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Towards ubiquitous city: Concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic

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Ho Lee, Sang and Hoon Han, Jung and Taik Leem, Yoon and Yigitcanlar, Tan (2008)
Towards ubiquitous city : concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea.
In: Yigitcanlar, Tan and Velibeyoglu, Koray and Baum, Scott, (eds.) Knowledge-Based
Urban Development : Planning and Applications in the Information Era. IGI Global,
Information Science Reference, Hershey, Pa., pp. 148-169.

© Copyright (c) 2008 by IGI Global.

9
Towards ubiquitous city:
concept, planning, and
experiences in the Republic of
Korea
Sang Ho Lee, Jung Hoon Han, Yoon Taik Leem and Tan Yigitcanlar

INTRODUCTION

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) had occupied their position on

knowledge management and are now evolving towards the era of self-intelligence
(Klosterman, 2001). In the 21st century ICTs for urban development and planning are
imperative to improve the quality of life and place. This includes the management of
traffic, waste, electricity, sewerage and water quality, monitoring fire and crime,
conserving renewable resources, and coordinating urban policies and programs for urban
planners, civil engineers, and government officers and administrators.

The handling of tasks in the field of urban management often requires complex,
interdisciplinary knowledge as well as profound technical information. Most of the
information has been compiled during the last few years in the form of manuals, reports,
databases, and programs. However frequently, the existence of these information and
services are either not known or they are not readily available to the people who need
them. To provide urban administrators and the public with comprehensive information
and services, various ICTs are being developed.

In early 1990s Mark Weiser (1993) proposed Ubiquitous Computing project at the Xerox
Palo Alto Research Centre in the US. He provides a vision of a built environment which
digital networks link individual residents not only to other people but also to goods and
services whenever and wherever they need (Mitchell, 1999). Since then the Republic of
Korea (ROK) has been continuously developed national strategies for knowledge based
urban development (KBUD) through the agenda of Cyber Korea, E-Korea and U-Korea.
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

Among abovementioned agendas particularly the U-Korea agenda aims the convergence
of ICTs and urban space for a prosperous urban and economic development. U-Korea
strategies create a series of U-cities based on ubiquitous computing and ICTs by a means
of providing ubiquitous city (U-city) infrastructure and services in urban space. The goals
of U-city development is not only boosting the national economy but also creating value
in knowledge based communities. It provides opportunity for both the central and local
governments collaborate to U-city project, optimize information utilization, and minimize
regional disparities. This chapter introduces the Korean-led U-city concept, planning,
design schemes and management policies and discusses the implications of U-city
concept in planning for KBUD.

BACKGROUND: CONCEPTS AND KEY ISSUES

The U-city concept

The aim of U-city is to create a built environment where any citizen can get any services
anywhere and anytime through any ICT devices. Tremendous speeding in ICT
development has brought the conventional city in terms of intelligence, innovation and
evolution to E-city and then to U-city.

The intelligent services such as home banking, telecommuting, teleconferencing,

telemedicine, intelligent transportation system (ITS), remote sensing, monitoring, and
control of urban infrastructure are always available in U-city. It is crucial to provide high
speed, convenient and accessible information and services in anytime and anywhere. U-
city concept also helps realize U-democracy to encourage citizens to participate in policy
decision-making, negotiation and voting. This aims to make citizens live in comfortable,
convenient, secure and healthy environments using ubiquitous technologies.

U-city refers to the environmentally friendly and sustainable smart (or knowledge) city
which makes the ubiquitous computing available to amongst the urban elements such as
people, building, infrastructure and open space. The U-city is quite different from the
well-known virtual city. While the virtual city that reproduces those urban elements
visualized within the virtual space, U-city is created by the computer chips or sensors
inserted to those urban elements. It is a basic unit of U-city that the sensors and sensor
networks to continually communicate with wired or wireless computer devices embedded
in people, building, infrastructure and any feature of urban space. This allows
ubiquitously communicating person to person, person to object and object to objects
where computers or devices are invisible to users. Effectiveness in urban planning and
management can be improved by using real time data acquisition and information
monitoring via those embedded computers in every part of cities (Figure 1).

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

Figure 1. Difference between virtual city and U-city (Lee, 2005)

Technologies of U-cities

A range of implications of ICT have been adopted in the various areas of U-city such as
social science, geography, planning and architecture. In particular, such possibilities have
been assessed, which include introduction of e-governance (Pratchett, 1999; Yigitcanlar,
2003), implications of e-commerce (Evans, 2002), investment in transportation
infrastructure (Mikelbank, 2004), and telecommunication and city planning (Graham,
1999). Studies in the same genre also take either the application of ICT as a tool of public
policy measures or the development of ICT policy to urban planning (Cohen & Nijkamp,
2002; Cohen-Blankshtain et al., 2004). These implications can be also applied to U-city
but it became only possible by a means of high capacity digital networks to enable the
delivery of a large volume of information whenever and wherever people need it. In other
words U-city can be differentiated by the types and levels of ICTs. The 13 key
technologies used in U-city include:

