ANNA UNIVERSITY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024

 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                        
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FIRST YEAR

SECOND SEMESTER

RECORD NOTE BOOK

ME1151 - COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND MODELING

LABORATORY

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 2 

 
 CONTENTS

Staff
Sl.No. Date Name of the Experiment Page No. Marks
Signature

1 Introduction to Auto CAD

(a) Study of Coordinate systems used in Auto CAD. (b)

2 Creation of simple figures like polygon and general
multi-line figures.

Drawing of a Title Block with necessary text and

3
projection symbol.

Drawing of curves like parabola and involutes using

4
spline.

Drawing of front view and top view of simple solids

5 like prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, etc, and
dimensioning.

Drawing front view, top view and side view of objects

6
from the given pictorial views

Drawing of a plan of residential building.

7

Drawing of a simple steel truss.

8

Drawing sectional views of prism, pyramid, cylinder,

9
cone, etc,

Drawing isometric projection of simple objects.

10

Creation of 3-D models of simple objects and obtaining

11
2-D multi-view drawings from 3-D model.

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 WIRE FRAME MODEL FIG (1).

SURFACE MODEL FIG (2).

SOLID MODEL FIG (3).

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 INTRODUCTION:-
The term Computer Aided Design refers to the design of an object using three features.
1. Geometric modeling
2. Computer graphics
3. Design tools (analysis, codes etc)
Any CAD work is executed with the help of the computer with necessary hardware (CPU, Monitor, Mouse,
Keyboard etc.) and software (Graphics and Modeling Programs).
A Geometric model is a graphical representation of an object, using the mathematical database in the computer.
There are three types of geometric modeling techniques used namely, Wire frame modeling, Surface modeling
and Solid modeling. The term modeling always refers to 3D representation of an object.
Wire frame Model
A wire frame model is the simplest geometric modeling type, where an object is described by points, lines, circles
and curves in 3D representation as shown fig(1).
Surface Model
A surface mode is similar to wireframe model where an object is described by surface entities such as B-spline
surface, Bezier patches, coons patches, Ferguson surface etc as shown fig(2). A surface model does not have physical
properties.
Solid Model
A solid model is a complete representation of a surface model, where the object is described by the solid
entities such as block, cylinder, cone, sphere, wedge, torus etc. It always appears as a solid to the viewer.A solid model
will have the necessary physical material properties such as mass, density and other design data related with an object
as shown fig(3). A solid model can also be compared with an actual existing object. It can be rotated easily to visualize
the object in the computer monitor screen. There are many solid modeling softwares, available in the software market.
The commonly used solid modeling softwares are – PRO/ENGINEER, IDEAS, CATIA, UNIGRAPHICS,
SOLIDWORDS, IRONCAD, MECHANICAL DESKTOP (MDT) etc.

5 

 
 FIG. (4)

6 

 
AUTOCAD COMMANDS
AutoCAD commands can be selected in many ways and usually the following
three methods used in common practice(i) Type the command through key board in the
command promt (ii) Select the command icon from the tool bar (iii) Select the command from
pull down menu bar as shown FIG. (4)..
USING THE MOUSE:
Mouse is a point picking device. The left button used to specify points on the screen. The
right button is equivalent to ENTER in the key board. The middle button is used to move the
object or Reduce or Enlarge the object.

FUNCTION KEY ASSIGNMENTS:

Press the following keys to working in Auto Cad if necessary.

F1 - Displays help
F2 - Toggles between TEXT and GRAPHICS screen
F3 - Running Osnap On/Off
F4 - Tablet (Input device) On/Off.
F5 - Switches between the top, front and side views of isometric drawings.
F6 - Coordinates display On/off.
F7 - Grid On/ Off
F8 - Ortho On/ Off. If On, lines are either horizontal or vertical.
F9 - Snap mode on/off.
F10 - Polar option On/ Off.
F11 - Object snapping On/Off.

7 

 
 FIG. (5)

FIG. (6)

FIG. (7)

8 

 
 STUDY OF AUTOCAD COMMANDS

1. UNITS
This command is used set decimal, precision and units.
COMMAND: UNITS Press ENTER

A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to change required properties.
Format → units
2. LIMITS
The LIMITS command is used to set up new limits for your new drawing considering the A3
(450,297) drawing sheet size.

COMMAND: LIMITS Press ENTER

SPECIFY LOWER LEFT CORNER OR [ON/OFF] <0, 0>:0, 0 Press ENTER
Specify upper right corner <12.0000, 9.0000>:450,300 Press ENTER
Format → drawing limits
3. ZOOM
Zoom command enlarges or reduces the view of the drawing. When we are working on a
drawing it is always required to bring the area of our interest to focus on to the screen.
Command: ZOOM Press ENTER
<All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: All Press ENTER
View → Zoom →All
4. LINE
Line command is used to draw a single line or continuous line.
Draw a line of 100 mm length as shown FIG. (6)
.
Command: LINE press ENTER button
Specify the first point: press left mouse button at anywhere in the window screen.
Specify the next point or undo: @100<0
Specify the next point or undo: press ENTER button
Draw→ Line
5. ERASE
This command is used to erase the unnecessary objects.
Command: ERASE press ENTER button
Select objects: select a straight line (previously drawn) as shown FIG. (7)
Select objects: press ENTER button (previously drawn line is disappears)
Modify → Erase 

9 

 
 FIG. ( 8)

FIG. ( 9)
10 

 
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS USED IN AUTO CAD AS SHOWN
FIG. (8):

(a). ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM:-

In this method, the points are located to draw a line with respect to the origin (0,0). To
mark a point, value is given in pairs for X- coordinate value followed by Y- coordinate.
(b). RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEM:-
In this method, the points are located to draw a line with reference to the previous point.
(c). POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM:-
In this method, the points are located to graw aline by defining the distance of the point from
the current position and the angle made to that line.
(d). DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY:-
In this method the points are located to draw a line using distance entry in the direction of the
cursor.

6. DRAFTING SETTINGS.
This command provides some of the drawing aids to create the drawing at a faster rate.

Command: DSETTINGS press ENTER button

A dialog box displays in that dialog box contains four tabs.
 
Tools → DSettings 

TAB1. SNAP AND GRID {as shown FIG. (9)}

SNAP: snap is the smallest invisible distance of increment that can be set for the mouse.
If snap is set ON the mouse moves in steps of the set increment.
GRID: Grid is a display of small dots on the screen at equally specified distance in the
horizontal and vertical direction. The grid can be rotated also. The grid points do not appear
while plotting the drawing.
For normal 2d drafting, Rectangular snap is used.
For isometric drawing, Isometric snap is used.

11 

 
 FIG. ( 10)

FIG. (11)
 

FIG. ( 12)
12 

 
TAB 2. POLAR TRACKING{as shown FIG. (10)}:
For normal 2d drafting, no need to make any changes in polar tracking.
TAB 3. OSNAP (OBJECT SNAP) {as shown FIG. (11)}
Object snap constrain a point specification to exact locations, such as the Endpoint, midpoint, an
intersection etc., on existing objects.
TAB4. DYNAMIC INPUT{as shown FIG. (12)}
The dynamic input feature in AutoCAD enables the graphic cursor with the power of the
command line. Thus you enter dimensional and command option information you work, you get
immediate feedback.By using dynamic input feature you can enter co-ordinate and dimension
values in the tool tip area instead of typing them at the command prompt.

