Contents

• Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
• Acknowledgement------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.1 General----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.2 Objective of `Project ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2. Problem Statement--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1 General characteristics of building ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3. Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
3.1 Computation of Joint Loads: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.2 Design Data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3 Seismic Load Calculation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3.1 Direction and Eccentricity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3.2 Structural Period ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3.3 Factors and Coefficients ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
3.3.4 Seismic Response ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3.3.5 Equivalent Lateral Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3.3.6 Calculated Base Shear (Vb ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3.3.7 Applied Story Forces -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3.4 Seismic Load Calculation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
3.5 Applied Story Forces -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
4. Development of Software ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
4.1 Background Software ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
4.2 Input File ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
4.3 Model of the Frame for Input --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
4.4 Flow of the Program -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
4.5 Program Code: - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
5. Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

Page 1
List of Figures
Fig. 2.1: User Interface of the software -------------------------------------------------- 4
Fig. 2.2 Generalized 2-D Frame structure ------------------------------------------------ 5
Fig. 2.3 Flow of the Program --------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Fig. 3.1: Yield lines for Rectangular Slab--------------------------------------------------7
Fig. 3.2: Applied Story Forces---------------------------------------------------------------8
Fig 3.3: Applied Story Forces----------------------------------------------------------------9
Fig 3.4: Longer Dimension Intermediate Frame------------------------------------------10
Fig. 3.5: Longer Dimension Exterior Frame-----------------------------------------------11
Fig. 3.6: Shorter Dimension Intermediate Frame------------------------------------------11
Fig. 3.7: Shorter Dimension Exterior Frame-----------------------------------------------12
Fig. 4.1: User Interface of the software ---------------------------------------------------`17
Fig. 4.2 Generalized 2-D Frame structure--------------------------------------------------18
Fig. 4.3 Flow of the Program ---------------------------------------------------------------19

Page 2
List of Tables

Table 2.1 General characteristics of building------------------------------------------------4

Table 3.1 Design data-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Table 3.2: Factors and Coefficients in Seismic Load Calculation------------------------8
Table 3.3: Calculated Base Shear-------------------------------------------------------------9
Table 3.4: Applied Story Forces-------------------------------------------------------------10
Table 3.5: Factors and Coefficients----------------------------------------------------------11
Table 3.6: Calculated Base Shear-------------------------------------------------------------11
Table 3.7: Applied Story Forces--------------------------------------------------------------12

Page 3
 1. Introduction

1.1 General

The stiffness method also known as the displacement method is the primary method
used in matrix analysis of structures. One of its advantages over the flexibility method
is that it is conducive to computer programming. Once the analytical modal of the
structure has been defined, no further engineering decisions are required in the
stiffness method in order to carry out the analysis which makes it preferable for
modern day analysis. The use of stiffness method also solves the problem differences
in approach arising while solving a problem.
Since the invention of computers, it has always helped to solve tedious manual
computations rapidly with high degree precision. In civil engineering, the analysis and
design of structures which were previously done manually has been entirely
transformed into computer aided solution.

1.2 Objective of `Project

• To develop a computer program using the concepts of stiffness method of

structural analysis.
• To analyse a 5 storey building using the software developed to obtain all forced
and displacements.
• To check the chances of failure of any member using any failure criteria.

Page 4
 2. Problem Statement

2.1 General characteristics of building

Length × width 28.46 m ×24.8 m

Number of storey 5
Height of storey I storey = 4.88 m
II storey= 3.66 m
III storey= 3.66 m
IV storey= 3.66 m
V storey = 3.66 m

Beam dimension 400mm × 600mm (with effective cover = 60mm

longer side & 40mm shorter side)
Column dimension 400mm × 600mm (with effective cover = 60mm
longer side & 40mm shorter side)
Slab thickness 200mm
Thickness of wall 230mm
Support condition Fixed
Building type Office

Table 2.1 General characteristics of building

Fig. 2.1: Plan of a ten story office buildings

Page 5
 1Fig. 2.2: Elevation of bottom five story of the office building
.

Page 6
3. Methodology

FLOW CHART

5 STOREY RCC BUILDING

CALCULATION OF JOINT LOADS

PREPARATION OF INPUT FILE FOR PROGRAMMING

DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM FOR ANALYSIS

OUTPUT (RESULTS)

CHECK FOR FAILURE

Page 7
3.1 Computation of Joint Loads:

For computation of equivalent load of two way slab as per IS 456:2000, yield line
theory is used. The yield line theory is an ultimate or factored load method of analysis
based on bending moment on the verge of collapse. At collapse loads, the slab begins
to crack as they are mostly under-reinforced, with the yielding of reinforcement at
points of high bending moment. With the development of cracks, the yield lines are
developed gradually. Finally, a mechanism is formed when the slab collapses due to
uncontrolled rotation of members. Yield lines, therefore, are lines of maximum
yielding moments of the reinforcement of slab. The essence is to find out the locations
of the appropriated lines

.
Fig. 3.1: Yield lines for Rectangular Slab

Computation of equivalent load of one way slab is calculated by directly dividing half
of the slab i.e. the beam on one side will take half the load of the slab.
This equivalent load will be transferred to the beam as a uniformly distributed load
which is added to dead load of the beam, and is further converted to joint load.

