6 Armature Windings 6:1, Introduction, Armature winding of a machine is defined as an arrangement of conductors designed to produce emfs by relative motion in a heteropolar magnetic field. The action of rotating electromagnetic machines is mnt upon the conversion of power that takes ;'uce through the medium of magnetic field ; an emf being induced in the winding that experiences a change of flux linkages. Electrical machines cmploy groups of conductors distributed in slots over the periphery of the armature. ‘The groups of conductors are connected in. various types of series—parallel combinations to form armature winding. The conductors are connected in series so as to increase the voltage rating while they are connected in parallellto increase the current rating. Some of the commonly used terms associated with windings are exIpained below : 1, Conductor. The active length of wire or strip in the slot. . 2, Tarm, A turn consists of two conductors separated from each other by a pole pitch or nearly #0, and connected in scries as shown in Fig. 6'1 (a). ‘The conductors forming a turn are kept a pole pitch apart in order that the emfs in two are additive to produce maximum rerultant emf. 3, Coil, A coil may consist of a single turn or may consist of many turns, placed in almost similar magnetic postion, connected in series, Inthe former ens, the coi is. called a. single turn coil while in the latter case, it is known as multi.tura coil. A single turn coil is shown in Fig. 61 (a). Fig 61 (6) shows a 3-turn coil. However, any number of turns could be included in a coil before bringing out the coil ends. e opr d (©) Singlotarn coil (8) 3 tarncoil (0) Repementaoon of watitara Fig. 61. Single and Multi-tura coils.ARMATURE WINDINGS mg 4, Coil side. A coil consists of two coil sides which are placed in, two different slots which are almost a pole pitch apart. The group of conductors on one side of the coil form one coil side while the conductors on the other side of the coil situated a pole pitch (or approximately a pole pitch apart) form the second coil side. Fig. 6°! (e) shows the representar tion of a coil irrespective of whether it is a single tum or a multitum coil. ‘The connections joining the conductors form the end connectors or in the mass, the overhang or end. winding, “When the two coll sides forming a. coil are spaced exactly one pole pitch apart they are said to be of fall pitch. However, the coil span may be less than a pole pitch, in which case the coil is described as short pitched or chorded, 62, Single layer and two layer windings. There are two basic physical types for the windings. They deal differently with the mechanical problem of arranging coils in sequence around the armature. The two types are : (i) Single layer winding, and (i) Double layer winding. Single layer winding. Fig. 6°2 (a) shows an arrangement for a single layer winding. In this type of winding arrangement, the whole of the slot is occupied by one coil side of a coll, Single layer windnigs are not used for machines having commutitors. However, some advan: tages of these windings are : (3) Single layer windings allow the use of semi-enclosed and closed types of slots. (ii) With single layer windings, coils preformed at one end can be used. These coils are pushed through the slots from one end of the core and are connected up during the winding process at the other end which happens to be free end. ‘The use of pretormed coils wherein the insulation can be prop. rly applied and c.-:solidated is a great advantage cspecially in large output high voltage machines. High voltage single layer windings use small groups of concentrically placed coils, These coils are interlinked in such a way as to minimize both space taken up outside the slot and in the overhang, connections. ‘A coil group employs coils of diferent coil spans (and hence of different shapes), with average span of coil group being cqual to pole pitch. Small rating low voltage induction machines use mush type single layer winding. Cou sige a to) Fig. 62, Single and Double layer windings. Double layer winding. The two layer windings have identical coils with one coil side of each coil lying in top half of the slot and the other coil side in bottom half of another alot exactly or approximately one pole pitch away. Fig. 6'2 (6) shows a double layer winding with 2 coil sides per slot. Each layer may contain more than one coil side in case large number of coils are required. Fig. 6°2 (c)' shows an arrangement wherein there are 8 coll sides per slot. Open slots are frequently used to house double layer windings. The advantages of double layer windings are : 1. Double layer windings give a neat arrangement with all coils being identical.230 2. Double layer windings give greater flexibili which the coil span (or coil pitch) can be chosen. 63, Closed and open windings, Armature windings are classified into two categories ¢ (i) Closed type and (ii) Open type. Closed windings. In this winding there is a closed path around the armature. ‘Thus if starting at any point, the winding ia followed through all its turns, the starting point is reached ‘agin, The ‘current owing into a closed winding is throvgh brushes placed on & commutator whose segments are connected to different armature coils. The armature current divides itself imo parallel paths which retain their spatial orientation irrespective of the position of the rotating winding. Even though the coils carrying this current are continuously changing, the view of the winding from the brush always remains the same and thus the brushes maintain the same polarity. This is possible only through the use of a commutator. ‘The closed windings are used in d.c. and a.c. commutator machines because in these machines they are a must in order that the commutator may accomplish its purpose as a switching device. Closed windings are always double layer type. Open windings. Alternating current machines where commutator is not used, it is not necessary to use a closed winding. These machines use open winding. In open windings, the armature may be left open at one or more points. The ends of each section of the winding can be brought out to terminals and then any desired inter-connection can be made externally. Where an open winding is possible, it is universally preferred to a closed winding because of the flexibility in design and the freedom of connections. Open windings may be either single layer or double layer type and are used in a.c. machines like induction and synchronous machines. Closed windings which are adapted for connection to « comunutator are usually causeu “D.C, Armature Windings" while open windings which are exclusively used for a.c. machines are known as A.C, Armatare Windings, two types of windings are’ dis- cussed in details in this chapter. D.C. ARMATURE WINDINGS 6:4, Coils and Coil Sides, D.C. armature windings are clowed and double layer type with each’ coil, consisting of an upper coll aide at the top of one-slot and alower coil side situated at the bottom of another slot approximately a pole pitch away. The coils are diamond shaped made in special forming machines. The back and front bends are constructed 20 that one coil side is on a circumferentially higher level than the other. This construction makes it possible to place the coil side an the top of a let, and the lower coil side in the bottom of another slot (Fig. 6'3). ‘The number of slots required in a machine to the number of coils if the slot contains two coil sides, one in each layer. But in high voltage and low speed machines, the number of coils is large and it therefore, becomes, necessary to have 4, 6, 8 or even more coil sides per slot (2, $,4 of more coil sides per layer) as it, ix not always possible to increase the umber of slots Fig. 64 shows a winding having 6 cpl sides per slot. 65 Nuambering Scheme, All the top coil sides are numbered odd while all the bottom coil sides are num- Fig. 6-3, Diamond shapod coll