Ansys Hfss Antenna w09 1 Unit Cell

Workshop 9-1: Unit Cell Analysis
(Infinite Array)
2015.0 Release
ANSYS HFSS for Antenna Design
1 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

Example – Unit Cell Analysis
• Infinite Array Analysis of an Open Ended Waveguide with Plug Array

• This example is intended to show you how to setup and post-process an a phased array using Unit Cell Analysis using HFSS.

HFSS: Getting Started
• Launching ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2015

• Select Programs > ANSYS Electromagnetics > ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite 16.0
• Select ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2015.
• Setting Tool Options

• Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the following tool options are set :
• Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options…
• Click the General tab
• Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries:  Checked
• Duplicate boundaries/mesh operations with geometry:  Checked
• Click the OK button
• Select the menu item Tools > Options > Modeler Options….
• Click the Operation tab
• Select last command on object select:  Checked
• Click the Display tab
• set default transparency to 0.7
• Click the Drawing tab
• Edit properties of new primitives:  Checked
• Click the OK button

Open Project
• Opening the Project

• In HFSS Desktop select the menu item File > Open.
• Browse to the folder containing the file POEW_WS.aedt and select Open
• Get familiar with the model. Look over the geometric details, boundary conditions and excitations.
• If you don’t have the project create the patch using the following dimensions and materials
Ground Plane
Radome
Thickness = 22.9mil
er = 4.1
Waveguide Plug
Radius = 284mil
Height = 251.3mil
er = 1.9
Waveguide
Radius = 284mil
Height = 641.3mil
er = 2.1
Understanding the Lattice
• View the array from the Top

• From HFSS’s menu bar select View > Modify Attributes > Orientation list
• Select the Orientation Named Top
• Click Apply To View button
• Click Close button
• Measure the distance between elements

• Restrict the cursor to only snap to the center of arcs
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Snap Mode…
– Make sure Arc Center is the only check box checked.
Note: Alternatively, you can hold the Alt key and

Double Left Click in the top center of the 3D
Modeler Window. The 3D Modeler Window is
divided into a 3x3 grid where Double Left Clicking
in any of the 9 regions will snap the view to a
predefined orientation.
• Initiate the Measurement

– From HFSS’s Toolbar select Modeler > Measure > Position
• Select the Measurement Reference
– Drag the mouse to the arc of the center element
– With the cursor snaps to arc’s center left click the mouse to accept that location as the measurement reference.

Understanding the Lattice
Note: Having easy access to the Snap Mode,
Grid Plane and Movement Mode can greatly
• Restrict the Cursor’s Movement to the XY Plane simplify work in the 3D Modeler. To include
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Grid Plane... > XY these capabilities on HFSS’s Toolbar select
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Movement Mode… > In Plane Tools > Customize from HFSS’s Menu Bar. The
Toolbars tab provides a list of toolbars that can
• Drag the mouse to the arc of one of the adjacent elements
be added. Make sure there are check marks
next to 3D Modeler Draw and 3D Snap Mode.
Triangle Side
Note: The waveguide elements are placed on an equilateral
triangular lattice; named because an equilateral triangle can be
drawn connecting any 3 adjacent element. The distance between
adjacent elements (any side of the triangle) is 635mils. The height
of the triangle (the distance between rows in the X-Direction) is
Triangle Height 549.926mils and each row is shifted in the Y-Direction 317.5mils
with respect to the rows above and below it.
• Observe the results in the Measure Data Window
Note: The purpose of this Workshop is to model this array as an
infinitely periodic structure using the Unit Cell techniques available
in HFSS. These techniques use Master and Slave boundary pairs to
enforce a periodicity in the fields that would exist from this
infinitely periodic structure while only physically solving a single
element. It can significantly reduce the RAM and Solve Time
required to evaluate these models while taking into account all the
element to element mutual coupling. However, it does not account
for array’s edge affect which result from the nature of a finite array.
To model these affects the array must be modeled entirely in HFSS
by drawing the entire array or using Finite Array Domain
Decomposition.
Creating the Unit Cell Design
• Copy Array into a New Design

• In the Project Manager right click on the POEW_WS > 00_Array design branch
• Select Copy Ctrl+C from the pop-up menu
• In the Project Manager right click on the POEW_WS project design
• Select Paste Ctrl+V from the pop-up menu
• Change the Name of the Newly Created Design