ƒ Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) is the integrated next generation

wired/wireless network for the convergence of voice, data, internet,
telecommunications and broadcasting. BcN is expected to provide the backbone
for ubiquitous computing services, and is designed to provide internet access at
speeds of 50Mbps to 100Mbps, about 50 times faster than current conventional
services, with nationwide coverage.
ƒ High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and Wireless Broadband
(WiBro) are the wireless internet technologies, which enable users to enjoy
contents usually seen on a PC on their cellular phone as well. The feature of
HSDPA and WiBro is a screen telephone service which supports video
conferencing with a mobile device. HSDPA and Wibro can transmit fast, easily
and reasonably high quality large-sized multimedia such as moving images and
MP3 files.

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 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

ƒ Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) is the ubiquitous environment for

communication among the small embedded devices with sensing capabilities.
Small enough to guarantee the pervasiveness in U-city, sensor devices associate
creating networks that provide valuable information to be exploited for a great
variety of sensor applications. USN should be numerous, casually accessible;
often invisible computing devices; frequently mobile or embedded in the
environment; connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure;
and composed of a wired core and wireless edges to get information through any
devices anytime anywhere.
ƒ Fiber to the Premise (FTTP) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery in
which an optical fiber is run directly onto the customers' premises. Fiber to the
premises can be further categorized according to where the optical fiber ends.
Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is a form of fiber optic communication delivery in
which the optical signal reaches the end user's living or office space at the speed
of 100Mbps to 1Gbps. Fiber to the Building (FTTB) (also called as Fiber to the
Basement) is a form of fiber optic communication delivery in which the optical
signal reaches the premises but stops short of the end user's living or office
space (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premises, U-city Law, 2007).
ƒ Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is sensing technology to automatically
identify animal, people, or objects using radio waves from small sensor devices,
which are composed of RFID tags or transponders and RFID readers. All RFID
tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and
processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency (RF)
signal and perhaps other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for
receiving and transmitting the signal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID). The
RFID tags can automatically be read from 1.8 meter to 27 meters away.
ƒ Internet Protocol (IPv6) is a network layer protocol for packet-switched
internet-works. It is designated as the successor of IPv4, the current version of
the Internet Protocol, for general use on the internet. The main improvement
brought by IPv6 is the increase in the number of addresses available for
networked devices. IPv4 supports 232 (about 4.3 billion) addresses, which is
inadequate for giving even one address to every living person, let alone
supporting embedded and portable devices. IPv6, however, supports 2128 (about
340 billion) addresses, or approximately 5×1028 addresses for each of the
roughly 6.5 billion living people today (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6).
ƒ Context Awareness Computing technology is used for to acquire and utilize
information about the context of a device to provide services that are appropriate
to the particular people, place, time, events, and so on. For example, a cellular
phone will always vibrate and never beep in a concert, if the system can know
the location of the cellular phone and the concert schedule (Moran & Dourish,
2001).
ƒ Augmented Reality (AR) is a field of computer research which deals with the
combination of real world and computer generated data. At present, most AR
research is concerned with the use of live video imagery which is digitally
processed and ‘augmented’ by the addition of computer generated graphics.
Advanced research includes the use of motion tracking data, fiducial marker

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

recognition using machine vision, and the construction of controlled

environments containing any number of sensors and actuators
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality).
ƒ System-on-a-Chip (SoC) is an idea of integrating all components of a computer
or other electronic system into a single integrated circuit. It may contain digital,
analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions all on one chip. A
typical application is in the area of embedded systems.
ƒ Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system capable of
integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-
referenced information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that allows users
to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial
information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations. GIS
technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, asset
management, environmental impact assessment, urban planning, cartography,
criminology, history, sales, marketing, and route planning. For example, a GIS
might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in
the event of a natural disaster, a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need
protection from pollution, or a GIS can be used by a company to find new
potential customers similar to the ones they already have.
ƒ Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently the only fully functional Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Developed by the United States
Department of Defense. Utilizing a constellation of at least 24 medium Earth
orbit satellites that transmit precise radio signals, the system enables a GPS
receiver to determine its location, speed and direction. GPS has become a widely
used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land
surveying, commerce, and scientific uses. GPS also provides a precise time
reference used in many applications including scientific study of earthquakes,
and synchronization of telecommunications networks.
ƒ Telematics is the science of sending, receiving and storing information via
telecommunication devices. More commonly, telematics have been applied
specifically to the use of GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile
communications technology. Transport telematics applications are contributing
to safer, cleaner and more efficient transport by helping travelers, freight
distributors and transport operators avoid delays, congestion and unnecessary
trips; diverting traffic from overcrowded roads to alternative modes including
rail, sea and inland waterways; reducing accidents; increasing productivity;
gaining extra capacity from existing infrastructure; encouraging integrated
transport reducing energy use; and reducing environmental pollution. It could
provide potential savings of time and energy for individual drivers, reduction of
congestion for the city, and impact on long-term land use.
ƒ Middleware in Simulation Technology is a computer software that connects
software components or applications. It is used most often to support complex,
distributed applications. It includes web servers, application servers, content
management systems, and similar tools that support application development
and delivery. In Simulation, ‘middleware’ is a term generally used in the context
of the High Level Architecture (HLA) that applies to many distributed