7. RAY
The ray is extended to the edge of the display in the direction defined by the starting point and
the through point. The prompt for a through point is redisplayed so you can create multiple rays.
Press ENTER to end the command
8. CONSTRUCTION LINES
Lines that extend to infinity in one or both directions, known as rays and construction
lines, respectively, can be used as references for creating other objects.
For example, you can use construction lines to find the center of a triangle, prepare multiple
views of the same item, or create temporary intersections to use for object snaps.
Infinite lines do not change the total area of the drawing. Therefore, their infinite dimensions
have no effect on zooming or viewpoints, and they are ignored by commands that display the
drawing extents. You can move, rotate, and copy infinite lines just as you can move, rotate, and
copy other objects. You may want to create infinite lines on a construction line layer that can be
frozen or turned off before plotting.
A construction line (xline) can be placed anywhere in three-dimensional space. You can specify
its orientation in several ways. The default method for creating the line is the two-point method:
you specify two points to define the orientation. The first point, the root, is the conceptual
midpoint of the construction line, that is, the point snapped to by the Midpoint object snap

9. MULTILINES
Multilines are composed of 1 to 16 parallel lines, called elements. When you draw a
multiline, you can use the STANDARD style, which has two elements, or specify a style that
you created previously. You can also change the justification and scale of the multiline before
you draw it.Multiline justification determines which side of the cursor that the multiline is
drawn, or whether it is centered on the cursor.Multiline scale controls the overall width of the
multiline using the current units. Multiline scale does not affect linetype scale. If you change the
multiline scale, you might need to make equivalent changes to the linetype scale to prevent dots
or dashes from being disproportionately sized.

13 

 
 FIG. ( 13) FIG. ( 14)

FIG. ( 15) FIG. (16) FIG. ( 17)

14 

 
10. POLYLINE
This command takes an important role in 3d drawings.A polyline is a connected sequence
of line segments created as a single object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments,
or a combination of the two. Draw the rectangle FIG. ( 13) using pline command and if you are
selecting rectangle which are considered as a single object instead of four objects(lines) as
shown FIG. (14)
Command: PLINE
Specify start point: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: press left mouse button at
anywhere
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: press left mouse button at
anywhere
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: press left mouse button at
anywhere
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: close press ENTER button
 
Draw → polyline 
11. POLYGON
By this command you can draw a polyline object having desired number of sides, which
varies from 3 to 1024. In 3 sides you can draw a triangle with equal degrees and so on.Draw the
pentagon with base edge of 30 mm.
Command: POLYGON press ENTER button
Enter number of sides<4>: 5 press ENTER button
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: E press ENTER button
Specify first end point of edge: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second endpoint of edge: @30<0 POLYGON press ENTER button as shown FIG. (15)

In the command there are two options, one is to define the center point, inscribed or
circumscribed and radius of the polygon and another is to give the Edge points of the polygon.

Inscribed FIG. (16)– The edges of the polygon touch the circle and placed inside of the
imaginary circle a s shown here.
Circumscribed FIG. (17)– The mid points of the sides of the polygon touch the circle outside as
shown here.
Command
: POLYGON press ENTER button
Enter number of sides<4>:6 press ENTER button
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]<I>: I press ENTER button
Specify radius of circle: 40 press ENTER button as shown FIG. (16)

By using the edge points you can draw the polygon without mentioning the center point,
inscribed or circumscribed and radius.
Draw → polygon 

15 

 
 FIG. ( 18) FIG. ( 19)

FIG. ( 20) FIG. (21) FIG. ( 22)

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 12. RECTANGLE
This command is used to draw rectangle FIG (18) without using of polygon command.
Command: RECTANGLE, press ENTER button
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Fillet/Elevation/Thickness/Width]: press left mouse button
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimension/Rotation]: press left mouse button
Draw → rectangle 
13. ARC
1. 3 Points
Using 3 points, you can draw an arc. Start point, second point and end point are the points to
draw an arc. The points can be in any where.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere FIG(19)
2. Start, Center, End
In this option, the three points are taken as start point, center point and end point. When you give
three points, they go to above mentioned position of an arc.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: press left mouse button at anywhere
The arc is drawn in anti clockwise direction, to get the profile, upwards. FIG(20)
3. Start, Center, Angle
In this option the first option is taken as start, second to center and the third option asks an angle.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/end]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A press ENTER button
Specify included angle: 180 press ENTER button FIG(21)
4. Start, Center, Length
In this option, start and center points of the arc defined and then the length of chord is to be
given. The maximum length of a chord will be equal to the diameter.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/ chord Length]: L press ENTER button
Specify length of chord: 70 press ENTER button FIG(22)
17 

 
 FIG. ( 23) FIG. (24)

FIG. ( 25) FIG. (26)

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5. Start, End, Angle
In this option, start and end points are given then you have to give the included angle.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E press ENTER button
Specify end point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: A press ENTER button
Specify included angle: 180 press ENTER button FIG(23)
6. Start, End, Direction
In this option , the start and end points are given and then the direction of the arc is to be defined
in either one of the side. The start and end points are given and the direction is towards 90
degrees by using the mouse.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center/End]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E press ENTER button
Specify end point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: D press ENTER button
Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: from the start point of arc move the cursor
upwards. FIG(24)
7. Start, End, Radius
In this option, the first point goes to the start, second as end and finally the radius of the arc is
given to complete the command.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E press ENTER button
Specify end point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: R press ENTER button
Specify radius of arc: 100 press ENTER button FIG(25)
8. Center, Start, End:
In this option, the first point goes to the center of the arc and next two points go start and end
points respectively.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify start point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: press left mouse button at anywhere FIG(26)

19 

 
 FIG. ( 27) FIG. (28)

FIG. ( 29) FIG. (30)

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9. Center, Start, Angle:
In this option, center and start points are entered first and then angle is defined.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify start point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A press ENTER button
Specify included angle: 180 press ENTER button FIG(27)
10. Center, Start, Length
In this option, center point and start points are given then, the length of the chord is
defined d from the start point. a chord is a line parallel to the diameter which is drawn inside the
circle or arc. The ends of the line should touch the circumference but not to be exceeded beyond
the arc.
Command: ARC press ENTER button
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: C press ENTER button
Specify center point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify start point of arc: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: L press ENTER button
Specify length of chord: 2 press ENTER button FIG(28)
DRAW → ARC (select options) 
14. CIRCLE.
To draw a circle you can use this command. This command can be invoked from the
menu bar, tool bar or by typing the command in command prompt. You can type ‘circle’ or just
‘c’.
1. Center point and radius
In this option after clicking a center point you have to type the measurement and this
measurement defines the radius of the circle.
Command: CIRCLE press ENTER button
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]:30 press ENTER button FIG(29)
2. Center point and diameter
In this option the measurement is considered as diameter to the circle.
Command: CIRCLE press ENTER button
Specify center point for circle or[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: D press ENTER button
Specify diameter of circle: 50 press ENTER button FIG(30)
3. 2 points
In this option 2 points are used to draw a circle. The circumference is drawn along the
two points. The center point and the radius are not needed. The two points will be placed as the
two endpoints of diameter of the circle.
21 

 
 FIG. ( 31) FIG. (32)

FIG. ( 33) FIG. (34)

22 

 
 Command: CIRCLE press ENTER button
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2p/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:2P press ENTER button
Specify first end point of circle’s diameter: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second end point of circle’s diameter: press left mouse button at anywhere FIG(31)
4. 3 points
In this option 3 points are needed to draw a circle. The circle’s circumference passes
through 3 points. The points can be anywhere but not on a straight line.
Command: CIRCLE press ENTER button
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr(tan tan radius)]: 3P press ENTER button
Specify first point on circle: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify second point on circle: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify third point on circle: press left mouse button at anywhere FIG(32)
DRAW →CIRCLE (select options)
15. DONUT
Donut is an object which seems like a washer, having inside diameter and outside
diameter. In this command, the inside and outside diameters are defined, and then the center
poi8nt of the donut is defined. ‘Doughnut’ is also refers the command. ‘Do’ is the short form of
the command.
Command: DONUT press ENTER button
Specify inside diameter of donut: 15
Specify outside diameter of donut: 35
Specify center of donut or <exit>: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify center of donut or <exit>: press ENTER button FIG(33)
Draw → circle (options)
16. SPLINE
A smooth curved object is created by using the command. The command asks controlling
points (intersection points) and a curve is created along the points. This command is used for
creating smooth profiles.
Command: SPLINE press ENTER button
Specify first point or [Object]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance]<start tangent>: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify start tangent: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end tangent: press ENTER button (Three times) FIG(34)
Draw → spline 

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 FIG. (35) FIG. (36)