• In the Project Manager right click the POEW_WS > 00_Array1 design branch
• Select Rename from the pop-up menu
• Change the design’s name to 01_UnitCell

Create the Unit Cell
• Draw the Unit Cell

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Draw > Regular Polyhedron
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Unit Cell’s Center Position
• X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Polyhedron’s size by specifying the X and Y distance from the Polyhedron’s center to one
of it vertices
• dX: 183.3087, dY: 317.5, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the Unit Cell.
– dX: 0.0, dy: 0.0, dZ: 1250.0, Press the Enter key
• In the Segment number window
– Set the Number of segments to 6
– Click OK button.
• Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.
• Name: UnitCell
• Material: Vacuum
• To fit the view:
• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

Resize Radome
• Trim Radome to fit inside UnitCell

• Switch to Object Selection Mode
– From HFSS Menu Bar select Edit > Select > Objects O
• Create Copy of UnitCell
– From the 3D Modeler Tree select Solids > Vacuum > UnitCell branch
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Edit > Copy Ctrl+C
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Edit > Paste Ctrl+V
• Boolean Intersect Radome with copied UnitCell
– From the 3D Modeler Tree select:
• Solids > Radome > Radome
• Solids > Vacuum > UnitCell1
– Note: You may have to hold the CTRL key down to select both objects simultaneously.
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Boolean > Intersect

Unit Cell Discussion
Note: The XY cross-section of the unit cell represents the periodicity of the
array during the simulation. A proper unit cell will leave no space between
adjacent unit cells when duplicated in accordance with the array’s lattice. To
achieve this requirement, only certain shapes can be used for the unit cell.
Typical shapes include the Hexagon, Parallelogram and a modified Rectangle.
A Regular Hexagon was used since this model represents an equilateral Vy

triangular lattice, and the element completely fits inside. The equilateral
nature of the lattice also dictates the size of the Regular Hexagon. Four of the
6 vertices are similarly oriented with respect to the hexagon’s center and Vx
were used to determine the size of the polyhedron just created. The X and Y
components of these vertices can be expressed as follows.
𝑨 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝑽𝒙 = = = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟕𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝑨 𝟔𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝑽𝒚 = = = 𝟑𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
In the above equations |A| is the distance between any 2 adjacent elements.
These equations generally hold for an equilateral triangular lattice. The only
variation might be if one of lattice vectors lined up with the X-axis instead of
the Y-axis. In this case the X and Y component would be flipped (newVx = Vy
and newVy = Vx).
Note: The height of the unit cell was chosen to minimize the number of
modes defined on the Floquet Port. This will be discussed later in the
Workshop

Define Master / Slave Boundaries
• View the array from the Trimetric Orientation
• From HFSS’s menu bar select View > Modify Attributes > Orientation list… Alt+O
• Select the Orientation Named Trimetric
• Switch to Face Selection Mode

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Edit > Select > Faces F
• Create Master1 Boundary

• Restrict the cursor to only snap to vertices
– Make sure Vertex is the only check box checked.
• Left click the UnitCell face that touches the positive Y-axis to select it
– Note: you may need to press the b button to select the face behind the initially selected face.
• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Master…
• Master Boundary Window
– Name: Master1
– U Vector: New Vector…
• Left click on the vertex in the upper, left corner of the face
• Left click on the vertex in the upper, right corner of the face
– Click Ok button
• Verify the boundary setup
– In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Master1 branch
– Make sure the Master Boundary is highlighted in the 3D Modeler and looks like the picture
• Note
– Name: Master1
• When you click on the Vertex, some times an error message “Lines can only
be created on selected faces” might pop-up.
• To avoid this, change the movement mode to 3D and draw the U vector
Modeler > Movement Mode > 3D