5
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

simulations. It is a layer of software that lies between the application code and
the Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI), hence `middle' in its title. Middleware
generally consists of a library of functions, and enables a number of applications
(simulations or federates in HLA terminology) to page these functions from the
common library rather than recreate them for each application.

These ubiquitous technologies are vital to achieve the goal of U-city and to provide a
range of urban services. The following section demonstrates how these ubiquitous
technologies could be used for to improve the quality of urban services.

Services of U-cities

The ‘ubiquitous’ in U-city provides services for people so they can enjoy access to high-
speed networks and advanced communication services ranging from U-life to U-business
and U-play to U-government. U-city services begin with the digitalization of the
activities in family life, business, economy and public administration. This large volume
of digital data is processed and utilized by advanced ICTs and it significantly challenges
in the speeding of the process. The ‘Smart city’ that includes smart home, smart
transport, smart Medicare and smart education is an integral part of U-city services. Table
1 provides a summary of the U-city services and its possible effectiveness. A range of
new U-city services would be provided for the various situations and needs of cities and
their citizens. Some of these services are listed and explained below:

ƒ U-life: By benefiting from U-life citizens may access services like home
networking, which links, monitors, and controls household appliances. They can
do the remote meter reading and inspection, home banking and shopping.
Citizens can check their roof-garden environment by using Zigbee-based
sustainable ecosystem, which consists of swarms of sensors for climate,
environmental physical measures, soil humidity and the like (Pietsch, 2006). U-
healthcare and U-education will provide a range of additional services at home.
Telematics, a coined term derived from telecommunication and informatics,
refers to services that comprehensively provide traffic information, e-mail,
internet access and multimedia entertainment as well as emergency rescue
information to automobile drivers on a real-time basis (Lee, 2005; Lee & Leem,
2006).
ƒ U-business: Firms can get benefit and save the cost through U-business services,
which include U-office, Multimedia conferencing, information management,
and virtual market. At U-office, businessman can go online for conferencing
with the enterprises in distant regions or foreign countries (Lee, 2005; Lee &
Leem, 2006). They can send pictures and documents to their guests through
messenger by WiBro terminal. Firms can also purchase best deal materials from
the virtual market.
ƒ U-government: Many types of pollutants could be removed with the help of
sensors that detect pollution in the air, soil and water. Surveillance cameras
ensure the safety of people at parks or other public areas. Ubiquitous

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

instruments smoothly run the city's transportation system by accurately

forecasting arrival and departure time of buses or trains, to minimize traffic
congestions (Lee, 2005; Lee & Leem, 2006). Location based service are being
used to provide protection for mental handicaps and walking guide service for
blinds. Ubiquitous sensor networks are to be placed at school zones to protect
children. U-Agriculture is to be used on livestock, where sensors on the
livestock could detect Avian Influenza before its spread and massive
destruction.
ƒ Location-based services (LBS): LBS are offered by cellular phone networks as a
way to send custom advertising and other information to cell-phone subscribers
based on their current location. The cell-phone service provider gets the location
from a GPS chip built into the phone, or using radiolocation and trilateration
based on the signal-strength of the closest cell-phone towers. One example of
LBS might be to allow the subscriber to find the nearest business of a certain
type, such as a Turkish restaurant. The ability of the restaurant to send an
invitation to by-passers, even though this might be regarded as unsolicited
commercial email or spamming. This can be especially useful when dialing an
emergency telephone number (119 in Korea, 911 in North America, 112 in
Europe or 000 in Australia) so that the operator can dispatch emergency services
such as emergency medical services, police or fire-fighters to the correct
location.
ƒ Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): ITS play particularly vital roles in
ensuring mobility for all and enabling business to meet orders in increasingly
competitive markets. It could provide potential savings of time and energy for
manufacturers and individual drivers, reduction of congestion for the city, and
impact on long-term sustainable land use.
ƒ Smart and Intelligent Building: Most intelligent buildings sense or manage
several variables, or manage more than one building system, extracting greater
performance than several disconnected building systems could achieve. Some
form of network, or integrated information system seems to be required for a
building to be called ‘intelligent’.
ƒ Teleport and Intelligent Building: In a seaport, ships bring in and take away raw
material and manufacturing goods. Similar to a seaport in a teleport, it is
electronic information that comes into the port; it is modified in some way and
then sent on to another destination. The principal components of the teleport
would include a central facility offering diverse telecommunications across a
variety of mediums, a land development opportunity, and a distribution network
to link telecommunications users in the area. It could potentially provide ICT
services efficiently to the users