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 17. ELLIPSE
Ellipse is an object which is identical to circle having two axes, minor and major axes. It
has center and quadrant points. You can execute the command from toolbar, menu bar or typing
‘el’ in the command prompt.
1. Center point
In this option, the ellipse is drawn by giving the center point first and then other options
like end point and rotation. When you give the center point then it asks to give the end point and
the distance to other point.
Command: ELLIPSE press ENTER button
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc,Center]: C
Specify center of ellipse: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify end point of axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 25 press ENTER button
2. Axis, End point
In this option, the end points any axis are defined first and the option ‘rotation’ is selected and
entered.
Command: ELLIPSE press ENTER button
Specify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify other endpoint of axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 25 press ENTER button
3. Axis, End point, Rotation
In this option, the end points any axis are defined first and the option ‘rotation’ is selected
and entered.
Command: ELLIPSE press ENTER button
Specify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify other endpoint of axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: R
Specify rotation around major axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
4. Arc
In this option, the ellipse is completed and after that a part of the ellipse is drawn as an arc –
elliptical arc. The ellipse is drawn by either the two end point methods or center point method.
Command: ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: A
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify other endpoint of axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: R
Specify rotation around major axis: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify start angle or [Parameter]: 180
Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: 90
Draw → Ellipse (select options) 
25 

 
 FIG. (37)

FIG. (38)

FIG. (39)

FIG. (40)

26 

 
18. STYLE or TEXT STYLE
This command is used to modify text like Font Name (Times New Roman), Font Style
(Regular), Height width etc.
Command: STYLE press ENTER button
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to change required properties like times new
roman, regular and height FIG.(37).
19. TEXT
Titles, view details, headings, bill of materials, and other details are created as text form and
some commands are used for text creating. The text forms are treated as vectorized object and
Auto CAD commands can be executed on the text forms.
Command: TEXT press ENTER button
Specify the start point of text or[Justify/Style]:specify the start point of text using mouse in the
required location
Specify height<2.5>: 5 press ENTER button
Specify rotation angle of text<0>: 0 press ENTER button
Enter text: type your department.
Enter text: Press ENTER and Esc (Escape) FIG.(38).

Command: TEXT press ENTER button

Specify the start point of text or[Justify/Style]: Justify press Enter
Enter an option[Align/Fit/Center….] : FIT press Enter
Specify the first end point of the text base line : Pick left mouse button
Specify the second end point of the text base line : Pick left mouse button
Specify height<2.5>: 5 press ENTER button
Type the required text, press ENTER button Esc. FIG.(38).
Draw → text → style line text 
Format → text style 
20. MTEXT OR MULTILINETEXT
Mtext denotes multi line text which creates text continuously and they are considered s
single object. You have more options in mtext such as changing the text style in between the
text, changing the height, colour, inserting symbols and so on.

Command: MTEXT
Specify first corner: press left mouse button at anywhere
Specify opposite corner or[Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: press left mouse
button at anywhere
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to change required properties. FIG.(39). AND
FIG.(40).

Draw → text → multiline text 

27 

 
 FIG. (41) FIG. (42)

FIG. (43)

FIG. (44) FIG. (45)

28 

 
21. TABLE
This command is used to prepare Bio-data, bill of materials etc.
Command: TABLE press ENTER button
A dialog box displays FIG.(41).in that dialog box we have to change required properties. Give ok
and pick on screen.
Now double click on inside the table boxes FIG. (42) and write required information.
Draw → table 
22. POINT
This command is used to draw a point. The destination of the point is also defined by
using co-ordinate systems. In ‘single point’, point is drawn at every click. In ‘multiple point’ the
point can be repeated FIG. (43).
Command: POINT press ENTER button
Specify a point : press left mouse button
Draw → Point →Single Point or Multipoint
Draw → point → single point or multi point 

23. DDPTYPE
If you draw a point in a heavy structured drawing the location of the point cannot be
identified easily. The visibility of the point is controlled by the command ‘DDPTYPE’.
Command: DDPTYPE, press Enter
A dialog box displays FIG. (44) in that dialog box pick on required point style and give ok. FIG.
(45)
Format → Point style

24. PAN
This command is used to move the object at required place.
Command: PAN press ENTER button
The cursor changes to hand cursor. By holding down the pick button on the pointing
device, you lock the cursor to its current location relative to the viewport coordinate system.
View → Pan→ Realtime

29 

 
 FIG. (46)

FIG. (47)

FIG. (48) FIG. (49)

FIG. (50)
30 

 
25. DIVIDE
This command divides an object into required equal number of parts. if you select a line,
you are asked to mention number of segments and points are created on the divisions. You can
point out the segments by switching on the node osnap. Draw a line of 200 mm length and divide
the same into 20 equal parts.
Command: DIVIDE press ENTER button
Select object to divide: select a straight line
Enter the number of segments or [Block]: 5 press ENTER button
If division is not visible use DDPTYPE command and show the divisions. FIG. (46)
Draw → point → divide 
26. MEASURE
This command is used to separate an object into defined length of segments. Draw a line
of 100 mm length. If you select a line having length of 100 mm and measure to 30 mm , the line
is divided into 3 equal segments and one segment having a length of 10 mm.
Command: MEASURE press ENTER button
Select object to measure: select a straight line
Specify length of segment or [Block]: 30 press ENTER button FIG. (47)
Draw → point → measure 
27. HATCH or BHATCH
Draw a circle at a radius of 30 mm and Hatch the circle. BHATCH means
boundary hatch.
Command: HATCH press ENTER button
A dialog box displays FIG. (48) in that dialog box pick on ‘Add: pick points’ and pick
area to be hatched (pick anywhere inside the circle), press Enter and modify pattern and scale
(may be 20) if required and give ok. FIG. (49)
Hatch 
Draw → hatch 
Bhatch 
Draw → bhatch 
28. REGION
This command is mostly used in 3D modeling. Region command is used
to make single region from multi region. Draw a rectangle FIG. (50) using line command.
Command: REGION press ENTER button
Select objects : specify first line using mouse
Select objects : specify second line using mouse
Select objects : specify third line using mouse
Select objects : specify fourth line using mouse, press Enter
Finally select the object, all the four lines will selected in a single pick.
View → region 

31 

 
 FIG. (51)

FIG. (52) FIG. (53)

32 

 
29. OOPS
The lastly erased objects are regained by using the command. If you erase some
objects using the erase command two times, oops returns the objects which are erased by second
command.
Draw a line and a circle at anywhere and any dimension. Erase these two objects one by one, by
using oops command we can regain only circle.
Command: OOPS press ENTER button
30. UNDO
The previously erased objects are regained by using the command. If you erase some
objects using the erase command many times, undo returns the objects which are erased.
Command: UNDO press ENTER button
You can also press CTRL+Z
Edit →Undo
31. REDO
Redo reverses the effects of a single undo command. Redo must immediately follow the
undo command.
Draw a Circle at any radius and Erase the circle. Undo command regain the circle.
Command: REDO press ENTER button
Redo command disappears the circle.
Edit →Undo
32. ORTHO
This command is used to draw a straight line only in horizontal or vertical direction.
COMMAND: ORTHO press ENTER button
Enter the mode [ON/OFF] <off>: ON FIG. (51)
You can also press F8 or click on ORTHO in the status bar.
33. COPY
This command is used to make a copy of the selected object to a define distance with
base point. If you give the command it asks for selecting object or objects, base point and
destination point. If you want multiple copies, the option multiple is used.
Draw a line of 50 mm length and a circle of 10 mm radius FIG. (52). Copy the circle and put on
midpoint of line FIG. (53).
Command: COPY press ENTER button
Select objects: select a circle, press ENTER button
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: pick center point of circle press ENTER
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: pick midpoint of line
Modify → copy 

33 

 
 FIG. (54)

FIG. (55)

34 

 
34. MIRROR
This command is used to create a mirror image of the selected object in define distance.
You can have or delete the source object after the mirror creates. According to the second point
on the mirror line, the object position varies. Draw the given original object at any dimensions.
Command: MIRROR press ENTER button
Select objects: select the object press ENTER button
Specify first point of mirror line: select top edge of the line
Specify second point of mirror line: select bottom edge of the line
Delete source objects?[Yes/No]<N>: N press ENTER button FIG. (54).
Modify → mirror

