41.55 < 100 Hence safe
= 1- = x 1- =
Heel b b 3.00 3.00 kN -m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
117.04 - 41.55
p = 117.04 - x 1.00 = 91.88 kN-m2
3.00
Pressure p' at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
 117.04 - 41.55
p' = 117.04 - x 1.60 = 76.78 kN-m2
3.00
5 Design of toe slab:-
The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil
above the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure (2) Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.40 x 1 x 1.00 x 25 = 10.00 kN-m2
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 117.04 - 10.00 = ##### kN-m2 under D
And at under E = 91.88 - 10.00 = 81.88 kN-m2
Total force = S.F. at E = 0.50 x( ##### + 81.88 ) x 1.00 = 94.46 kN
81.88 + 2.00 x ##### x 1.00
x from E = = 0.52 m
81.88 + 107.04 3
\ B.M. at E = 94.46 x 0.52 = 49.33 kN-m
BM 49.33 x 10 6
Effective depth required = = = 232 mm
Rxb 0.913 x 1000
Keep effective depth d = 240 mm and total thickness = 240 + 60 = 300 mm
Reduce the total thickness to = 300 mm or 0.30 m at edge say = 0.3 m
94.46 x 1000
tv = = 0.315 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 300
BM x 10 6 49.33 x 10 6
Ast = = = 989 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 240
The reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face .If alternate bars of stem reiforcerment are
are bent and continued in toe slab, area available = 1/2 x 1884 = 942 mm2 (see step 7)
2 mm2
3.14xdia = 3.14 x 12 x 12 = 113
using 12 mm bars A =
4 4
\ Spacing A x1000 / Ast = 113 x 1000 / 989 = 110 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm F bar, @ 110 mm c/c
Let us check this reinforcement for development length Ld=45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm
Providing 30 mm clear side cover actual length available = 1000 - 30 = 970 mm
970 > 540 Hence safe
0.12 300 + 300
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 360 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000 x 50
\ Spacing = = 140 mm say = 130 mm c/c
360
6 Design of heel slab :-
Three force act on it
1. down ward weight of soil 2 weight of heel slab 3 Down ward earth pressure 4 upward soil pressure
Total weight of 4.60 + 5.06
= 1.60 x x 18 = 139 KN say = 140.00 kN
soil over Heel 2
(H 1+2xH 2)xb 4.60 + 2 x 5.06 1.60
Acting at = x = 0.813 m from B
(H1+H2)x3 4.60 + 5.06 3
Total weight of heel slab = 1.60 x 0.3 x 1 x 25 = 12.00 kN
Acting at 0.80 m from B .
Earth pressure intencity at b = Ka.y.H1 per unit inclined area, at b to horizontal,
\ Earth pressure at B, on horizontal unitarea = Ka.y.H 1.tan b
Vertical component of this, at B = Ka.y.H1 .tan b.sin b ….(I)
Similarly, Vertical component of earth pressure intencity at C =Ka.y.H 2 tan b. sin b. ….(II)
Hence total force due to vertical component of earth pressure is
(H1+H2)
= Ka.y x b1 tan b x sin b
2
0.38 x 18
= ( 4.60 + 5.06 )x 1.60 x 0.287 x 0.28
2
 vertical earth pressure is = 4.17 kN This Act at 0.81 m from B
Total upward soil pressure = 1/2 x( 76.78 + 41.55 )x 1.60 = 94.67 kN
76.78 + 2 x 41.55 1.60
Acting at = x = 0.72 m from B
76.78 + 41.55 3
\ Total force = S.F. at B = ##### + 12.00 - 94.67 = 57.33 kN
\ B.M. at B =( 140 x 0.81 )+( 12 x 0.80 )+( 4.17 x 0.81 )-( 94.67 x 0.72 )
= 58.53 x 10'6 N-mm 2

This is much lessthan the B.M. on slab. However, we keep the same depth, as that toe slab,i.e.
d= 240 mm and D 300 mm, reducing it to 300 mm at edge
6 6
BM x 10 58.53 x 10
Ast = = = 1174 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.904 x 240
57.33 x 1000
tv = = 0.239 N/mm2 < tc even at mimum steel
1000 x 240
P D2 3.14 x ( 10 ) '2
Using 10 mm F bars, Area = = = 78.5 mm2
4 4
1000 x 78.5
\ Spacing = = 67 mm say = 60 mm c/c
1174
Hence provided these @ 60 mm c/c at the top of keep slab. Take the reinforcement into toe
from a distance of 45 x D = 45 x 10 = 450 mm to the left of B and end should
0.12 240 + 300 hook
Distribution steel = x 1000 x = 324 mm2
100 2
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50 mm2
4 4
1000x 50
\ Spacing = = 155 mm say = 150 mm c/c
324
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 1174 / 79 = 14.96 say = 15 No.
Hence Provided 15 bars of 10 mm F at Bottom
15 x 79
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.40 %
1000 x 300
shear force 57.33 x 1000
Shear stress t v = = = 0.24 N/mm2
Beam Ht.x beam w t. 1000 x 240
Permissible shear stress for 0.40 % steel provided t c = 0.26 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe here 0.26 > 0.24 Hence Safe

7 Reinforcement in the stem:-

We had earliar assume the thickeness of heel slab as = 0.40 m
While it has now been fixed as 0.3 m only. Hence revised H1 = 5.00 - 0.3 = 4.70 m
ka.y 0.38 x 18
S.F at B = pcos b = H12 = 2
x( 4.70 ) = 75.44 kN = PH
2 2.00