Define Master / Slave Boundary
Note: The relative UV coordinate system created in
• Create Slave1 Boundary
the slave boundary should look same as the relative
• Restrict the cursor to only snap to vertices UV coordinate system defined on the slave
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Snap Mode… boundary. The only difference is they are
– Make sure Vertex is the only check box checked. translated linearly along the Y-axis.
• Left click the UnitCell face that touches the negative Y-axis to select it
– Note: you may need to press the b button to select the face behind the Note: The Master and Slave boundaries force a
initially selected face. periodicity in the fields corresponding to the periodicity
of the array. It does this by mapping the fields on the
• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave… Master boundary to the corresponding Slave boundary.
• Master Boundary Window These fields are identical with the exception of a phase
– Name: Slave1 shift that allows for plane waves to propagate in
different directions. This phase shift is what will be used
– Master Boundary: Master1
to enforce the progressive phase delay across the array
– U Vector: New Vector… that steers the beam.
• Left click on the vertex in the upper, left corner of the face These boundaries use these UV coordinate systems to
determine the field mapping. That is why they are
setup as linear translations of each other. It is also why
– Click Next button each master / slave pair are defined on opposite faces
• Phase Delay Window of the unit cell. If done correctly, the distance between
– Phi: Phi_Scan each boundaries UV coordinate system should
correspond to the distance and direction of the next
• Assign 0 deg to the variable Phi_Scan adjacent element.
– Theta: Theta_Scan This phase delay can be defined as a specific delay or in
• Assign 0 deg to the variable Theta_Scan terms of the array’s scan angle. If the array’s scan angle
is defined HFSS will determine the appropriate phase
• Click Finish button Note: The terms upper, left and upper, delay across the various Master / Slave boundaries to
right can be ambiguous depending on properly steer the beam in tat direction.
which side of the face you are looking at.
They are used here with respect to the
Trimetric Orientation. Refer to the picture
on the next page for a visual of how the U
13 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015
Vector should look. Release 2015.0

• In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Slave1 branch
• Make sure the Master and Slave Boundaries are highlighted in the 3D Modeler and looks like the picture
Note: This procedure successfully define a single

Master / Slave boundary pair. Two additional pairs
need to be defined to complete the definition. The
next few pages will step through the creation of
these additional boundaries, but with far less
explanation.




• Left click the UnitCell face rotated counter-clockwise from the one that touches the positive Y-axis to select it

– Name: Master2
– Click Ok button

• In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Master2 branch
• Make sure the Master Boundary is highlighted in the 3D Modeler and looks like the picture

• Left click the UnitCell face rotated counter-clockwise from the one that touches
the negative Y-axis to select it
– Note: you may need to press the b button to select the face behind the
initially selected face.

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave…
– Name: Slave2
– Click Next button
• Phase Delay Window
– Phi: Phi_Scan
– Theta: Theta_Scan
• Click Finish button

– In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Slave2 branch




• Left click the UnitCell face rotated counter-clockwise from the one used to define the Master2 boundary

– Name: Master3
– Click Ok button

• In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Master3 branch
• Make sure the Master Boundary is highlighted in the 3D Modeler and looks like the picture

• Left click the UnitCell face rotated counter-clockwise from the one used to define
the Master2 boundary
– Note: you may need to press the b button to select the face behind the
initially selected face.

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Slave…
– Name: Slave3
• Phase Delay Window
– Phi: Phi_Scan
– Theta: Theta_Scan
• Click Finish button

– In the Project Manager select the POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Boundaries > Slave3 branch
Note: The 01_UnitCell design should have 3 pairs of Master / Slave boundaries totaling 6 boundaries all together. Each pair should be
defined on opposite sides of the unit cell. Each boundary should have a UV coordinate system defined on it in such a way that the U-
axes point in the same direction and the V-axes point in the same direction. The only difference being a linear translation of their
origins across the unit cell.
In addition, each slave boundary should have using the Scan Angle method for defining the phase delay between the fields on the
Master and Slave boundaries. This scan angle should be controlled by two variables; Phi_Scan and Theta_Scan.