35. OFFSET
This command creates an identical object in predefine distance. If the object is closed, a
similar object is created with smaller are bigger size. First you have to define the offset distance
and then after selecting the object, the side of offset is required as shown. Draw a line of 150 mm
length horizontally FIG. (55).
Command: OFFSET press ENTER button
Specify offset distance or [Through]: 25 press ENTER button
Select object to offset or <exit>: select straight line
Specify point on side to offset: pick on bottom side or top side press ENTER button
Another type of offset is through method. In this method, the distance is not maintained.
THROUGH METHOD
Command: OFFSET press ENTER button
Specify offset distance or [Through]: T press ENTER button
Select object to offset or <exit>: select straight line
Specify through point: pick anywhere press ENTER button
Modify → offset 

35 

 
 FIG. (56)

FIG. (57) FIG. (58)

FIG. (59)

FIG. (60) FIG. (61)

36 

 
36. ARRAY
This is a command used to create an array of the selected objects . ‘Array’ is an
arrangement of the objects in horizontal and vertical positions in predefined distances and
circular position with number of items and angle of filling and they are illustrated here.
(a) RECTANGULAR ARRAY
Draw a rectangle (200,100) and a circle of radius 5 mm as shown FIG. (56).
In this option of array, the objects are arranged in horizontal and vertical positions as shown
FIG. (58).
Command: ARRAY press ENTER button
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to change required properties.
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar]<R>: R

Select objects: pick on select objects and select a circle

Enter the number of rows (---):4
Enter the number of columns (|||):8
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): -25
Specify the distance between columns (|||):25 pick on ‘ok’ FIG. (58).
(b) POLAR ARRAY
In this option, the objects are arranged in circular position with a center point and included angle.
You can select the objects to be rotated or not after the polar array. Draw A Circle of radius 25
mm and draw horizontal line of length 25 mm from center of circle FIG. (59).
Command: ARRAY press ENTER button
A dialog box displays FIG. (60).in that dialog box we have to change required properties.
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar]<R>:P

Specify center point of array: pick on center point and pick on center of the circle ‘o’

Select objects: pick on select objects and select a line

Total number of items:8
Specify the angle to fill <360>: 360 pick on ok FIG. (61).
 
Modify → array 

37 

 
FIG. (62) FIG. (63) FIG. (64)

FIG. (65) FIG. (66)

FIG. (67) FIG. (68)

38 

 
37. MOVE
This command is used to move the selected objects from a base point to a target. The co-
ordinate systems can be used for moving the objects.
Draw a line of 50 mm length and a circle of 10 mm radius FIG. (62) FIG. (63)&. Move the circle
and put on midpoint of line FIG. (64).
Command: MOVE press ENTER button
Select objects: select a circle press ENTER button
Specify base point or displacement: select center point of circle
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>: move to midpoint of
line.
Modify → Move 
38. ROTATE
To rotate the selected objects, this command is used. After selecting the objects you have
to pick the base point for rotating. You can use mouse movement or type the degree for
rotation.Draw a line of 100 mm length horizontally FIG. (65). and rotate the same with 450 FIG.
(66).
Command: ROTATE press ENTER button
Select objects: select a line press ENTER button
Specify base point: pick on left end of the line
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]:45 press ENTER button
Modify → Rotate 

39. SCALE
This command is used to increase or decrease the size of the objects with a base point.
The increment and decrement of the objects are equally done in all sides. If you scale a square
having 20 mm side to 2 times, then the side of the square will be 40 mm. draw a square of base
edge 20 mm FIG. (67). and scale to 2 FIG. (68). .
Command: SCALE press ENTER button
Select objects: select a square press ENTER button
Specify base point: select lower left corner
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 2 press ENTER button
Modify → Scale 
40. STRETCH
This command is used to deviate or elongate an object and performed in two ways. After
giving the command, select the object covered half in size, pick a point and move to desired
length.
41. LENGTHEN
This command is used to Changes the length of objects and the included angle of arcs.
You can resize objects to make them longer or shorter in only one direction or to make them
proportionally larger or smaller.
39 

 
 FIG. (69) FIG. (70)

FIG. (71) FIG. (72)

FIG. (73) FIG. (74)

FIG. (75) FIG. (76)

40 

 
42. TRIM
You will have come across this command often in Auto Cad drawing because this
command consumes more time in the drawing work. This command cut the unwanted parts of
the objects. To execute this command there should be at least 2 objects and they should be
intersected. In polyline this is not necessary.Select the objects in the intersecting point, press
enter, and then click on the parts which are not necessary.
Command: TRIM press ENTER button
Select objects: select horizontal line
Select objects: select vertical line press ENTER button FIG. (69).
Select object to trim or [Project/Edge/Undo]: select right edge
Select object to trim or [Project/Edge/Uno]: select top edge press ENTER button FIG. (70).
Modify → trim 
43. EXTEND
This command is used to extend an open object to a defined boundary. The boundary
may be any object upto which the open object can be intersected lines and arc are applicable for
this operation. Draw a line of length 200 mm horizontally and Draw a line of length 200 mm
vertically as shown FIG. (71)..
Command: EXTEND press ENTER button
Select objects: select horizontal line
Select objects: select vertical line press ENTER button
Select object to extend or [project/Edge/Undo]: select horizontal line press ENTER FIG. (72).
Modify → Extend 
44. BREAK
The BREAK command is used to remove a part of the selected objects like line, arc,
circle, etc. This command is used to cut an object in desired point.Draw a line of length 200 mm
horizontally FIG. (73).
Command: BREAK press ENTER button
Select object: select a line
Specify second break point or [First point]: F press ENTER button
Specify first break point: pick left mouse button at anywhere on the line
Specify second break point: pick left mouse button at anywhere on the line FIG. (74).
Modify → break 
45. JOIN
You can break an object into two objects with or without a gap between them. You can
also join objects to make a single object.We can join previously broken FIG. (74). line using join
command.
Command: JOIN press ENTER button
Select source object: select left portion
Select lines to join to source: select right portion press ENTER button FIG. (76).
Modify → Join 
41 

 
1

2
FIG. (77) FIG. (78)

FIG. (79) FIG. (80)

FIG. (81) FIG. (82)

FIG. (83) FIG. (84)

42 

 
46. CHAMFER
The chamfer command is used to draw beveled lines connecting two lines at specified
distances from the corner of two lines.
COMMAND: CHAMFER press Enter button
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distances/Angle/Trim/Method/Multiple]: D press Enter button
Specify first chamfer distance <0.0000> :5 press Enter button
Specify first chamfer distance <0.0000> :5 press Enter button
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distances/Angle/Trim/Method/Multiple]: A press Enter button
Specify chamfer length of the first line<0.0000> :5
Specify chamfer angle from the first line<0.0000> : 45
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distances/Angle/Trim/Method/Multiple]: pick on first line
using mouse
Select second line or shift select to apply corner : pick on second line using mouse
Finally trim the unwanted portions. FIG. (77).
Modify → Chamfer 
47. FILLET
The fillet command is used to draw chamfering arcs connecting two lines of specified
radius.
COMMAND : FILLET, press Enter button
Select first object or [undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple] : R, press Enter button
Specify fillet radius<0.0000> : 5 press Enter button
Select first object: pick on first object using mouse
Select second object: pick on second object using mouse
Finally trim the unwanted portions. FIG. (79).
Modify → Fillet 
48. EXPLODE
This command is used to break the polylines in the intersections. a single object is
converted into many objects according to its shape. Attributes, blocks, groups, solids are also can
be exploded. Normal lines, circle are cannot be exploded. Draw an hexagon of base edge 30 mm
FIG. (81).. and Explode all the base edges.
COMMAND : EXPLODE press Enter button
Select objects: select hexagon press Enter button
Now move all the edges of hexagon using mouse. FIG. (82).
Modify → Explode 
49. LAYER
Layers are like transparent overlays on which you organize and group different kinds of drawing
information.
50. MULTILINESTYLE
This command is used to draw the multi lines.
Command : MLSTYLE press Enter button
Dialog box displays FIG. (83). in that dialog box we have to pick on modify option.
One more dialog box display FIG. (84).s in that dialog box we have to select required lines.
Format→ Multiline style 
43 

