The overall stability of the tall buildings

The overall stability of tall building structures

The stability of the structural elements

• It need the element internal force and stress analysis under the
most unfavorable design load combination and need to consider the
P-∆ effect.
• It is need to check the element capacity which will cause the local
or overall structural collapse when the element in damage or lose
the capacity of bearing
• It also need to check the overall structural collapse resistant
capacity when an element lose it bearing capacity(to remove the
element).
 The overall stability of tall building structures

The stability of the overall structures

The property decrease and the structural instability check of the

structural under the wind and earthquake excitation in considering the
vertical load design value combination and the P-∆ effect.
• The critical
a vertical
a load
oad
• The main parameters influent the P-∆ effect and the structural
stability
• The structural stability
y check and control
• The shear type instability is most used for the frame structures
• The bending and shear-bending types of instability are most used
for the frame-shear wall, frame-core wall, shear wall or tube
structures.
 The overall stability of tall building structures
The shear type instability

The bending type instability

The shear
shear-bending
bending type instability
 The overall stability of tall building structures
The main parameters influent the P-∆ effect and the structural stability
 The structural stability demands

necessary
y

the P－∆ effect need not consider.

The main parameters influent the P-∆ effect and the structural stability
Th main
The i parameters
t influent
i fl t the
th P-∆
P ∆ effect
ff t
The stability demands for the structures under the rare earthquake excitaion

Structural types
Frame structures , steel structures 1/50
F
Frame-shear
h wall,
ll fframe-core, slab-shear
l b h wall
ll 1/100
Shear wall, tube-in-tube 1/120
The transfer layersapart from frame structures 1/120
The structural overall overturning check
The structural base stress zero area check(JGJ3-2010 12.1.7)

3.0 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.0

0 15% 50% 65.4% 100%

JZ102-79 JGJ3-91 critical

 The internal forces of tall building structures
under the lateral forces
The frame structures
 The internal forces of tall building structures
under the lateral forces
The shear wall structures
 The bearing capacity and the ductility
control for the structures of tall buildings
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The vertical and lateral loads effect of combination

Loads effect combination

1.25 1.4 __

1.25 __ 1.3

1.25 0.28 1.3

 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

element types bearing condition

beam, column 0.75

brace 0.80
steel elements
node plate and bolt 0.85

welding seam 0.90

beam bending 0.75

eccentrically pressure 0.75

Reinforced concrete
elements
l t column(axial eccentrically pressure 0.80
compression ratio >0.15)
shear wall eccentrically pressure 0.85
shear wall partial pressure 1.00
element shear,eccentrically tension 0.85
node shear 0.85
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

The axial compression ratio of the vertical elements

Reasons to control the axial compression ratio
• The ductility demand
• Structural safety
Complicated working status
• The overall structural stiffness mainly from the vertical elements and bearing the
main lateral force
• During construction, accumulating and difference of the internal force of the
vertical elements
• The concrete material is an elastic-plastic material and real internal force of the
reinforced concrete element may different from the design value
• The stiffness of the real structures may be influenced with the non structural
members
• The vertical internal force may be influenced with non load effect like temperature
variation, concrete shrinkage and creep deformation
The axial compression ratio control for the vertical elements is to leave structural
safety leeway.
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

i i grade
aseismic d
structural types
1 2 3 4

frame 0.65 0.75 0.85 __

slab-column-wall, frame-wall, 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95
frame-core, tube-in-tube
frame transfer shear wall 0.60 0.70 __ __
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

frame frame-shear wall shear wall frame-core

frame column 0 20
0.20 0 20
0.20 __ 0 20
0.20

frame beam 0.20 0.20 __ 0.20

shear wall __ 0.15 0.20 0.15

coupling beam __ 0.15 0.15 0.15

 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

C30 C40 C50

frame column 0 12
0.12 0 11
0.11 0 10
0.10

frame beam 0.20 0.175 0.15

shear wall 0.12 0.10 0.08

coupling beam 0.15 0.13 0.11

 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

The aseismic grade(JGJ3-2010 3.9, GB50011-2010 6.1.2)

• The aseismic grade is the strict level of the seismic resistant performance for
different structural types, height, structural position, element types and seismic
f tifi ti
fortification i t
intensity.
it
• According to the earthquake damage survey, related scientific research and
experience of engineering design, the structural aseismic grade is sated up.
• For different aseismic grade,
grade the calculation and construction measures are
different.
• The internal force of the important elements need to be regulated in order to
make up for the insufficient internal force in the elasticity calculation of
combination of frequent earthquake and vertical loads.