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 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

Table 1. Example Ubiquitous City Services (Lee & Leem, 2006)

Service Area System Effectiveness
- U-home
Culture and • High quality of life
- U-library
Lifestyle • Diversified cultural amenities
- U-museum
- U-learning • Minimizing private education cost
Education - U-education • Providing life education opportunity
- U-campus • Creative and self-learning education
U-life Services - U-waste • Alleviating environmental degradation
Environment
management • Better living amenity
- U-health • Dietary requirement
- U-remote health
• Regular exercise
Health and Welfare examination
• Healthcare for ageing society
- Ageing care system
- Smart home • Remote control and treatment
- U-business • Productive industry
Business - U-commerce • New ICT products
- U-management • New business and services
- U-payroll
- U-banking
Finance • Transparency in banking and finance
- Intelligent payment
system
• Increase of labor force participation
- U-job data search
Employment
system • Adequate human resource
management
- U-logistics, U-
U-business trading
Services • Reduce trading cost
- Smart shipping
• Effective stock management
Transport - Intelligent traffic
• Prevent traffic accident
system
- Smart vehicle • Incentive to automobile industry
- Intelligent road
- Smart building
• Central climate control
Construction/SOC - U-office
• Damage control in fire and accidents
- U-apartment
- Food line tracking
• Health and safety
Agriculture and system
• Improve livestock management
Food - Livestock recode
keeping • Livestock disease control
• Improvement of the quality of public
services
Administration - U-government
• Customer oriented
• 24/7 service
- Emergency control
U-government Emergency by GIS, GPS and • Centralized control in national emergency
Services RFID
- U-defense
- U-police, Mobile • Increasing military force
investigation with • Deceasing military cost
Security
crime data • Minimizing red-tapes
- Prisoner • Online access to criminal data
management

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

PLANNING STRATEGIES OF U-CITIES

Urban planners ultimately focus on developing ubiquitous computing environments so

people, objects, buildings, urban infrastructures, and places in cities could simultaneously
communicate with each other. This communication helps in accessing crucial information
and also improves the quality of life. The major objectives of a U-city planning
comprises: forecasting futuristic society; inducing U-city services to meet society and
citizens’ needs; building the physical mobile/built infrastructure and environment for
ubiquitous computing; planning the U-city spatial structure and land use; and managing
the U-city and its planning process (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Planning of a U-city (Derived from Arcosanti’s Hyper Building and Urban Task Force, 1999)

Forecasting futuristic society and extracting U-city services

It is important to adequately foresee the image of a city and the characteristics of its
society so that planners may target U-city services that citizens would need. Because the
goal of creating U-city varies by the urban problems and visions that cities face, it is very
important for cities to select the kind of U-city services to be introduced, considering its
budget, technological availability and citizens’ needs. Figure 3 illustrates several key
services of a U-city.

9
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

Multi-media conference u-Business

Personal information Smart
Smart office
office
management, etc.
u-Life
Smart Culture Mobile/home shopping,
Satellite Wearable computer,
network Convergence between broadcasting
and communication , etc.
u-Life
Smart home
Broadcasting High-speed

Remote checking meter,

network Ubiquitous Network network
Edutainment, BcN
Home banking, etc.

u-Life
Cabled Smart Edu
network /health
Mobile
network
u-Life Remote education and medical examination,
Smart
Smart Transport Virtual theme park, interactive cinema,
Real time traffic information On-line multiplatform game, etc.
u-Government
collection and distribution,
Telematics, Auto navigation, etc.
Cyber government,
Disaster forecasting and prevention,
Smart weapons, etc.

Figure 3. U-city services

Constructing U-city infrastructure and environment

How to converge ICTs and physical urban environment is an important planning question
of a U-city. Mobile ubiquitous computing environment (MUCE) such as wearable
computers or cellular phones, as well as built ubiquitous computing environment (BUCE)
including embedded urban infrastructure and place are planned in U-city (Figure 4).
Previous technology stakeholders proceeded to develop MUCE without considering the
physical urban planning, it was not as successful as it was hoped to be. Therefore, BUCE
is a current hot agenda for U-city in ROK.

Narrowly BUCE plan focuses on developing the U-city convergence technologies

between ICTs and urban infrastructures. More broadly U-city urban structure making and
urban land use planning should be considered in the process of constructing BUCE as a
U-city environment, with planning and designing the digital wall as urban screen, the
ubiquitous digital street, and the ubiquitous open space/park. Innovative changes in urban
form and land use pattern should be considered with the BUCE planning and design.