 
 FIG. (85)

FIG. (86) FIG. (87)

FIG. (88) FIG. (89)

FIG. (90) FIG. (91)

44 

 
51. COLOR
You can use color to help you identify objects visually. You can assign the color of an
object either by layer or by specifying its color explicitly, independent of layer.
Command : COLOR press Enter button
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to select required colors FIG. (85).
Format → Color 
52. LINETYPE
This command is used to select required type of lines like center line, border line axis line etc.,
Command : LINETYPE press Enter button
A dialog box displays FIG. (86) in that dialog box we have to pick on Load option. Change
Global scale factor(0.5) and current object scale (0.5) if necessary.
One more dialog box displays FIG. (87) in that dialog box we have to select required lines.
Format → Linetype 
53. LINEWEIGHT
This command is used to increase the line weight.
Command : LINEWEIGHT press Enter button
A dialog box displays FIG.(88) in that dialog box we have to select required line weight.
Format → Lineweight 
54. SCALELISTEDIT
This command is used to set the scale for the given drawing. Normally scale 1:1 is followed.
Command : SCALELISTEDIT press Enter button
A dialog box displays FIG. (89) in that dialog box we have to select required scale. Pick on ok
Modify → object → text → scale 
55. TABLESTYLE
This command is used to edit the table style.
Command : TABLESTYLE press Enter button
Dialog box displays in FIG. (90) that dialog box we have to pick on modify option.
One more dialog box displays FIG. (91) in that dialog box three tabs are there in that tabs we
have to select required properties. Pick on ok
Format→ Table style 
56. THICKNESS
This command is used to increase the thickness of the given object.
Command : THICKNESS press Enter button
Enter new value for thickness<0.0>:10 press Enter button
Format→ Thickness 
 

45 

 
 FIG. (92) FIG. (93)

FIG. (94) FIG. (95)

FIG. (96) FIG. (97)

46 

 
57. DIMSTYLE OR DIMENSION STYLE
This command is used to modify the dimensioning. Before dimensioning we have to
modify all the tabs.
Command : DIMSTYLE press Enter button
Dialog box displays FIG. (92) in that dialog box we have to pick on modify option. One more
dialog box displays, in that dialog box, SEVEN TABS are available.

TAB 1: FIG. (93)

The first tab is lines, in this tab, only change color of dimension line-Magenta and
extension line-Cyan as shown FIG. (93).

TAB 2: FIG. (94)

Second one is symbols and arrows, in this tab, change the arrow size.
Arrow size = 4

TAB 3: FIG. (95)

Third one is text, in this tab,
Text height = 4,
Text placement: Vertical –Above,
Horizontal – Centered.
Text alignment: Aligned with dimension line.
TAB 4: FIG. (96)
Fourth one is fit, in this one, no need to change anything.

TAB 5: FIG. (97)

Fifth one is primary units, in this tab, change precision.
Precision = 0

TAB 6:
Sixth one is Alternate units, in this one, no need to change anything.

TAB 7:
Seventh one is tolerances, in this one, no need to change anything.

Format→Dimension Style

OR 

Dimension →Dimension Style

47 

 
 FIG. (98)

FIG. (99)

FIG. (100) FIG. (101)

48 

 
58. DIMLINEAR
The horizontal and vertical dimensions of an object are marked by using linear dimensioning
method. Draw the given rectangle (100,50) fig.
COMMAND: DIMLINEAR
Specify first extension line origin or<select object>: select top edge of vertical line
Specify second extension line origin: select bottom edge of vertical line
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: drag for select the location conveniently
away from the object. FIG. (98)
Dimension →Linear
59. DIMANGULAR
The angular dimensioning is used to mark the angle between two non-parallel lines. Draw
the given fig.
COMMAND: DIMANG
Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: select the first line using mouse
Select second line: select the second line using mouse
Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: select the location conveniently away
object. FIG. (99)
Dimension →Angular
60. DIMRADIUS
The radius dimensioning is used to mark radius of a circle. Draw the circle with radius of
25mm.
COMMAND: DIMRAD
Select arc or circle: select a circle using mouse
Specify dimension line location or[Mtext/Text/Angle]: select the location conveniently away
object. FIG. (100)
Dimension →Radius
61. DIMDIAMETER
The diameter dimensioning is used to mark diameter of a circle. Draw the circle with
diameter of 60 mm.
Command: DIMDIA
Select arc or circle: select a circle using mouse
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: select the location conveniently away
from the object. FIG. (101)
Dimension →Diameter

49 

 
 FIG. (102)

FIG. (103)

50 

 
Example: Draw the given object as shown FIG (102).

COMMAND :LINE press Enter

Specify the first point :Select the point 1 shown in the
drawing using mouse
Specify next point or [Undo] :@50<270
Specify next point or [Undo] :@100<0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo] :@30<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo] :@60<180
Specify next point or [Close/Undo] :@20<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo] :Press ENTER
COMMAND :ARC press Enter
Specify start point of arc or [Center] :Pick point 2 using mouse
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End] :EN
Specify end point of arc :Pick point 1 using mouse
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]:R
Specify radius of arc :20 press Enter

62. DIMALIGNED
The aligned dimensioning is similar to linear dimensioning but the dimension line is
parallel to the edge of the object which is inclined at any angle. Draw the given object.

Command: DIMALIGNED Press Enter

Specify first extension line origin or <select object> : select first extension point.
Specify second extension line origin : select second extension point.
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: select the location conveniently away
object.
Enter the dimension text<default>: press ENTER or Type a rounded dimension FIG. (103)
Dimension →Aligned

51 

 
 FIG. (104)

Dimensioning with dimaligned Edit by Dim →Oblique

FIG. (105) FIG. (106)

52 

 
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Isometric drawings FIG. (104) are used for better visualisation of an object.Isometric
drawings are 3d representations of objects but in 2d environment. These drawings do not have
views like 3d drawings. Some commands like circle, arcs are not compatible with isometric
settings and the command ellipse replaces the commands arc and circle.
Isometric drawings have three planes covering top, left and right side views in plan view.
You can enter into isometric mode from the command snap. The appearance of the cursor is
also changed in this mode.
Type SNAP in the command prompt and select the style and isometric. Now the
isometric mode is activated. The default angles to draw an isometric drawing are 30, 150, 210
and 330 degrees. And the normal orthographic degrees 0, 90, 180 and 270 are also used for the
drawings.
F5 key is used to change the isoplane from one to another. Or type the command
ISOPLANE in the command prompt and select the plane.
63. SNAP
The SNAP command is used to set the style for isometric drawing.
COMMAND: SNAP press Enter button
Specify Snap or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type]<0.5000>:S press Enter button
Enter snap grid style [Standard/Isometric] <S>: I press Enter button
Specify vertical spacing<0.5000>:0.5 press Enter button
The cursor will change to isometric position.
64. ISOPLANE OR Press F5
Isoplane command is used to draw the isocircles. Circles are seen as ellipses in isometric
drawings. An isoplane is set to draw the isometric circle (ellipse) using ELLIPSE command with
Isocircle option.The ISOPLANE command is used to get the curve ellipse in isoplane
(Top/Right/Left) for isometric drawing.
Command: ELLIPSE press Enter button
Specify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocercle]: I Press Enter
Specify center of isocircle : pick on mid point of line
Specify radius of isocicle or [Diameter] : 10
65. OBLIQUE [DIMENTSIONING OF ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS]
DIMALIGNED command is used to dimension the isometric drawings, then they are edited
using OBLIQUE option in DIM command.
Command: DIM press Enter button
DIM: oblique press Enter button
Select object: select dimension line to edit
Enter oblique angle: Required angle [30 or 90 or 150 etc]
Note that the oblique angle is 30,90,150,270 and 330 for standard isometric axes. For non
isometric lines their inclination angle is obtained using LIST command and that angle is used as
the oblique angle for the correct isometric dimensioning.
53 

 
 FIG. (107)

54 

 
Example: draw the isometric view of an object shown in FIG. (107).
TO DRAW THE ISOMETRIC DRAWING
1. Select the point a arbitrarily and draw a LINE @40<30, @20<90, @30<150, @40<210,
@30<330, @40<30.
2. Again select the point a and draw Align @70<150 , @50<90.
3. Draw vertical LINE from e and f @30<90, from a @20<90.
4. Select SNAP to isometric style.
5. Set ISOPLANE to left.
6. Use ELLIPSE command and select Isocircle, select MID point of bc to draw the ellipse
with radius 20.
7. TRIM the portion of the ellipse below bc.
8. COPY the portion of the ellipse with base point c and the second point of displacement
d.
9. Draw LINE above the curved portion using QUADRANT option.
10. TRIM the lower invisible portion which is below the line drawn in step 10.
11. Mark the dimensions using DIMALIGNED command.
12. Edit the dimensions to isometric by using DIM OBLIQUE option.