Define Floquet Port
Note: The Lattice Coordinate System defines the array’s
lattice for the Floquet Port. Two vectors need to be
defined to completely describe the lattice. They are called
• View the array from the Trimetric Orientation the A and B lattice vectors (Directions).
• From HFSS’s menu bar select View > Modify Attributes >
Orientation list… Alt+O Both lattice vector tails much be at the same point. The
• Select the Orientation Named Top vectors should describe the distance and direction
• Click Apply To View button between two adjacent elements in different direction. As
such they should always start from one Master/Slave
boundary and end on the paired boundary.
• Restrict the cursor to only snap to vertices For convenience, the vertices below were chosen, but
• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Modeler > Snap Mode… other vertices could have been chosen as well.
• Make sure Vertex is the only check box checked.
• Create Floquet Port Excitation

• Left click the face on top of the UnitCell Object to select it.
• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Excitations > Assign >
Floquet Port…
B2
• Floquet Port General Tab:
– A Direction: New Vector
• Left click on the bottom, left corner vertex of the UnitCell
• Left click on the bottom, right corner vertex of the Unit Cell
– B Direction: New Vector
A2
• Left click on the bottom, left corner vertex of the UnitCell A1=B1
• Left click on the top vertex of the Unit Cell
– Click Next> button

Floquet Modes
• Floquet Port: Modes Setup Window

– Click Modes Calculator… button
– Number of Modes: 20
– Frequency: 10.8 GHz
– Scan Angles Phi:
• Start: 0 deg
• Stop: 90 deg
• Step Size: 1 deg
– Scan Angles Theta:
• Start: 0 deg
• Stop: 60 deg
• Step Size: 1 deg
– Click OK button
– Observe the attenuation values for the first 20 modes
– Change Number of Modes to 2
• Floquet Port: Post Processing Window
• Floquet Port: 3D Refinement Window
– Make sure all modes have their Affect Refinement Unchecked
– Click Finish button

Floquet Modes Discussion
Note: The radiated waves from the array will be terminated in the Floquet Modes defined by the Floquet Port Setup. Each Floquet Mode
is a plane wave supported by the periodic structure. They also correspond to the different beams an array might support. They come in
two polarizations; Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM). Assuming the Floquet Port is parallel to the XY plane, TE modes
are +/- Phi polarized waves and TM modes are Theta polarized wave. The dominant modes are the TE 00 and TM00 modes which
correspond to the phi and theta polarized components of the array’s main beam. All other mode indexes correspond to various grating
lobes.
The energy associated with any mode not defined in the Floquet Port will be short circuited back into the model so its important to
include all propagating mode. However, which modes propagate depends on the angle the array is scanned. The Mode’s Calculator was
added to make choosing the appropriate modes easier. It will search a scan volume defined by Theta and Phi angles and report the
modes with the smallest attenuation constant over that scan volume. Make sure any mode not included in the port experiences at least
50dB of attenuation as it propagates from the element to the port. That way it has little chance to affect the predicted performance. The
attenuation is calculated in dB/length so the total attenuation can be computed by multiplying the calculated attenuation by the unit cell
height (0.04dB/length)*1250mils = 50dB of attenuation for mode 7. All modes listed above mode 7 have 0dB/length of attenuation so
they must be included.
Its important to note that the height of the Unit Cell impacts how many modes need to be included in the Floquet Port Setup. Non-
propagating modes can be removed from the setup by choosing a height large enough to make sure they experience the recommended
attenuation for elimination.
It’s a good idea to play around with the modes calculator a little to get a feel for how the mode attenuations are affected by frequency
and scan volume. You should see that more modes are required at higher frequencies and larger scan volumes. Therefore it is important
to specify the highest frequency you expect to simulation and the complete scan volume you expect cover. For this example that
corresponds to 10.8GHz and a scan volume extending 60deg from boresite between phi = 0deg and 90deg planes.

Retain Only Unit Cell Element
• Hide all objects associated with the Unit Cell Element

• From the 3D Modeler Tree select:
– Solids > Radome > Radome
– Solids > Vaccum > UnitCell
– Solids > WG_Mat > WG
– Solids > WG_Plug_Mat > WG_Plug
• Note: You may have to hold the CTRL key down to select both objects simultaneously.
• Hide Selected objects
– From HFSS’s Menu Bar select View > Visibility > Hide Selection > Active View Ctrl+H
• Delete all other objects

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Edit > Select All Visible Ctrl+A
• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Edit > Delete
• Show the hidden objects associated with the unit cell

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select View > Visibility > Show All > Active View
• Fit the geometry within the 3D modeler window

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select View > Fit All > Active View Ctrl+D

Verify Setup
• Save Project
• Select the menu item File > Save
• Model Validation
• Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check
Validate Analyze All
• Click the Close button
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, look at the Message Manager window.
• Check Boundary Conditions

