Calculus WIs ang 2018-19

Answers to selected exercises from 06_ HW

Differential, Taylor, Newton

1. Evaluate the linear approximation of (i.e. use the differential to approximate)

We can use the approximation at 𝑥 = 𝑎 + Δ𝑥 near a:

𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥) ≈ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎)∆𝑥

𝑎) 3√7,99

1 2 1
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥 −3 = 3
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
3 3 √𝑥 2
𝑎=8 ∆𝑥 = −0,01
3 1 1
𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥) = 3√8 − 0,01 ≈ √8 + 3 ∙ (−0,01) = 2 − 1200 ≈ 1,99917.
3 √64

𝑐) sin(29°)

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 D=R

𝑓′(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 = 30° = ∆𝑥 = −1° = −
6 180

√3 𝜋
𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥) = sin(30 − 1° ) ≈ 0,5 + ∙ (− ) ≈ 0,4849
2 180
1
𝑒)
√9.02
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑥 −2
√𝑥
D = R+

1 3 −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 −2 =
2 2√𝑥 3
𝑎=9 ∆𝑥 = 0,02

1 1 −1 1 1 2
𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥) = ≈ + ∙ (0,02) ≈ − ∙ ≈ 0,332963
√9 + 0,02 √9 2√93 3 2 ∙ 27 100

1
2. Determine the Taylor polynomial of degree n for the given function f at x0, use the
formula to estimate the indicated value and discuss the error

Taylor Polynomial

The Taylor polynomial of degree n of the function f about point x0 is the following
polynomial:

𝑓′(𝑎) 𝑓′′(𝑎) 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)

𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛
1! 2! 𝑛!
or

𝑓′(𝑎) 𝑓′′(𝑎) 2
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)
𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + ∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥) + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛
1! 2! 𝑛!
with the remainder Rn+1, for 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑥):

𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑐)
𝑅𝑛+1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛+1
(𝑛 + 1)!

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝑅𝑛+1 (𝑥), thus 𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑇𝑛 (𝑥)

𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥) , 𝑎 = 0

𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(0) = 0
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (0) = =1
1+𝑥 1+0
−1 −1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′ (0) = = −1
(1 + 𝑥)2 (1 + 0)2
2 2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = =2
(1 + 𝑥)3 (1 + 0)3
−6
𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑥)4

1 −1 2 1 1
𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 + (𝑥 − 0) + (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑥 − 0)3 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
1! 2! 3! 2 3
1 1
ln(1 + 𝑥) ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
2 3
1 1
𝑥 = −0.2; ln(0,8) ≈ (−0,2) − (−0,2)2 + (−0,2)3 ≈ −0,222667
2 3
−6
(1 + 𝑐)4 −6
𝑐 ∈ (−0.2; 0); 𝑅4 (0.8) = (0.2)4 = (0.2)4
4! (1 + 𝑐)4 4!

−6 6
|𝑅4 (𝑥)| ≤ | 4
(0.2)4 | ≤ (0.25)4 = 0,0009766
(0.8) 4! 4!

2
The error is less then 0,0009766, 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠.

b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, 𝑎 = 0

𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(0) = 0

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (0) = cos 0 = 1

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′ (0) = − sin 0 = 0

𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = − cos 0 = −1

𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑎) = 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (0) = − sin 0 = 0

𝑓 𝑉 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑉 (𝑎) = 𝑓 𝑉 (0) = cos 0 = 1

𝑓 (6) (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥

1 0 −1 0 1
𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 + (𝑥 − 0) + (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑥 − 0)3 + (𝑥 − 0)4 + (𝑥 − 0)5 =
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 1 5
= 𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥
6 120
1 1 5
sin 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥
6 120
1 1 1
sin ≈ (0,5) − (0,5)3 + (0,5)5 ≈ 0,479427
2 6 120
Approximation error::

− sin(𝑐) 1
𝑅6 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 0)6 ; 𝑐 ∈ (0, )
6! 2
6
− sin(𝑐) 1 1 1 6 1 1 1
0≤| ( − 0) | ≤ ∙ ( ) = ∙ = ≈ 0,0000217
6! 2 6! 2 720 64 46080
1
The error made calculating sin 2 is less then 0,0000217, 𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠.
1
3
𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)3 , a=0

𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(0) = 1

1 2 1 2 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)−3 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (0) = − (1 + 𝑥)−3 =
3 3 3
2 5 2 5 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − (1 + 𝑥)−3 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′ (0) = (1 + 𝑥)−3 = −
9 9 9
10 8 10 8 10
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)−3 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) = 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = − (1 + 𝑥)−3 =
27 27 27
3
 10 −8 11
𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)− 3
27 3
1 2 10
− 1 1 5
𝑇𝑛 (𝑥) = 1 + 3 (𝑥 − 0) + 9 (𝑥 − 0)2 + 27 (𝑥 − 0)3 = 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
1! 2! 3! 3 9 81

3 1 1 5
√1 + 𝑥 ≈ 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
3 9 81

33 1 1 10
√ ≈ 1 + (0,5) − (0,5)2 + (0,5)3 ≈ 1,1466
2 3 9 162

80 11
− 81 (1 + 𝑐)− 3
𝑅4 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 0)4
4!

3. Let 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑓(1) = 2. You are not given a formula for 𝑓(𝑥). Don't try to guess
one.
a) Use a linear approximation to estimate the value 𝑓(1,1).
𝑓(1,1) ≈ 𝑓(1) + 𝑓 ′ (1)Δ𝑥 = 2 + √2 ⋅ 0,1

b) Is the exact value of 𝑓(1,1) less than or greater than your estimate? Why?
𝑓 ′′ (𝑐)
𝑅2 (1,1) = (Δ𝑥)2 ; 𝑐 ∈ (1; 1,1)
2
′ 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (√1 + 𝑥 2 ) =
2√1 + 𝑥 2
𝑐
𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = > 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑅2 (1,1) > 0
√1 + 𝑐 2

Because the exact value 𝑓(1,1) = 𝑓(1) + 𝑓 ′ (1)Δ𝑥 + 𝑅2 (1,1) and 𝑅2 (1,1) > 0, this means
that the exact value is greater than the obtained approximate one.