55 

 
 FIG. (108) FIG. (109)

FIG. (110) FIG. (111)

FIG. (112) FIG. (113)

56 

 
 CREATING 3D DRAWINGS

3D modeling is used to get all the information about given object.

66. VIEW
It is not possible to draw the three dimensional objects in a single view. First we have to draw
the front view of the give object and extrude the same. Change the view may be top view
or SW isometric view or any other required view and complete the object.
Command: VIEW press Enter
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to pick on front view FIG. (108).
67. EXTRUDE
The EXTRUDE command is used to create a solid object by Extruding a 2D object along
a specified path.
Draw a circle with a radius of 25 mm FIG. (109). and Extrude to height of 50 mm.
Command: EXTRUDE Press ENTER
Select objects: select the circle Press ENTER
Specify height of extrusion or [path]: 50 Enter the height.
Specify angle of taper for extrusion<0>: 0 Press ENTER
In the windows the following circle FIG. (109). only appear. If we want to view the circle in
three dimension we have to use VPORTS command.
68. VPORTS OR VIEW PORTS
VPORTS command is used to view the 3D objects in the isometric views.
Command: VPORTS Press ENTER
A dialog box displays in that dialog box we have to change required properties as shown
FIG. (110).and pick on ok.
If we want to view four views select the required properties.
69. CYLINDER
The Cylinder command is used to create a solid cylinder.
Draw a cylinder with base radius 30 mm and height 60 mm. FIG. (112).
Command: CYLINDER Press ENTER
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]<0,0,0>: pick left mouse button
Keyboard specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]:30 Press ENTER
Keyboard specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]:60 Press ENTER
70. CONE
The cone command is used to create a solid cone.. Draw a cone with base radius 30 mm and
height 60 mm.
Command: CONE Press ENTER
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]<0,0,0>: pick left mouse button
Keyboard specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]:30 Press ENTER
Keyboard specify height of cone or [Center of other end]:60 Press ENTER FIG. (113).

57 

 
 FIG. (115)

FIG. (116) FIG. (117)

FIG. (118) FIG. (119)

58 

 
71. BOX
THE BOX command is used to create a solid rectangular or square box. The opposite base
corner and the height of the box are given to generate a box. FIG. (115).
Command: BOX Press ENTER
Specify first corner of box or [Center/Length]<0, 0,0>: pick left mouse button
Specify other corner of box or [Center/Length]<0, 0,0>: pick left mouse button
Specify height: 50 Press ENTER
72. UNION
The UNION command is used to create a composite solid by combining several solids.
Draw the cylinder with base radius 30 mm and height 50 mm and cone with base radius
30 mm and height 50 mm FIG. (116). Using VPORTS command set SW Isometric view. Using
Move command move the base center point of cone to the top center point of the cylinder.
Using UNION command union the cylinder and cone. FIG. (117).
Command: UNION
Select objects: select cylinder
Select objects: select cone press ENTER
(now if you are selecting both cylinder and cone will be selected)
73. SUBTRACT
The SUBTRACT command is used to create a composite solid by removing the common area
shared by two solids. The composite solid is the result of subtracting the volume of one object
from the other object.
Draw the rectangle using rectangle command at any dimension and draw the circle at any
radius at the center of rectangle. Now Extrude rectangle and circle with a height of 50 mm.
Using VPORTS command set SW Isometric view FIG. (118)
Using Subtract command subtract the circle from the rectangle FIG. (119)
Command: SUBTRACT Press ENTER
Select objects: select rectangle
Select objects: select circle Press ENTER
74. MASSPROP COMMAND
The MASSPROP command is used to analyze a solid model and list automatically the mass
properties of the solid. Draw a cylinder with base radius 30 mm and height 60 mm. Find out
the mass properties of cylinder.
Command: MASSPROP press Enter
Select objects: cylinder
Mass:
Volume:
Boundary box:
Centroid:
Moment of Inertia:
Products of inertia:
Radii of gyration:
75. SECTION
The SECTION command is used to create a cross section of solid object through a specified
Cutting Plane.

Result:

59 

 
 60 

 
EX. NO.: (a) STUDY OF DIFFERENT COORDINATE SYSTEMS USED IN
AUTO CAD.
Date:
AIM:-
To study of different coordinate systems used in Auto CAD.

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS
2. ZOOM
3. LINE
4. ORTHO
5. POLYGON
PROCEDURE:-
*In AutoCAD there are four co ordinates system available. They are 1. Absolute
coordinate system, 2. Relative coordinate system, 3. Polar coordinate system, 4. Direct
distance entry. For study of polar co ordinates polar option should be off (press F10)
* Set the units using UNITS command and set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS
command and ZOOM the window using zoom command with ALL option.
1. ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM:-
In this method, the points are located to draw a line with respect to the origin (0,0). To
mark a point, value is given in pairs for X- coordinate value followed by Y- coordinate.

Command : LINE Press Enter

Specify first point : 10, 10(arbitrarily choose) Press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : 110, 10 Press Enter
Specify next point or [undo] : 110, 85 Press Enter
Specify next point or [close/undo] : 60, 85 Press Enter
Specify next point or [close/undo] : 60, 135 Press Enter
Specify next point or [close/undo] : 10, 135 Press Enter
Specify next point or [close/undo] : 10, 10 Press Enter
Specify next point or [close/undo] : Press Enter to complete the drawing.

61 

 
 62 

 
 2. RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEM:-
In this method, the points are located to draw a line with reference to the previous point.

Command : LINE
Specify first point : 10,175(arbitrarily choose)
Specify next point or [undo] : @ 100, 0
Specify next point or [undo] : @ 0, 75
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ -50, 0
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ 0, 50
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ -50, 0
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ 0, -125
Specify next point or [close/undo] : Press Enter to complete the drawing.

3. POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM:-

In this method, the points are located to graw aline by defining the distance of the point from
the current position and the angle made to that line.
Command : LINE
Specify first point : 250,175 (arbitrarily choose)
Specify next point or [undo] : @ 100<0
Specify next point or [undo] : @ 75<90
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ 50<180
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ 50<90
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @ 50<180
Specify next point or [close/undo] : @125<270
Specify next point or [close/undo] : Press Enter to complete the drawing.

4. DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY:-

In this method the points are located to draw a line using distance entry in the direction of
the cursor.
Command
Specify first point
Specify next point or [undo]
Specify next point or [undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
Specify next point or [close/undo]
: LINE [ORTHO ON] or press F8
: 250, 10(arbitrarily choose) move mouse
horizontally right
: 100 move mouse vertically up
: 75 move mouse horizontally left
: 50, move mouse vertically up
: 50 move mouse horizontally left
: 50, move mouse vertically down
: 125
: Press Enter to complete the drawing.

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 (b) CREATION OF SIMPLE FIGURES LIKE POLYGON AND GENERAL
MULTI-LINE FIGURES.