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Boundary Display (Solver View)
• Check and Uncheck the visibility of the various boundary conditions to see HFSS’s interpretation.
Note: The Boundary Display (Solver View) creates the initial

mesh and then reports the boundary conditions interpreted by
HFSS. It is a good way to verify that the boundaries are setup
properly.
Pay close attention to the outer boundary. This boundary is

defined on all external faces that don’t already have a boundary
condition defined on them. All faces with the outer boundary
will have apply a perfect electric conducting boundary condition
applied. This model only has a single face with the outer
boundary applied. In this case, it is not an issue because that
face corresponds to the array’s ground plane and should be Outer Boundary
perfectly conducting anyway.

Analyze
• Analyze
• Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All
• After analysis is complete save the project
• Select the menu item File > Save
Analyze All
• Review solution Data

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
• Select the Profile tab to view solution information
• Select the Convergence tab to show convergence, solved element count, and maximum Delta S
• Select Matrix Data tab to view S-parameters and Port impedance
• Click the Close button
Solution Data

Look at Excitation Modes
• Show WavePort1 : Mode 1 Field Distribution

• From the Project Manager Left Click on the
POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Port Field Display > WavePort1 > Mode 1 branch
• Change the View to better see the Port Field Display
– From HFSS’s Menu bar select
View > Modify Attributes… > Orientation List Alt+O
– Left Click on Bottom Orientation
– Left Click Apply To View button
– Fit All the geometry with Ctrl + D keys
• Note: You may need to drag the Update View Orientation Window
out of the way to view the geometry
• Show WavePort1 : Mode 2 Field Distribution Note: Mode 1 is a TE11 mode polarized in the
• From the Project Manager Left Click on the Y direction and Mode 2 is a TE11 mode
POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Port Field Display > WavePort1 > Mode 2 branch polarized in the X direction. These modes were
determined by the port Eigen Mode solution
Mode 1 Field Mode 2 Field and represent the first 2 propagating modes of
the waveguide.
The modes and their polarization are important

because signals propagating in these modes
will eventually radiate out of the array and
form the array’s pattern. Mode 1 will mainly
• Change the View Back to Trimetric contribute to the X-polarized radiation pattern
• From the Update View Orientation Window Left Click Trimetric and Mode 2 will mainly contribute to the Y-
polarized radiation pattern.
• Left Click Apply To View button
Evaluating S-Parameter Data

Setup Excitations
• Setup the excitations for Circular Polarization Note: Since WavePort1’s modes (degenerate
• From HFSS’s menu bar select HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources… TE11 modes) are orthogonally polarized waves
• WavePort1:1: propagating down the waveguide, they can be
– Magnitude: 1 Watt used to excite a circularly polarized radiation
pattern. This is accomplished by exciting both
– Phase: 0 Deg
modes with equal magnitudes but phased +/-
• WavePort 1:2: 90 deg out of phase from each other.
– Magnitude: 1 Watt
– Phase: 90 Deg
• Click OK button

Evaluating Match
• Create Active Return Loss Plot

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
• Solution: Setup1: Sweep
• Domain: Sweep
• Category: Active S Parameter
• Quantity: ActiveS(WavePort1:1), ActiveS(WavePort1:2)
• Note: Hold Ctrl key to select multiple traces
• Function: dB
• Click New Report button
• Change Report Name
• In Project Manager window select XY Plot 1
• In Properties window:
• Name: Boresight Scan Active S-Parameters Note: This plot shows the active return loss for both
waveguide modes. Since only the unit cell is modeled with
Master / Slave boundaries the array is infinite in size. Every
element in this infinite array has the same excitation as
defined in the Edit Sources Dialog (HFSS > Fields > Edit
Sources…). The progressive phase shift between elements is
setup for borsight scan (Phi_Scan, Theta_Scan) = (0 deg, 0 deg)
as defined in the Slave Boundaries.
The Active Return losses are very similar to each other since
the isolation between these modes is better than -60dB.