Page 8
3.2 Design Data

Building location New Delhi

Live load
1. Typical floor 3 kN/m2
2. Terrace 1.5 kN/m2
Wind terrain category II (as per IS : 875-Part III )
Seismic zone II (as per IS : 1893- Part I 2002)
Floor finishing 1 kN/ m2
Depth of foundation 1.5m
Type of soil II (Medium as per IS : 1893)
Allowable bearing pressure 200 kN/m2
Grade of concrete M 30
Grade of steel Fe 415
Density of concrete 25 kN/ m3
Modulus of elasticity of concrete 27386.12788 MPa
Table 3.1 Design data

3.3 Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load
pattern EQX according to IS1893 2002, as calculated manually
3.3.1 Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Shorter dimension side
3.3.2 Structural Period
0.09xh
Tx (sec)= x 3.2 = 0.35537 x 3.2=1.137184 sec
√d

3.3.3 Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS 1893:2002 Table 2] 0.24

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS 1893:2002 5
Table 7]
Importance Factor, I [IS 1893:2002 Table 6] 1
Site Type [IS 1893:2002 Table 1] II
(Clause 6.3.5.2)
Table 3.2: Factors and Coefficients in Seismic Load Calculation

Page 9
3.3.4 Seismic Response
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa 1.36 Sa
= = 1.05785
Sa /g [IS 1893:2002 Clause 6.4.5] g T g

3.3.5 Equivalent Lateral Forces

S
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 1893:2002 Clause ZI a 𝑍𝐼Sa
g
6.4.2] Ah = = = 0.24906
2R 2𝑅

3.3.6 Calculated Base Shear (Vb )

Directi Period Used W Vb

on (sec) (kN) (kN)

X 1.137 47610.4921 1207.8706

Table 3.3: Calculated Base Shear

3.3.7 Applied Story Forces

Fig. 3.2: Applied Story Forces

Page 10
Story Elevation LATERAL LOAD
(m) (kN)
Story5 19.5072 369.6961
Story4 15.8496 423.906
Story3 12.192 250.832
Story2 8.5344 122.9077
Story1 4.8768 40.5289

Table 3.4: Applied Story Forces

Page 11
3.4 Seismic Load Calculation
This calculation presents the lateral seismic loads for load pattern EQY according
to IS1893 2002, as calculated manually
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = longer dimension side
Structural Period
0.09xh
Ty (sec) = x 3.2 = 0.33261 x 3.2=1.064374126 sec
√d

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
Response Reduction Factor, R [IS 5
1893:2002 Table 7]
Importance Factor, I [IS 1893:2002 1
Table 6]
Site Type [IS 1893:2002 Table 1] II II
Table 3.5: Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Response
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa 1.36 Sa
= = 1.057077
Sa /g [IS 1893:2002 Clause 6.4.5] g T g

Equivalent Lateral Forces

S
Seismic Coefficient, Ah ZI a
g
[IS 1893:2002 Clause 6.4.2] Ah = =0.025369
2R

Calculated Base Shear

Direct Period Used W Vb
ion (sec) (kN) (kN)
Y 1.064 47610.4921 1330.6549
Table 3.6: Calculated Base Shear

Page 12
3.5 Applied Story Forces

Fig 3.3: Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation Y-Dir

(m) (kN)
Story5 19.5072 407.277
Story4 15.8496 466.9975
Story3 12.192 276.3299
Story2 8.5344 135.4016
Story1 4.8768 44.6488
Table 3.7: Applied Story Forces

Page 13
The following diagram shows node and their respective nodal load: -

Fig 3.4: Longer Dimension Intermediate Frame

Page 14
Fig. 3.5: Longer Dimension Exterior Frame

Page 15
Fig. 3.6: Shorter Dimension Intermediate Frame

Page 16
Fig. 3.7: Shorter Dimension Exterior Frame

Page 17
4. Development of Software
4.1 Background Software

The load analysis for the following structure has been carried out using ETABS
2016. The table of result from ETABS can be directly copied to the input file. Thus
the joints loads of the entire structure was tabulated, and directly copied to input
file.
The values of this file in Excel act as input file for the MATLAB which is used for
executing the algorithm of the program and remaining part of coding is done in
MATLAB.