10
Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

Main Control Centre

restoration Water Supply Management System
worker
work order
sink node

manhole RFID tag quantity meter

Recognition RFID tag/sensor node Detection

leaking point water supply pipe

Figure 4. Mobile/built ubiquitous computing environment

Designing compact and decentralized concentration as U-city spatial structure

Compact and decentralized urban form is an ideal urban structure for a U-city. It has clear
urban districts, distinct neighborhoods, and open space like farms and woodland, which
coupled with the trends of environmentally sound and sustainable development (ESSD).
The concepts of compactness and concentration originates from ubiquitous computing,
while the term of decentralized comes from the concept of ubiquitous computing and
ESSD which make the cities achieve a strong agglomeration economy, self sustainability,
and amenity without proximity to each other. Also the concept of U-city accessibility
changes from distance only to the time and telecommunication quality. The central places
theory determining the number, size and distribution of towns by distance is no longer
valid, and U-city at the same time accelerates both compact and decentralized
concentrations of places. The three or four urban hierarchical systems such as central
business district, districts, neighborhood, and local are likely to be substituted for one or
two urban hierarchical systems, or horizontal network systems which have poly-centric
cities. The compact and well-connected decentralized concentration networked U-city is
expected to diminish urban sprawl, car use, land demand, and open space loss, which
constitutes the major problems of contemporary cities.

11
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

Figure 5. Decentralized concentration urban form (Derived from Congress for the New Urbanism, 1999; Urban
Task Force, 1999)

Mixed land use and programmable land use planning

U-city services provide an ease for residents to spend majority of their free time in
relaxing, working, and enjoying entertainment at home instead of going out for
conventionally dealing with these services. The main attractions of the city living is
proximity to work, shops and basic social, educational and leisure amenities. In this
context, mixed land uses in the same neighborhood, street, urban block, or even a
building is essential for U-cities. Increased mixed land uses of a U-city decreases the trip
distance, energy consumption, and land requirement unlike a conventional city.

U-city technologies creates programmable spaces which are built as flexible and modular
spaces that could be changed into various uses when needed. For instance the wall of a
building can be converted into a digital advertising wall, or a digital masterpiece-pictured
wall via ubiquitous media technologies. Finally programmable land use planning would
make use of land and building effectively to satisfy the new demand of them without
additional supply. Therefore increased possibilities of the mixed land use and the
programmable space causes the decrease in trip distance, and energy and land
consumption.

U-city management planning

With the construction of MUCE and BUCE, U-city management planning needs to be
seriously taken into account. U-city management is the U-city software system to control
U-city hardware infrastructures, MUCE and BUCE. It could be implemented through the
virtual space such as monitoring system, experiment system, and U-city management
centre. Monitoring system encourage citizens to be secure and convenient. U-city could
solve the urban problems via experiment system through the public participation. U-city
control centre is a facility that collects, analyses, distributes, integrates and controls data

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

from U-city through the ubiquitous sensor network for carrying the U-city management
effectively.

New planning method for data, democracy, market oriented urban planning and
management

Urban planning and management of U-cities focuses on physical, socio-cultural,

economic and technological aspects of the city and society (Lee, 1999). The market
oriented urban development of U-cities is realized by designing new U-city planning and
management methods, which are experimental urban planning (EUP) methods mainly
based on KBUD principles (Yigitcanlar, 2007) and combination of both qualitative and
quantitative methods.

EUP is the method that draws social agreement between the public officials who establish
and practice urban planning and the stakeholders and interested parties concerning a
certain project through the experiment on the virtual space with the help of U-city
technologies. Real Estate Bond Exchange (REBE) system (Lee, 2001), Real Estate Bond
Exchange between Group (REBE-G) system (Lee, 2002), and Policy Experiment
simulation system, PESS (Lee, 2004) are among the EUP examples, which are the
interactive, iterative and web based cyber housing market implementations for the U-city
planning and management system.

IMPLICATIONS OF U-CITY TO KBUD IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

ROK has continuously developed national strategies for KBUD through different stages
of Cyber Korea, E-Korea and U-Korea. Most of the people were able to own and use a
personal computer in Cyber Korea in the late 1990s, and with the rapid ICTs E-Korea
aimed to widespread the internet use and build a high-speed internet network and virtual
city as an urban information system. Another emphasis for Cyber Korea and E-Korea was
on providing training for everyone to ensure the necessary ICTs skills and capabilities.
Subsequently U-Korea focused on the integration of ICTs and physical city to aim at the
convergence of virtual city and real city. Wired ICTs were used in Cyber Korea and E-
Korea strategies, but wireless ICTs added to U-Korea strategy for building urban
infrastructure. U-Korea is thriving to make convergence of ICTs and knowledge urban
space rather than to develop ICT itself in Cyber Korea and E-Korea. Figure 6 illustrates
the evolution of ICT development with the national information and technology
strategies.