Evaluating Match Over Scan Volume
• Setup Parameteric Sweep Theta_Scan

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Add Parametric…
• Sweep Definitions Tab:
– Click Add… button
– Add / Edit Sweep Window:
• Variable: Theta_Scan
• Start: 0 deg
• Stop: 60 deg
• Step: 5 deg
• Click Add >> button
– Click Ok button
– Table Tab:
• Review Theta Scan angles defined in the Parametric Sweep
Note: The active impedance of an array changes as the array is
– General Tab: scanned in different directions. Since the scan angle is fixed
• Make sure only Setup1 Include Check box is checked. through the Theta_Scan and Phi_Scan variables used in the Slave
• Starting Point > Design Variables : Boundaries, the unit cell model needs to be simulated explicitly at
– Make sure all Override Check boxes are Unchecked different scan angles to capture the element’s behavior for each of
these conditions.
– Calculation Tab:
• Leave blank The easiest way to perform the analysis over the scan volume is to
– Options Tab: use the Optimetrics License to create a Parametric Sweep of the
• Check Save Fields And Mesh check box Theta_Scan and Phi_Scan variables. The parametric sweep
– Click Ok button created here scans the array from boresight out to 60 degrees
from boresight along the positive X-axis. This is determined
because the Sweep Definitions Tab defined the Theta_Scan sweep
from 0deg to 60deg and the General Tab fixes the Phi_Scan
31 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 variable to 0deg corresponding to the XZ plane. Release 2015.0
Setting Up Scan Volume Parametric Sweep
• Define Distribution List

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select Tools > Options > HPC and Analysis Options…
• Click Add… button
• Analysis Configuration Window
– Configuration Name: Distributed Analysis
– Machine Details:
• Local machine
• Number of Tasks: 4
• Number of Cores: 4
• Click Add Machine to List button
– Click OK button
• Click Make Active button
• Click OK button
Note: Every Optimetrics License comes with 2 DSO (Distributed Solve Option) licenses allowing a user to
run 2 instances of a parametric sweep at the same time. This speeds up the analysis of the scan volume
sweep. The number of parametric instances run simultaneously and the number of cores each instance
uses is controlled by setting up an Analysis Configuration in the HPC and Analysis Options window.
This example assumes that the computer running the analysis has 4 cores and there are 4 DSO licenses
available. The number of simultaneous analysis is determined by the Number of Tasks field. The Total
Cores field allows for each parametric instance to take advantage of multiple cores. These settings will run
for scan angle analyses at the same time with each analysis using a single core.
If the computer running this sweep does not contain 4 cores or you do not have 4 DSO licenses you will
need to reduce then number of tasks and Cores appropriately. If you have more cores and licenses
available you can further speed up the analysis by adding more tasks.
Running Parametric Analysis
• Analyze the Parametric Analysis

• From HFSS’s Project Manager, Right Click Parametric Setup1 from Optimetrics
• Select Analyze from the pop-up menu
– Note: Using the Analyze All From HFSS’s tool bar will analyze all setups defined in the Design (including Setup1)

Active Return Loss Over Scan Volume
• Create Active Return Loss Plot over Scan Volume

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data Report> Rectangular Plot
– Trace Tab
• Solution: Setup1: Sweep
• Domain: Sweep
• Category: Active S Parameter
• Quantity: ActiveS(WavePort1:1)
• Function: dB
• Families Tab
• Theta_Scan Value: All
– Note: If the value is not already set to All you may
need to change it using the button in the Edit
column of the Theta_Scan variable.
• In Project Manager window select XY Plot 1
• Name: Scan Volume Active S-Parameters
Note: This plot shows the Active Return Loss vs. Frequency for each scan angle solved during the parametric sweep. Multiple
curves were created because the Theta_Scan Value was set to All (more than one value) on the Families Tab. The plot shows that
each scan angle produces a unique impedance that gets worse as the frequency and scan angle increases.

Evaluating Pattern Data

Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup
• Create a Radiation Setup

• Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere
– Infinite Sphere Tab
• Name: Infinite Sphere 1 (default)
• Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 180, Step Size: 10)
• Theta: (Start: -90, Stop: 90, Step Size: 5)
Click the OK button
Note: The Infinite Sphere Tab of the Far Field Radiation

Sphere Setup determines what directions the far-field
pattern is calculated for. This setup will calculate the far-
field pattern for a hemisphere extending above the XY plane.
Theta is defined from -90 deg to +90 deg so the boresight
direction ends up in the middle of the plots we are about to
create.