B.M. at B =
S.F. x H1
=
x 4.70
75.44
= 118.19 kN-m
3 3
Keep effective depth d = 350 mm and total thickness = 350 + 60 = 410 mm
Reduce the total thickness to = 200 mm or 0.20 m at edge
6
118.19 x 10
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD= = 1625 mm2
230 x 0.904 x 350
P D2 3.14 x ( 12 )'2
Using 12 mm F bars, Area = = = 113 mm2
4 4
1000 x 113
\ Spacing = = 70 mm say = 60 mm c/c
1625
113
Actual A S provided = 1000 x = 1884 mm2
60
Bend these bars into toe slab, to serve as reiforcement there. Sufficient devlopment length ia available.
Between A and B some of bars can be curtailed. Cosider a section at depth below the top of stem

The effective depth d' at section is = 140

+ 350 - 140 x h (where h In meter)
H
 350 - 140
d' = 140 + x h =( 140 + 44.68 x h ) ,,,'(1)
4.70
Now As Ast H3 or H =( A st d )1/3
d'
h A st ' d' 1/3
Hence =
H1 A st d
where Ast' = reinforcement at depth h Ast = reinforcement at depth H1
d' = effective depthat depth h d = effective depthat depth H1
1/3
Ast ' 1 h 1 d'
if A st = 1/2 A st than \ = x
Ast = 2 H1 2 d
Subsituting d = 355 mm and d' =( 140 +
44.7 x h ) we get
140
+ 44.7 x h 1/3
h = H1 x
2 x 355
1/3
140 x 44.7 x h
h = 4.70 x
2 x 355
h = 0.527 x ( 140 + 44.7 x h )1/3 ..(3)
h = 2.83 m 0.527 x ( 140 + 44.7 x h) 1/3- h = 0.57
Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 350 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.83 - 0.35 = 2.48 m. Hence curtailed half bars at at height of
2.48 m below the top . If we wish to curtailed half of the remaining bars so that remaining
A st ' 1
remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided ar B , we have = Hence from ….(2)
Ast 4
1/3 1/3
h 1 x d' 140 + 44.7 x h
\ = \ h = H1 x
H1 4 d 4 x 355
1/3
h = 4.70
x 140 x 44.7 x h
4 x 355
h = 0.418 x ( 140 + 44.7 x h )1/3 ..(4)
1/3
h = 2.19 m 0.418 x ( 140 + 44.7 x h) - h = 0.41
This can be solved bytrial and error, Noting that if the effective thickness of stem w=are constant,
.Howerver, the bars should be extented by a distance of 12 F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm
Or d = 350 mm whichever is more beyond the point.
\ h = 2.19 - 0.35 = 1.84 m. Hence stop half bars the remaining bars
by 1.84 m below the top of the stem . Continue rest of the bars to the top of the stem

Check for shear:-

Shear force = k ayH 2 18 2
p=
2
= 0.38 x x 4.70 75.44 kN
2 =
75.44 x 1000
\ tv = = 0.30 N/mm 2 < tc (see table 3.1)
1000 x 250
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 1625 / 113 = 14.38 say = 15 No.
Hence Provided 15 bars of 12 mm F at Bottom
15 x 113
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.49 %
1000 x 350
Permissible shear stress for 0.49 % steel provided t c = 0.29 N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)
If tc > tvhence safe here 0.29 < 0.30 Hence not safe
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:-
Average thickness of stem = 410 + 200
= 305 mm
2
0.12
\ Distribution reinforcement = x 1000 x 305 = 366 mm 2
100
P D2 3.14 x ( 8 )'2
Using 8 mm F bars, Area = = = 50.24 mm2
4 4
1000x 50
\ spacing = = 137 mm say = 130 mm c/c at the inner face of
366 wall,along its length
for tempreture reinforcement provide = 8 mm bars = 260 mm c/c both way in outer face
8 Design of shear key:-

The wall is in unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will be provided below the stem as shown in fig.
Let u sprovide ashear key 300 x 410 Let Pp be the intensity of passive pressure devloped
in front of key this intencity Pp depend upon the soil pressure P in front of the key
Pp = KpP = 1/Ka= 1/ 0.38 = 2.64 x 91.88 = 242.12 kN/m3
\ total passive pressure P p = Pp x a = 242.12 x 0.30 = 72.64 kN
18 `
Sliding force at level GJ = 0.38 x x 5.76 x cos b
2.00
or PH = 3.42 x( 5.76 )2x 0.961 = ##### kN ….(2)
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and GJ = 3.00 x 18 x 0.30 = 16.20 kN
\ SW = 237.89 + 16.20 = 254.09 kN Refer force calculation table
Hence equilibrium of wall, permitting F.S. = 1.5 against sliding we have
m Sw+Pp 0.5 x 254.09 + 72.64
1.5 = = = 1.84 > 1.5 Hence safe
PH 108.76
However, provided minimum value of a = 300 mm. Keep width of key 410 mm (equal to stem width)
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when
length a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
F where (45 + F/2) =
a1 = a tan F = a tan x 45 + = a k p
2 shearing angle of passive resistance
\ a1 = 0.3 x ( 2.64 )1/2
a1 = 0.487 m Actual length of the slab available = DE = 1.00 m
Hence satisfactory.
Now size of key = 300 x 410 mm
Actual force to be resisted by the key at F.S. 1.5 is = 1.5P H - mSW
= 1.5 x ##### - 0.5 x 254.09
= 36.09 kN
36.09 x 1000
\ shear stress = = 0.120 N/mm2
300 x 1000
36.09 x 150 x 1000
Bending stress =
1/6 x 1000 x( 300 )2
0.36 2
= N/mm Hence safe
Since concrete can take this much of tensile stress, no special reinforcement is necessary for the shear key