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command with ALL option.
2. Draw the Triangle, Rectangle, Square, Pentagon, Hexagon and Octagon with base
edge 30 mm using POLYGON command with Edge option.
3. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the base side of above said planes

RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF A TITLE BLOCK WITH NECESSARY TEXT AND
PROJECTION SYMBOL.
Date:

AIM:-
To draw the Title Block with necessary text and projection symbol.
LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-
1. LIMITS 7. OSNAP
2. ZOOM 8. CIRCLE
3. LINE 9. TEXT
4. OFFSET 10. LTYPE
5. TRIM 11. COPY
6. ORTHO 12. DIMALINEAR
PROCEDURE:-

1. Set the limits (450,320) based on A3 sheet dimension using LIMITS command and
zoom the window using ZOOM command with ALL option.
2. Draw the outline of A3 sheet (420,297) using LINE and ORTHO ON commands.
Specify the first point at A (15, 11.5) and move the cursor horizontally right and enter
the distance 420 and move the cursor vertically up and enter the distance 297. Again
move the cursor horizontally left and enter the distance 420 and move the cursor
vertically down and enter the distance 297.
3. Draw the marginal line using LINE and ORTHO ON command. Specify the first
point at B (35,21.5 ) and move the cursor horizontally right and enter the distance 390
and move the cursor vertically up and enter the distance 277. Again move the cursor
horizontally left and enter the distance 420 and move the cursor vertically down and
enter the distance 277.
4. Draw the title block using LINE, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with End point option
commands. Draw a line from point C, move the cursor horizontally left, enter the
distance 170, and move the cursor vertically up and enter the distance 60, again move
the cursor horizontally right, enter the distance 170. Using OFFSET command,

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 draw the horizontal construction lines at offset command and also draw the vertical
construction line at a offset distance of 120 from left. Using TRIM command, trim the
unnecessary parts of construction lines.
5. Draw the first angle projection symbol using LINE, ORTHO ON, OSNAP WITH
INTERSECTION OPTION, TRIM commands. Draw the horizontal line 1-1 and
vertical line 2-2 at any convenient length and change the line as a center line using
LTYPE command. At point O draw two circles at any convenient radius using
CIRCLE command. Draw lines from intersection of vertical line 2-2 and circles
towards horizontally left and complete the first angle projection symbol and trim all
the unnecessary lines.
6. Write the necessary text using TEXT command with Justify, Fit and required Height
options
7. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the title block wherever required.

RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF CURVES LIKE PARABOLA AND INVOLUTES USING
SPLINE COMMAND.
Date:
AIM:- To draw the curves like parabola and involutes using spline command.
LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-
1. LIMITS 7. OSNAP
2. ZOOM 8. CIRCLE
3. LINE 9. TEXT
4. OFFSET 10. LTYPE
5. TRIM 11. COPY
6. ORTHO 12. DIMALINEAR
PROCEDURE:-
CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA:-
1. Draw the vertical line (DD’ = 200 mm) and also draw the horizontal line (AF = 50
mm) in the mid point (A) of DD’ (using LINE, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with Mid
point option commands.
2. Using OFFSET command; offset the vertical line (DD’) at an offset distance of 25
mm. (i.e., mid point of AF).
3. Draw a circle at a radius of 25 mm at a point ‘F’ using CIRCLE and OSNAP with
End point option commands.
4. Using OFFSET command; offset the vertex line V-V’ of 5 Nos. at a distance of 10
mm.
5. Using OFFSET command; offset the circle of 5 Nos. at a distance of 10 mm.
6. Using SPLINE and OSNAP with Intersection option commands, join intersection of
5th line and 5th circle, and join intersection of 4th line and 4th circle and so on.
7. Using Dimlinear command, dimension the distance between directrix and focus (A-
F).

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 CONSTRUCTION OF INVOLUTE:-
1. Draw the horizontal line OA = 75 mm. using LINE and ORTHO ON commands.
2. Using ARRAY command, select polar array and pick the ‘Center Point’ option and
select O as center using OSNAP with End point option.
3. In the Array dialog box, in Method option, enter total no. of items (12) and Angle to
fill (360o). Pick the ‘Select Object’ option, and select a line OA and give ok.
4. Draw the circle, at point ‘O’ at a radius of 10 mm using CIRCLE and OSNAP with
end point option commands. Using offset command, offset 12 no. of circles at a
distance of 5 mm.
5. Using SPLINE and OSNAP with End point option commands, mark intersection of
1st circle and 1st line, 2nd circle and 2nd line and so on.
6. Using Dimlinear command, dimension the distance O-A.
7. Draw the title block and write the necessary text.

RESULT :-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW OF SIMPLE

SOLIDS LIKE PRISM, PYRAMID, CYLINDER, CONE AND

DIMENSIONING.

Date:

AIM:-

To draw the front view and top view of simple Solids like prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone and
Dimensioning.

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS
PROCEDURE:

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command and ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE ,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with options commands.
3. Project all corners of pentagon upto X - Y line using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP
with PERPENDICULAR option commands. Again project the same lines from X - Y line
to 75 mm height using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP with PERPENDICULAR option
commands. Use TEXT command to mark 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’, 5’, a’, b’, c’, d’, e’.
4. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the base edge and axis length of the solid.

5. Repeat the above procedure for pyramid. Using LTYPE command, change axis length as
a continuous line into center line.

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 PRISM AND PYRAMID:-
6. Draw the X - Y line arbitrarily using line and ORTHO ON commands. Use TEXT
command to mark X – Y.
7. Draw the pentagon POLYGON command with edge option, first end point is selected
arbitrarly below the XY line, second end point @30<0. Use Text command to mark a(1),
b(2), c(3), d(4), e(5).
CYLINDER AND CONE:-
8. Draw the circle arbitrarily below the XY line using CIRCLE command with Radius
30mm.Draw horizontal line from center of the circle to 30mm length using line and
ORTHO ON command for dividing the circle into eight equal parts.
9. Array the previously drawn horizontal line using ARRAY command and required
options.
10. Use TEXT command to mark a(1), b(2), c(3), d(4), e(5), f(6) , g(7), h(8). and O
11. Project all corners of cylinder upto X - Y line using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP
with PERPENDICULAR option commands. Again project the same lines from X - Y line
to 75 mm height using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP with PERPENDICULAR option
commands. Use TEXT command to mark 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’, 5’, a’, b’, c’, d’, e’ etc,
12. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the axis length of the cylinder. Using
DIMRADIUS command, dimension the base of the cylinder.
13. Repeat the above procedure for cone.
14. Draw the title block and write the necessary text.

RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF FRONT VIEW, TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEWS OF THE

GIVEN PICTORIAL VIEWS

Date:

AIM:-

Drawing front view, top view and side views of the given pictorial views

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 7. OSNAP

2. ZOOM 8. TEXT

3. LINE 9. LTYPE

4. OFFSET 10. CIRCLE

5. TRIM 11. DIMLINEAR

6. ORTHO 12. DIMRADIUS

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command and ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE ,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with options commands.
3. Measure the length, breadth and height of the given object. Using LINE and ORTHO ON
commands draw the front view. Using trim command, trim the unnecessary lines.
4. After drawn the front view, project all the corners of the front view below the X-Y
reference line and draw the top view using LINE, ORTHO ON command. Using TRIM
command, trim the unnecessary lines.

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 5. Draw the right side view on left side. Project all the corners of the front view on left side.
Draw a line arbitrarily on X-Y reference line, at A, @100<225. Project all the corners of
the top view towards left side through 45o line and complete the required right side view
on left side.
6. Draw the left side view on right side. Project all the corners of the front view on right
side. Draw a line arbitrarily on X-Y reference line, at B, @250<315. Project all the
corners of the top view towards right side through 45o line and complete the required left
side view on right side.
7. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the object.
8. Repeat the above procedure for all the objects
9. Draw the title block and write the necessary text.

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 RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF A PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

Date:

AIM:-

To draw the plan of residential building with two bed rooms, kitchen, hall, etc.