4.2 Input File

Fig. 4.1: User Interface of the software

The above figure shows the format of the input file visible to the user and the data
can be entered here. Proceeding ahead the user inputs the coordinates of each and

Page 18
every joint after which each element has to be defined along with its properties
such as area(mm2), Young’s modulus(GPa) and Moment of Inertia(mm4).
Restrained degree of freedoms has to be specified wherever it will occur. Loads are
defined corresponding to the degree of freedom in the last three columns.

4.3 Model of the Frame for Input

Fig. 4.2 Generalized 2-D Frame structure

2

The above figure shows the generalised structure of a 2-D frame. Green colour
lines represent the structural axes of the system, Along X and Y axis forces are
acting and Along Z a moment is occurring, combining all three gives rise to
primary forces which need to be calculated in the structure.
The blue markings represent the node number in the system which is essential to
identity every joint and this number can be assigned in any way but should be
unique for a particular joint to identity it from a set of different joints.
At each node corresponding degree of freedom has to be assigned in accordance
with the global axis system which is for future reference.

Page 19
4.4 Flow of the Program

Fig. 4.3 Flow of the Program

3

Summary of the entire process has been shown in the above figure, starting from
taking the input from Excel file to formation of initialized global stiffness matrix
and finally coming to halt at check for safety.

Page 20
4.5 Program Code: -
%MATLAB PROGRAM FOR 2D FRAME

clear all;clc;close all;%clear all existing variables

%Obtain input file(Excel sheet)

[num]=xlsread('Location of the input file')
xy_node=num(:,1:2);%coordinates vector
xy_node(any(isnan(xy_node),2),:)=[];
mem=num(:,4:5);
mem(any(isnan(mem),2),:)=[]
E=num(:,6);
E(any(isnan(E),2),:)=[]
A=num(:,7);
A(any(isnan(A),2),:)=[]
I=num(:,8);
I(any(isnan(I),2),:)=[]
dof_r=num(:,10:12);
dof_r(any(isnan(dof_r),2),:)=[]
ext_load=num(:,14:16);
ext_load(any(isnan(ext_load),2),:)=[]
no_elem=size(mem,1);% Found number of elements
no_node=size(xy_node,1);% Found number of nodes

dof_all=1:3*no_node; %martix with all dofs

sms=zeros(3*no_node); %initialised global stiffness matrix with zeros
Page 21
d=zeros(3*no_node,1); %initialised displacement matrix with zeros
a=zeros(3*no_node,1); %initialised force vector with zeros

dof_res=[]; %initialised an empty matrix

for j=1:size(dof_r,1) %to find the dof corr. to restrains
dof_flag=3*(dof_r(j,1)-1)+dof_r(j,2);
dof_res=[dof_res dof_flag]; %concatinating restrained dof
d(dof_flag)=dof_r(j,3); %setting the input displacement corr. to restrains
end
dof_free=dof_all;%duplicating all dof matrix
dof_free(dof_res)=[ ];%deleting the restained dofs

for j=1:size(ext_load,1)% Extracting loads from input file

a(3*(ext_load(j,1)-1)+ext_load(j,2))=ext_load(j,3);
end

for i=1:no_elem
elem_nodes=mem(i,1:2);
elem_cord=xy_node(elem_nodes,:);

E1=[(elem_cord(2,1)-elem_cord(1,1)) (elem_cord(2,2)-elem_cord(1,2))];
len_elem=sqrt((E1(1)^2)+((E1(2))^2));
E1=E1/len_elem;
E2=[-E1(2) E1(1)];

Page 22
 sm_bend=[(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) (((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2)) -
(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3))
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2));(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((4*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem)) -(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((2*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem));-(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) -
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2)) (((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) -
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2));(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((2*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem)) -(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((4*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem))];

sm=(((E(i)*A(i))/len_elem))*[1 -1;-1 1];

sm_loc([1,4],[1,4])=sm;
sm_loc([2,3,5,6],[2,3,5,6])=sm_bend;

trans=[E1; E2];
trans(3,3)=1;
R=[trans zeros(3);zeros(3) trans];

k_elem=R'*sm_loc*R;

dof_elem=3*(elem_nodes(1)-1)+1:3*(elem_nodes(1));
dof_elem=[dof_elem 3*(elem_nodes(2)-1)+1:3*(elem_nodes(2))];
sms(dof_elem,dof_elem)=sms(dof_elem,dof_elem)+k_elem;
end
d(dof_free)=((sms(dof_free,dof_free))^-1)*(a(dof_free)-
(sms(dof_free,dof_res)*d(dof_res)))
a(dof_res)=sms(dof_res,:)*d