aseismic beam bending shear force bending moment bending moment shear force of shear force of bottom
grade moment for of frame of frame base or of frame corner frame beams or reinforced area shear
node design columns transfer columns columns coupling beams walls
1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.56 1.4 1.5

2 11
1.1 11
1.1 1 25
1.25 13
1.3 1 05
1.05 11
1.1
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

seismic constructions of frame beams

the longitudinal
aseismic compress height
h h reinforcement
continuous longitudinal beam stirrup
reinforcement encrypts zone
grade of frame beam ratio for both up steel bar encrypts zone
beam stirrup
and down surface along the beam
end diameter length
of the beam end up surface

2 3
2,

4
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

seismic constructions of frame columns

The minimum
minimum volume
reinforcement ratio
reinforcement ratio of the Stirrup
of longitudinal
column end encryption area minimum value Stirrup minimum
reinforcement
aseismic grade of encryption value of non
middle corner & axial compression ratio area encryption
ti area
and side transfer
columns columns

2
3
4
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

seismic constructions of shear walls

bidirectional minimum concealed column minimum concealed column minimum
reinforcement ratio reinforcement ratio stirrups
wall thickness
aseismic grade (mm) encryption encryption encryption
normal area area normal area area normal area
area

4
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

A suitable ratio of steel for an element

The suitable ratio of steel (reinforced and non reinforced) of elements is important
for the elements in normal work of load-bearing capacity, ductility, stiffness and
crack
k control.
t l
Reasons:
• The non loads effect (like temperature variation, concrete shrinkage, creep
deformation and the differential settlement of the foundation) has not yet
consider in structural calculation mainly on the vertical loads, wind and
earthquake, which may more prominent in the internal force or damage of
elements or structures.
• For the control actions of design, the theory and uncertainty of wind and
earthquake is not enough to support to design a structure with design target.
• The design theory is based on the elastic methods, however, the material of
concrete is the elastic plastic material and the earthquake action will cause the
structures in the nonlinear working stages.
• The elements of tall buildings may in large size, the concrete volume may large,
the concrete strength grade may high and pumped concrete is used in
construction.
 The bearing capacity and ductility of tall
building
g structures
The ductility control of elements bearing capacity

suitable ratio of steel for an element

longitudinal longitudinal non-

reinforcement reinforcement stirrup longitudinal waist

beams

columns(concealed)

shear walls

slabs
The performance-based seismic design for
the structures of tall buildings
g
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

Some contents
• The performance based seismic design is first proposed by Professor Bertero of
University of California, Berkeley
• Further refinement of the multilevel seismic fortification goal
• According to the building height, regularity, structural types, site conditions and
the seismic fortification criterion, the performance based seismic design method
is chosen to be used.
• Especially for the tall building structures beyond the code limits or the seismic
concept design.
• It is important to improve the structure plan in order to reduce the level beyond
the code limits or the seismic concept design.
• The 4 seismic performance objectives(say objective A, B, C, or D) and seismic
performance levels (say level 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) which are all related to the 3 stages
seismic fortification goal (say frequent earthquake(small earthquake,
earthquake 63% excess
probability), precautionary intensity earthquake (middle earthquake, 10% excess
probability) and rare earthquake (large earthquake, 2% excess probability)).
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
Some contents(JGJ3-2010, 3.11)
• seismic fortification goal
A B C D

frequent earthquake 1 1 1 1

precautionary intensity earthquake 1 2 3 4

rare earthquake 2 3 4 5

• seismic performance levels and expect performance status

position of damage
Perfor. macroscopic damage probability of
level degree continued use
key ordinary vertical energy consuming members
components members

1 in good condition, no no damage no damage no damage continued use

damage with no repair
2 essentially in good no damage no damage minor damage continued use after
condition,, minor damage
g minor repair
p
3 slight damage minor damage minor damage minor damage, continued use after
part moderate damage normal repair
4 moderate damage slight damage part moderate moderate damage, part continued use after
damage comparison of severely damage repair and retrofit
5 comparison of severely moderate Part comparison of comparison of severely damage need emergency
damage damage severely damage repair
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

personnel buildings
b ld meeting
very important important
crowded normal basic safe target
buildings buildings
buildings

frequent earthquake
precautionary
intensity earthquake

rare earthquake
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
Total lateral shear force

elastic calculation for

rare earthquake
in good condition at rare earthquake

essentially in good condition at rate earthquake

part moderate damage at rare earthquake

elastic calculation for
precautionary intensity
earthquake
moderate damage at rare earthquake

structural stability
y
life safety at rare
earthquake
elastic calculation for
frequent earthquake
collapse
damage control margin of safety