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 6. TEXT
2. ZOOM 7. LTYPE
3. LINE 8. OSNAP
4. OFFSET 9. ORTHO
5. TRIM 10. DIMLINEAR
PROCEDURE:

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command and ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE ,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with options commands.
3. Using LINE command, draw the horizontal line arbitrarily at ‘A’ as a required length.
4. Using OFFSET command, offset the previously drawn horizontal line at distance
5. Draw the vertical line of specified length
6. Using OFFSET command, offset the previously drawn vertical line at required distance
7. Using TRIM command, trim the unnecessary lines.
8. Using LINE command, draw the window at the required places at specified length and
specified.
9. Using TEXT command, write the necessary text inside the plan and title block.
10. Using LTYPE command, change the line type wherever required.
11. Using DIMLIN command, dimension the plan wherever required.

RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING OF SIMPLE STEEL TRUSSES

Date:

AIM:-

To draw the front view and top view of simple Solids like prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone
and Dimensioning.

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 6. ORTHO

2. ZOOM 7. OSNAP

3. LINE 8. TEXT

4. OFFSET 9. DIMLINEAR

5. TRIM

ROCEDURE:

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command and ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE ,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with options commands.
3. Using LINE and ORTHO ON command, arbitrarily draw a line and using text command
mark C and D. At point ‘A’ draw a line @50<60 and mark ‘E’. Draw a line EG. At point
‘G’ draw a line @50<300. And draw the necessary lines using LINE command. Using
LINE and OFFSET command draw the supports and complete the truss.
4. Using the above commands and procedure draw the trusses (2) and (3).
5. Using DIMLINEAR command, dimension the truss wherever required.
6. Draw the title block and write the necessary text.

RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING SECTIONAL VIEWS OF PRISM, PYRAMID,
CYLINDER AND CONE.

Date:
AIM:-
To draw the sectional views of the prism, pyramid, cylinder, and cone.
LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-
1. LIMITS 8. TEXT
2. ZOOM 9. POLYGON
3. LINE 10. LTYPE
4. OFFSET 11. CIRCLE
5. TRIM 12. ARRAY
6. ORTHO 13. DIMLINEAR
7. OSNAP 14. DIMRADIUS
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command and ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE ,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP with options commands.
PYRAMID AND PRISM:-
3. Draw the X - Y line arbitrarily using line and ORTHO ON commands. Use TEXT
command to mark X – Y.
4. Draw the pentagon (pentagonal pyramid) POLYGON command with edge option, first
end point is selected arbitrarly below the XY line, second end point @30<90. Use Text
command to mark a, b, c, d, and e.
5. Project all corners of pentagon upto X - Y line using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP
with PERPENDICULAR option commands. Again project the same lines from X - Y line
to 75 mm height using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP with PERPENDICULAR option
commands. Use TEXT command to mark a’, b’, c’, d’, e’.
6. Draw the horizontal line at the mid point of axis. From this mid point of the axis, draw
the cutting plane line @40<30 and extend the same line @40<210, using LINE and

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 OSNAP with intersection option commands and use TEXT command to mark all the
cutting corners as 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’, and 5’.
7. Offset the cutting plane line at a distance of 65mm using OFFSET command and project
all the cutting corners upto new cutting plane X1-Y1 line.
8. Measure the distance from X-Y line to a, b,c,d, e. using dimlinear command and mark the
same distance from new cutting plane X1-Y1 line to 11,21,31, 41, and 51.and hatch the true
shape of the section using HATCH command.
9. Project all the cutting corners upto top view and mark corresponding intersection points
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and hatch the sectional top view using HATCH command.
10. Repeat the above procedure for Hexagonal prism.
CYLINDER AND CONE:-
1. Draw the circle arbitrarily below the XY line using CIRCLE command with Radius
30mm.Draw horizontal line from center of the circle to 30mm length using line and
ORTHO ON command for dividing the circle into eight equal parts.
2. Array the previously drawn horizontal line using ARRAY command with required
options.
3. Use TEXT command to mark a(p), b(q), c(r), d(s), e(t), f(u) , g(v), h(w). and O
4. Project all corners of cylinder upto X - Y line using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP
with PERPENDICULAR option commands. Again project the same lines from X - Y line
to 75 mm height using LINE, ORTHO ON, and OSNAP with PERPENDICULAR option
commands. Use TEXT command to mark p’, q’ (w’), r’ (v’), s’(u’), t’ and a’, b’ (h’), c’
(g’), d(f’), e’.
5. Draw the horizontal line at the mid point of axis. From this mid point of the axis, draw
the cutting plane line @40<30 and extend the same line @40<210, using LINE and
OSNAP with intersection option commands and use TEXT command to mark all the
cutting corners as 1’, 2’(8’), 3’(7’), 4’(6’) and 5’ , offset the cutting plane line at a
distance of 65mm using OFFSET command and project all the cutting corners upto new
cutting plane X1-Y1 line.
6. Measure the distance from X-Y line to a(p), b(q), c(r), d(s), e(t), f(u) , g(v), h(w) using
DIMLINEAR command and mark the same distance from new cutting plane X1-Y1 line
to 11,21,31, 41, 51. 61, 71, 81and hatch the true shape of the section using HATCH
command.
7. Project all the cutting corners upto top view and using TEXT command mark
corresponding intersection points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and hatch the sectional top view
using HATCH command.
8. Repeat the above procedure for cone and to get intersection of point 3 and 7 in top view
project m’ upto m.
RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: DRAWING ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SIMPLE OBJECTS.

Date:

AIM:-
To draw the isometric view of the given objects.
LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 8. SNAP
2. ZOOM 9. ISOPLANE
3. LINE 10. ELLIPSE
4. OFFSET 11. COPY
5. TRIM 12. DIMALINEAR
6. ORTHO 13. DIMALINGED
7. OSNAP 14. DIMOBIQUE
PROCEDURE: FIG. (‘A’)
1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command with ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) and title block using LINE,
OFFSET, TRIM, ORTHO ON and OSNAP commands.
3. Select the point ‘a’ arbitrarily and Draw a LINE, @50<30, @50<90, @50<150,
@50<210, @50<270, @50<330, @50<90. Join the Line ‘b’ to ‘1’ and ‘b’ to ‘2’.
4. Draw a line at the mid – point of left side of the square box using LINE, ORTHO ON,
and OSNAP with mid – point option.
5. Set SNAP to isometric snap and the cursor will change automatically to isometric
position.
6. Using ISOPLANE command, select option (because the circle is on left side).
7. Use ELLIPSE command and select ISOCIRCLE, select mid point of a line (drawn in step
2) to draw the ellipse with radius 10.
8. Repeat the step 4,6 and 5 for the right and top circles.
RESULT:-

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Ex. No.: CREATION OF 3-D MODELS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS AND
OBTAINING 2-D MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGS FROM 3-D MODEL.

Date:

AIM:-

To create 3D modeling of the given object and to obtain its 2D views.

LIST OF COMMANDS USED:-

1. LIMITS 8. POLYGON
2. ZOOM 9. EXTRUDE
3. LINE 10. CYLINDER
4. OFFSET 11. CONE, BOX
5. TRIM 12. SUBTRACT
6. ORTHO 13. UNION
7. OSNAP 14. VPORTS,VIEW

PROCEDURE:-

1. Set the limits (450,320) using LIMITS command and ZOOM the window using zoom
command with ALL option.
2. Draw the outline (420,297), marginal line (390,277) .using LINE, OFFSET, TRIM,
ORTHO ON and OSNAP with required options commands.
3. Draw the front view of the given object. [That is in the top view environment].
Using REGION command selects the object and circle using window selection. Two
regions to be created.
Using EXTRUDE command both object and circle using window selection with a height
Of 50 mm.

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 Using VIEW command, select the front view and draw the two circles with radius of 6
mm and EXTRUDE the same with height of 16 mm.

Using VPORTS command, select single, WS Isometric and 3D wire frame.

Using SUBTRACT command, subtract three circles from the object.

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 Using VPORTS command, select single, WS Isometric and conceptual visual style.

Using VPORTS command, select Four: Equal, Top and conceptual visual style.

RESULT:-

101