Page 23
for i=1:no_elem
elem_nodes=mem(i,1:2);
elem_cord=xy_node(elem_nodes,:);

E1=[(elem_cord(2,1)-elem_cord(1,1)) (elem_cord(2,2)-elem_cord(1,2))]
len_elem=sqrt((E1(1)^2)+((E1(2))^2))
E1=E1/len_elem
E2=[-E1(2) E1(1)]

sm_bend1=[(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) (((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2)) -
(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3))
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2));(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((4*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem)) -(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((2*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem));-(((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) -
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2)) (((12*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^3)) -
(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2));(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((2*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem)) -(((6*E(i)*I(i)))/(len_elem^2))
(((4*E(i)*I(i))/len_elem))]

sm1=(((E(i)*A(i))/len_elem))*[1 -1;-1 1]

sm_loc1([1,4],[1,4])=sm1
sm_loc1([2,3,5,6],[2,3,5,6])=sm_bend1
trans=[E1; E2]
trans(3,3)=1
n1=3*(elem_nodes(1)-1)+1:3*(elem_nodes(1))
n2=3*(elem_nodes(2)-1)+1:3*(elem_nodes(2))

Page 24
mem_f([1,2,3],i)=((sm_loc1([1,2,3],[1,2,3])*trans*d(n1))+(sm_loc1([1,2,3],[4,5,6]
)*trans*d(n2)))

mem_f([4,5,6],i)=((sm_loc1([4,5,6],[1,2,3])*trans*d(n1))+(sm_loc1([4,5,6],[4,5,6]
)*trans*d(n2)))
end

f_temp([1,2,3],1)=mem_f([1,2,3],1);
f_temp([1,2,3],2)=mem_f([4,5,6],19);
f_temp([1,2,3],3)=mem_f([1,2,3],21);
f_temp([1,2,3],4)=mem_f([4,5,6],39);
f_temp([1,2,3],3)=mem_f([1,2,3],41);
f_temp([1,2,3],4)=mem_f([4,5,6],60);
f_temp([1,2,3],3)=mem_f([1,2,3],61);
p=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0;-14.6261,-14.6261,-14.6261,-14.6261,-14.6261,-14.6261,-
14.6261,;0,0,0,0,0,0,0];
tij=[0,1,0;-1,0,0;0,0,1];
reac(3,4)=zeros;
for i=1:4
reac(:,i)=(tij*f_temp([1,2,3],i))-p(:,i);
end
reac
mulim1=447178
vulim1=556.659
pulim1=4993.832
dup=1:no_elem

Page 25
dup([3,6,8,9,10,11,13,15,17,19,23,25,27,29,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,51,5
3,55,57,59])=[]
for i=1:size(dup',1)

r(dup(i))=(abs(mem_f(1,dup(i)))/vulim1)+(abs(mem_f(2,dup(i)))/pulim1)+(abs(me
m_f(3,dup(i)))/mulim1);
end
qwe=[3,6,8,9,10,11,13,15,17,19,23,25,27,29,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,51,
53,55,57,59];
mulim=670769
vulim=694.29
pulim=4993.832
for i=1:size(qwe',1)

r(qwe(i))=(abs(mem_f(1,dup(i)))/pulim)+(abs(mem_f(2,dup(i)))/vulim)+(abs(mem
_f(3,dup(i)))/mulim);
end

Page 26
CHECK FOR MEMBER FAILURE:
𝑃 𝑀 𝑉
For a member to safe against failure: + + ≤1
Pu Mu Vu

Where, Pu = Ultimate load carrying capacity of member

Mu=Ultimate bending carrying capacity of section
Vu=Shear capacity of section
P =Compressive load on member
M=Bending moment on member
• For calculation of shear capacity of the section 2 legged 12mm vertical
stirrups are used having spacing 100mm.
• For calculation of ultimate load carrying capacity of member it is assumed to
be concentric.

Page 27
4.6 Output:

The output of this program contains the following datas:

1. Nodal displacement
2. Member forces
3. Support reactions

Page 28
5. Conclusion

• Displacement corresponding to every degree of freedom is obtained .

According to IS 1893-2002, maximum displacement at the top story of a
bulding should not exceed 0.004xh
h- total height of the building
In our case, this value is 78mm and every every displacement is within
the limit.
• The member forces and reactions for every member is obtained and every
member is checked for failure using interaction failure theory.
• out of 34 memebrs along shorter direction in outer frame 11 membes fail
• out of 65 members along longer direction intermediate frame, 23 members
fail
• out of 65 members along direction in outer direction 27 members fail

Page 29