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 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar
Informational Society

u-Korea maturity
National information development
Anything : Communication between PC-Human-Objects
(Overcoming Computer Networking Limits)

u-Korea Start-up
Anywhere : Wireless & Mobile Internet
(Overcoming Geographical Limits)

e-Korea

Anytime : Internet Connection between PCs

(Overcoming Connection & Capacity Limits)

Cyber Korea
Anyone : Wide Spread of PC
(Overcoming Limits of Terminal Possession )

IT development

Figure 6. Korean strategies for the information and KBUD (Ha, 2003)

Under the latest U-Korea strategy, Korean government is trying to build a U-city by
integrating KBUD. The U-city development project is an integral part of the national
strategy towards U-Korea. As a national urban development project U-city emphasizes
KBUD by strengthening the role of ICTs in urban planning and management. ICT itself
has a limit to make a large value addition but U-city as a planning package of ICTs and
KBUD has a significant effect on the ICT and building industries such as building
construction, telecommunication services, infrastructure planning, ICT education, ICT
equipments, software and contents. These activities could boost the regional economy
and create value in KBUD. Therefore the Korean government supports U-city as a model
city which integrates ICTs and KBUD.

The central government in ROK has directly involved in the planning of U-city in order
to maximize information utilities and to minimize a level of regional disparities.
Decentralized de-concentration policy has been adopted where a growth pole strategy
(GPS) is needed. The selected departments of the central government have been relocated
to local areas and key public institutions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area are moved to
outer regions. Inline with GPS, KBUD is proposed with a regional innovation
development strategy (RIDS). This strategy has been adopted in order to transform
developing areas to knowledge based urban clusters by building regional innovation
system for knowledge based industries. This innovation system induces the revitalization
of underdeveloped regions.

The Korean government has played a significant role in making various policies for U-
city as a case of KBUD to create a knowledge spill-over effect. For instance the Ministry

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

of Information and Communication (MIC) prepared an IT839 strategy including eight

new services, three key network infrastructures and nine promising engines for regional
knowledge growth. Local authorities have been laying out comprehensive U-city plans
for solving existing urban problems and strengthening their knowledge based industries
and services. For instance Seoul metropolitan city has been pushing Sangam Digital
Media City project to make a research and development hub for the high-tech knowledge
industry since 1998 (Townsend, 2005). More recently the city of Seoul has applied a U-
tour portal system that provides information on restaurants, retails, accommodations and
the hot spots in the city, to attract 12 million or more tourists to Seoul by 2010. Visitors
will be able to get access to the services by using their cellular phones.

Incheon city also plans to introduce an intelligent transportation system, home

networking, tele-medicine, disaster prevention/monitoring and pollution controlling
system by 2020. Providing an advanced ubiquitous computing environment is a part of
Inchon’s U-city plans, New Songdo U-City as a Y-generation city scheduled for
completion in 2014. New Songdo will locate U-city control centre and provide U-
services to the citizens, which includes TOPAZ for on-call taxis and emergency/rescue
services for patients, MelON mobile music portal service, GXG three-dimensional
mobile game, Cyworld online social network, Moneta mobile credit-card service and
satellite digital multimedia broadcasting.

The Busan city government also has U-city plans to upgrade Busan into an innovative
city by 2010 providing ubiquitous environment around the port area. The plan focuses on
providing convention/exhibition centers and integrated transportation services. On the
other hand Daejeon city is keen to build the fastest network infrastructures and digital
wall for broadcasting commercial advertisements. When it is completed the residents in
Daejeon city will get an electronic identification to access various ubiquitous services.
While Busan and Daejoen city pay a particular attention to establishing U-city
infrastructure, Jeju city focuses on tourism development using the U-services including u-
traffic, u-museum, u-park and u-coupon services. U-traffic based on RFID technologies
allows residents or tourists to access traffic information anytime and anywhere. U-
museum will be built at the Jeju stones and cultural park in Northern Jeju. The ubiquitous
technologies used in the museum include an anti-theft system which traces visitors’
moves and whereabouts within the museum and u-coupon system which electronically
collects admission fees.

There are many other urban planning and development schemes used in various towns,
cities and regions in ROK. Ubiquitous computing is a powerful planning tool as it is very
flexible for planning strategies and objectives. It is an interesting phenomenon that ICTs
significantly impact on the typology of Korean cities and towns. Like other knowledge
based and environmentally friendly developments in the developed countries the urban
planning in ROK relies on ICTs to overcome the unprecedented urban management
problems and to enhance the quality of life. The typology of Korean cities and regions
based on the ICT application can be summarized as: a knowledge-based industrial
complex with embedded software technologies in North Gyeongsang Province, a
research and knowledge hub in Chungcheong Province, a manufacturing hub for optical

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 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

fiber communications in South Jeolla Province and an industrial park for computer
network based logistics in South Gyeongsang Province, and finally Gangwon Province
developed as the heart of the Korea’s biotechnology industry.