Far Field Radiation Pattern
• Create Far-Field Radiation Pattern

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far-Field Report> Radiation Pattern
– Trace Tab
• Solution: Setup1: LastAdaptive
• Geometry: Infinite Sphere 1
• Domain: Sweep
• Primary Sweep: Theta
• Category: Realized Gain
• Quantity: RealizedGainTotal
• Function: dB
• Families Tab
• Phi: 0 Note: These curves show HFSS’s calculation of the
• Freq: 10.8GHz array’s radiation pattern for different scan angles.
They result from the infinite array having a uniform
• Theta_Scan Value: All
magnitude excitation and a progressive phase shift
– Note: If the value is not already set to All you may needed to steer the main beam to the requested
need to change it using the button in the Edit scan angle. However, the far-field integration is only
column of the Theta_Scan variable.
performed over the relatively small unit cell area
• Click New Report button producing the broad beam patterns displayed here.
• Click Close button These patterns do not represent the Embedded
• Change Report Name (Active) Element Pattern used to recreate the finite
• In Project Manager window select Radiation Pattern 1 array’s pattern through Pattern Multiplication.
• Name: Calculated Far Field

Embedded Element Pattern from Far-Field
Pattern
• Create Embedded Element Pattern Data Table
• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far-Field Report> Data Table
– Trace Tab
• Geometry: Infinite Sphere 1
• Primary Sweep: Theta_Scan
Note: Realized Gain is plotted here because its value is
• Category: Realized Gain affected by the element’s mismatch. Since the impedance
• Quantity: RealizedGainTotal changes as a function of scan, this quantity is typically what
• Function: dB is used to represent the element’s pattern instead of Gain.
• Families Tab
• Theta: 0deg, 5deg, 10deg, 15deg, 20deg, 25deg, 30deg, 35deg, 40deg, 45deg, 50deg, 55deg, 60deg
– Note: You may need to change the values using the button in the Edit column of the variable.
• Phi: 0
– Note: You may need to change the values using the button in the Edit column of the variable.
• Freq: 10.8GHz
• In Project Manager window select Data Table 1
• Name: Embedded Element Pattern

Embedded Element Pattern Discussion
Note: The Embedded (Active) Element Pattern can be extracted from the radiation patterns just plotted by
taking the one point on each curve corresponding to the scan angle used to produce that curve. For instance,
the Embedded Element Pattern for the angle (theta, phi) = (0deg, 0deg) would correspond to the (theta, phi) =
(0deg, 0deg) point on the RealizedGainTotal curve associated with Theta_Scan = 0deg and Phi_Scan = 0deg. All
the other points on the curve would be discarded. The points that are part of the Embedded Element Pattern
are highlighted with blue boxes in the above data table.

Scan_CS Infinite Sphere
• Create New Radiation Infinite Sphere

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select
HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere…
• Infinite Sphere Tab:
– Phi Start: 0 deg
– Phi Stop: 0 deg
– Phi Step: 10deg
– Theta Start: 0 deg
– Theta Stop: 0 deg
– Theta Step: 10 deg
• Coordinate System Tab:
– Select Use local coordinate system
– Choose from existing coordinate systems: Scan_CS
• Click OK button
Note: Scan_CS is a relative coordinate system parameterized so the z-axis always points in the scan direction defined by
Theta_Scan and Phi_Scan. You can visibly verify this by switching to the Scan_CS coordinate system, changing the value for
Theta_Scan to 60deg and observing where the z-axis points. Setting up the infinite sphere using this coordinate system allows
us to plot the Embedded Element Pattern while keeping theta and phi at a constant 0deg. This makes is possible to define
the trace within HFSS. However, this only works for patterns using the Total, RHCP, LHCP, Phi and Theta polarizations. X, Y
and Z polarizations of the Scan_CS coordinate system change with respect to the global coordinate system as the beam is
steered producing incorrect results.