Displacement
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
Structural seismic performance levels

S
Structural
l seismic
i i performance
f l
levels
l
seismic levels

frequent earthquake

precautionary intensity
earthquake

rare earthquake

A B C D E

frequent earthquake 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a

precautionary intensity earthquake 1a 1b 2 3 4

rare earthquake 1b 2 3 4 5
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

About structural seismic resistant calculation

the 3 stages seismic

fortification goal

structures beyond the Defined the element

seismic performance
code limits levels

CQC & time history 3 stages seismic

seismic calculations
calculations calculations

GB 50011-2010
seismic control indices
JGJ 3-2010
3 2010

The internal force

amplifications and Seismic measures The aseismic grades
seismic construction
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

About structural seismic resistant calculation

1. The least earthquake action of tall buildings
When the shear force is less than the shear weight ratio(JGJ3-2010, 4.3.12)demand,
it means that
• the structural overall stiffness is small and
• the response is obviously with the nonlinear and damping effect and
• not only bring about with earthquake ground motion acceleration but also with
the displacement and velocity.
measures
Need to regulate the structural plan and increase the structural overall stiffness and
combine with the period reduction
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

About structural seismic resistant calculation

2. The stiffness difference among floors control
• many method in calculation of the lateral stiffness
• The nonlinear analysis is necessary in identifying the weak position or floors.
floors
3. The displacement ratio in torsion control
• the rigid slab assumption
• 5% accidental eccentricity for long annex may cause large eccentricity.
eccentricity
• The maximum and average displacements of the vertical elements are selected in
one axis.
• The accidental eccentricity and bidirectional earthquake action need not be
considered at the same time, however, need to be selected the more worse case.
• The restriction of the displacement ratio limitation can decrease when
① the angle of floor displacement is 1/3 times and
② the nonlinear angle of floor displacement is controlled in 1/500-1/300, moreover,
③ it is need to meet the requirements of the capacity of precautionary intensity earthquake
standard value.
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
About structural seismic resistant calculation
4. Time history analysis
• For
F th complicated
the li t d and d beyond
b d the
th code d content
t t structures,
t t supplement
l t
calculation of the time history is needed.
• The site seismic hazard assessment report
• The earthquake records need at least 1 set of artificial seismic wave and 2 sets of
natural earthquake waves.
• Waves need to be response spectrum verified.
• The total shear force of the time history for one set of earthquake record can not
65% times smaller than that of response spectrum analysis
• The mean value of the total shear force among the result of different earthquake
records can not 80% times smaller than that of response spectrum analysis
• When use one single directional record for the bidirectional earthquake in time
history analysis, it is in the 1:0.85 combination.
• When use one single g directional record for the three directional earthquake q in
time history analysis, it is in the 1:0.85 :0.65 combination, where 0.65 is the
vertical earthquake proportional.
• When the structure is complicated or super high, it is need use the envelope value
or mean value
l plus
l one time
ti variance
i off the
th results
lt for
f different
diff t records.
d
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
About structural seismic resistant calculation
5. Vertical earthquake response analysis
• Transfer
T f b
beams, l
long cantilever
til elements,
l t conjoined
j i d structure,
t t seismic
i i
precautionary intensity equal or larger than 8
• The time history analysis is recommended
6 The deformation analysis for the weak floors
6.
• the pushover method
• dynamic nonlinear time history method
7 The
7. Th structural
t t l seismic
i i test
t t
• For the structures of complicated and beyond the code content ,when the design
lack of accordance
• The beams ,columns
columns and shear walls of high steel ratio
• New type or special shaped cross section with section steel
• Complicated nodes and complicated forced nodes
• Multi-transfer
M lti t f structures
t t
• …..
 The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
About structural seismic resistant calculation
8. The stiffness attenuation in nonlinear stage under the rare earthquake excitation

precautionary intensity earthquake

frequent
earthquake

precautionary
intensity
earthquake
q

rare
earthquake

precautionary intensity
earthquake
The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

capability spectrum curve

pushover curve

structural top displacement

structural capability curve structural capability spectrum curve

The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures
The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

capability spectrum curve

capability
p y spectrum
p curve
The performance based seismic resistant
design
g for tall building
g structures

capability spectrum

requirement
spectrum

Performance
point

requirement
spectrum curve
requirement
spectrum

Spectrum displacement (mm)