These developments are often accompanied by the U-city project. Public and private
partnerships are a key to deliver what the city proposed. In particular KBUD is proposed
by the Korea National Housing Corporation (KNHC) and the Korea Telecom (KT), the
nation’s largest internet access provider. A futuristic knowledge based U-city, Unjeong
city, is under development in the northwest of Seoul. Unjeong is based on KBUD and
will accommodate 46,256 households for the population of 124,898 in the area of 939
hectare from 2003 to 2009. In order to achieve the goals of KBUD Unjeong city is
planned to build a highly integrated and networked human settlement as a self-contained
city. With the ICTs and the U-city planning principles, KBUD was suggested for (Yim,
2006):

ƒ Using as a test-bed for the latest ICTs which can allow all the citizen to access
the internet anywhere and anytime;
ƒ Provision of healthy and safe residential environment using ICTs;
ƒ Convenience with various home-network services;
ƒ Living together with the disable, the elderly and the poor supported by various
ICT systems and U-services all over the city;
ƒ Foundation for ICT industries which can promote regional economy growth; and
ƒ Comprehensive urban management system by Urban Integrated Network
Centre.

Table 2 below illustrates the details in ICTs applied to the Unjung urban planning.
Various ICT systems are used in the segment of the city plan with wired or wireless
technologies. There are several knowledge based facilities and services shown in the
table and these are heavily relied on the wired system except the community information
centers where GIS is mainly used.

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

Table 2. ICTs used in the U-city of Unjung (Yim, 2006).

Area Wired Wireless Systems
IBS (Intelligent Building System)
- Intranet, building automation, office automation,
Office ○ security
- Home office, remote A/V conferences, mobile
work
- Home-network services: remote controlling,
remote inspection, security/rescue systems, digital
Residence TVs, car entry, home offices (optional), elderly
○
(Public Housings) care (optional);
- Latest-technology community facilities (remote
inspection, multimedia rooms)
Commerce ○ e-commerce, RFID-inventory management
High-tech information system (using Avatars,
Museum/
○ etc.), virtual 3D exhibitions, U-Experience Hall,
Gallery
U-Game Hall, remote visit systems
Library ○ Multimedia data, digital library
Remote diagnosis/treatment system, e-
Hospital ○ prescriptions, patient information sharing,
Knowledge
customized treatment
Facilities
Remote education, remote counseling
School ○ (elementary/junior-high/high schools), U-Test
Bed (colleges, universities)
Community Underground management (GIS), energy
Information ○ management system, system for detecting
Centers environmental pollution/disasters
Telematics/ITS:
Roads ○ ○ - route guidance, automatic accident handling,
Transportation automatic fee payment, parking guidance, etc.
BIS System/Devices, mobility assistance for the
Bus Stop ○ ○
handicapped
Park ○ IT kiosks, water quality management system
Open
Outdoor Space
○ ○ IT kiosks, CCTV’s, IT billboards
Environment (Squares,
etc.)
IT Street ○ ○ IT product exhibition and trial systems; IT kiosks
With appropriate size and equipment, remote
monitoring function, and remote automatic
Integrated City Network ○ control function for integrated management of
disasters, environment, transportation, energy,
and rescue systems.
Plan for the development and administration of
Remarks FTTx Latest H/W and infrastructure in consideration of the
required functions
1. Fiber-optic cables will be distributed throughout the city. Wireless installations in each building are
recommended. 2. Focusing on the development and provision of the infrastructure, systems, ad information
services, designs of some specific devices may also be required (devices for public housings, home-gateway,
telematics devices, IT kiosks, etc.). 3. The residence means public housing (9,600 households).

Regarding to the ICTs used in Unjung city, city officials suggested some important
measures for the U-city development, which include (Yim, 2006):

17
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

ƒ All stages of the development process from a planning stage to a construction

completion and maintenance stages must be linked to each other;
ƒ The concept of the proposed urban development strategy should be considered
with the characteristics of the U-city as well as the target population
demography;
ƒ Types and functions of each urban infrastructure must be assessed and provided
in accordance to the proposed concept for the U-city development; and
ƒ Applications of ICTs should be complied with the concept for the city
development and other characteristics of the city.

For the development of a successful U-city model from conceptual framework to

everyday life, KNHC and KT will jointly invest 90 million US dollars to build the latest
wired/wireless infrastructure such as WLAN, WiBro, WCDMA, FTTH and BcN in
Unjeong by 2009. As a result of this the residents of Unjeong will be able to access
information ‘whichever, whenever and wherever’. Integrating the existing media and
internet services using the wired/wireless infrastructure Unjeong aims to:

ƒ Build ICT infrastructure (wired/wireless telecommunication network) so that

inhabitants may access information, “whichever, whenever and wherever”;
ƒ Integrate the existing media and internet services using the BcN;
ƒ Construct intra-urban digital networking for a highly integrated and networked
new city in which multiple infrastructures and services of garbage, sewerage,
business, fire and security deliver centrally to individuals;
ƒ Provide a Y-generation ICTs such as WLAN, WiBro and WCDMA for the
wireless telecommunication future;
ƒ Extend ICT infrastructure to the neighboring towns and cities (snowball effect);
and
ƒ Create a knowledge spill-over effect by sharing ICT infrastructure.