Embedded Element Pattern From Scan_CS
• Create Far-Field Radiation Pattern

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far-Field Report> Radiation Pattern
– Trace Tab
• Domain: Infinite Sphere2
• Primary Sweep: Theta_Scan
• Category: Realized Gain
• Quantity: RealizedGainTotal
• Function: dB
• Families Tab
• Theta: All
• Phi: All
• Freq: 10.8GHz
• In Project Manager window select Radiation Pattern 1
• Name: Embedded Element Pattern From Scan_CS
Note: This pattern can then be used to predict a finite array’s pattern through the method of pattern
multiplication.
𝐸𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 = 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
To fill in the rest of the pattern additional simulations would need to be performed at different scan angles.
Embedded Element Pattern From Floquet
• Adding Output Variables for Calculating Gain from Floquet S-Parameters

• From HFSS’s Menu Bar select HFSS > Results > Output Variables…
• Define the output variables given in the next slide;
1) Add name
2) Insert Expression
3) Click Add
1 3
2

Embedded Element Pattern From Floquet/ Output
Variables
PowerIn = 2
Wavelength_mil = 1.18e13/10.8e9
Transmission_Coefficient =
(mag(S(FloquetPort1:1,WavePort1:1)*1*exp(cmplx(0,1)*0*pi/180)+S(FloquetPort
1:1,WavePort1:2)*1*exp(cmplx(0,1)*90*pi/180))^2+
mag(S(FloquetPort1:2,WavePort1:1)*1*exp(cmplx(0,1)*0*pi/180)+S(FloquetPort
1:2,WavePort1:2)*1*exp(cmplx(0,1)*90*pi/180))^2)/PowerIn
Gain_Floquet = 4*Pi*349203.08347/wavelength_mil^2*Transmission_Coefficient*cos(Theta_scan)
Note: These equations are based off the well established calculation
4𝜋𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2
4𝜋𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2
𝐺= 1− Γ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎_𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎_𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑛
𝜆2 𝜆2
where |T|2 is the transmission coefficient (a.k.a. transmitted Power / incident power).

Embedded Element Pattern From Floquet
• Open Trace Properties for Embedded Element Pattern From Scan_CS

• From the Project Manager Right Click on POEW_WS > 01_UnitCell > Results >
Embedded Element Pattern From Scan_CS > dB(RealizedGain Total)
• Select Modify Report… from the Pop-Up Window
• Trace Tab:
– Category: Output Variables
– Quantity: Gain_Floquet
– Function: dB10
• Click Add Trace button
Note: The Embedded Element Pattern

from both methodologies produces
similar results.

Ansys Hfss Antenna w09 1 Unit Cell

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Ansys Hfss Antenna w09 1 Unit Cell

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Workshop 9-1: Unit Cell Analysis

ANSYS HFSS for Antenna Design

1 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Infinite Array Analysis of an Open Ended Waveguide with Plug Array

2 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Launching ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2015

• Setting Tool Options

3 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Opening the Project

• View the array from the Top

• Measure the distance between elements

Note: Alternatively, you can hold the Alt key and

• Initiate the Measurement

5 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Copy Array into a New Design

• Change the Name of the Newly Created Design

7 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Draw the Unit Cell

8 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Trim Radome to fit inside UnitCell

9 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

A Regular Hexagon was used since this model represents an equilateral Vy

10 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Switch to Face Selection Mode

• Create Master1 Boundary

12 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Verify the boundary setup

Note: This procedure successfully define a single

14 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• View the array from the Trimetric Orientation

• Switch to Face Selection Mode

• Create Master2 Boundary

15 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Verify the boundary setup

• Create Slave2 Boundary

16 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Verify the boundary setup

17 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• View the array from the Trimetric Orientation

• Switch to Face Selection Mode

• Create Master3 Boundary

18 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Verify the boundary setup

• Create Slave3 Boundary

19 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Verify the boundary setup

20 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Create Floquet Port Excitation

21 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Floquet Port: Modes Setup Window

22 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

23 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Hide all objects associated with the Unit Cell Element

• Delete all other objects

• Show the hidden objects associated with the unit cell

• Fit the geometry within the 3D modeler window

24 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Check Boundary Conditions

Note: The Boundary Display (Solver View) creates the initial

Pay close attention to the outer boundary. This boundary is

25 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Review solution Data

26 © 2015 ANSYS, Inc. May 6, 2015 Release 2015.0

• Show WavePort1 : Mode 1 Field Distribution