Apart from the ICTs and its application the U-city management policies should be clearly
addressed. Unjeong U-city planning focuses on two major urban management issues.
First, it aims to provide an efficient planning delivery system in terms of planning law,
regulation and cost in order to minimize the complexity of the existing new towns.
Second, the effectiveness of urban management policy is emphasized as to policy
adequacy, synergic application and residential satisfactory. It is necessary to set up a
specific management policy to 94 U-services planned in the area of transport, water, fire,
security, amenity, smart card, management and ICT portal. Key management policies
used in Unjeong aim to:

ƒ Use ICTs to monitor the entire service networks in the area of environmental
protection, water supply, and sewerage and sewage treatment;

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Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea

ƒ Provide an early warning system from the meteorology service, earthquake data
collection service, and alarming and video monitoring services;
ƒ Improve public heath service using homecare service, emergency calling service
for elderly and disability; and
ƒ Expanding the Smart card service not only to public transport but also other
public utilities such as schools, post office, hospitals and community centers.

As an additional U-cities experience in new cities, Multifunctional Administrative City

and nine Innovative Cities driven by public sector as well as five Enterprise Cities by
firms are under the way of planning the new U-cities. The Multifunctional Administrative
City is so called the little capital to be made in the Yongi-Kongju area in South
Chungchong Province, where the government will move two-thirds of government
ministries out of Seoul as early as 2012. Government is pushing forward Innovative
Cities for the relocation of the public institutions in Seoul Metropolitan Area to nine
provincial regions. Besides Innovative Cities, Enterprise Cities are also on the horizon,
focusing on eco-tourism and knowledge-intensive industry, these knowledge-based cities
are being built by private sector in the underdeveloped regions.

CONCLUSION

Ever fast development of ICTs remains the question to planners and civil engineers how
we effectively use those technologies in urban development, design and planning. In this
chapter authors tried to demonstrate the great potential and benefits of the latest
ubiquitous computing technologies for KBUD. U-city is the conglomeration of
knowledge based society, where even inanimate object communicate with persons or
objects and make a decision with intelligence. Ubiquitous computing environment helps
in KBUD in which planners forecast futuristic society, provide mobile/built
infrastructure, and design the U-city spatial structure. The authors suggest that U-city
urban form in ROK should be the decentralized concentration network with compact,
mixed, and programmable land uses.

ROK is looking forward into building U-city as a leverage for the national economy and
also for creating future urban growth engines. Korea-led U-city concept, planning and
design schemes and management policies are newly developed and controversial to
conventional urban and regional planning and its methodological perspectives. One of the
most important concepts in U-city is the experimental urban planning approach, which is
the combination of ICTs and ubiquitous computing. Public participation in planning
decision is fuelled by the fast data acquisition, monitoring and experimental computer
simulation. The integrated u-city network management center plays a core role in
collecting, inter-correlating, analyzing and distributing urban information.

Due to the fast growing U-city technologies, there is a strong possibility to improve the
current conditions of urban management in ROK. Enhanced database management

19
 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar

systems make real time data update possible, which means that planners can overcome
heavy dependence on existing data. The improvement of U-city technologies encourages
planners to use web applications, which provide good opportunity to communicate with
people in distance, to see timely results according to instant input, to get many people
involved in the planning process, and to get fast feedback in the cyberspace. While
conventional urban planning spent lots of time and money to experiment a new policy,
ICT development makes planners experiment a new policy with ease and low cost. Using
virtual space, planners let people and market know possible updated information and
encourage them to participate in a decision making process of urban planning. Therefore
U-city technologies are capable of upgrading the conventional urban planning methods
such as qualitative and quantitative methods, and provide a scientific and transparent
urban planning and management through real time data acquisition, monitoring, analysis,
and lastly would likely to boost public/market participation more than ever before.

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Advancing ICT technologies, globalization of the culture and the rapidly emerging
knowledge economy are generating a tough global completion for investment and talent
particularly for creative urban regions. The Korean government uses the ubiquitous
strategy as a method of KBUD to make their place as a leader in the global arena.
Continuum and careful implementation of the promising U-city strategy would likely to
bring success to Korean cities. However, the successful U-city development needs the
collaboration of national government, city councils, universities, public cooperation and
private companies. From this view the Korean government encourages partnerships with
other local and foreign consortiums and companies in the KBUD process. Nevertheless in
this context, democracy and market oriented urban planning and management are two
key issues that Korea needs to do more work on in the near future.

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