1 PetE211 Ch4 OD New

PetE 211
BASIC PRINCIPLES &

REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
Hizmete Ozel
LAWS OF NATURE
Laws of nature can be divided into two groups:
1. Basic Laws: The laws that must be satisfied by any material

that exists on the earth.
1. Conservation of Mass
2. Conservation of Momentum
3. Conservation of Energy (First law of Thermodynamics)
2. Subsidiary Laws: are the laws that apply to specific types of

materials, and sometimes called constitutive relations.
Ex: Newton’s law of viscosity, Hookes Law, Perfect-gas Law
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In applying the basic & subsidiary laws, either one of
the following modes of application may be adopted:
1. The activities of each and every given mass must be

such that they satisfy the basic laws and the
pertinent subsidiary laws.
2. The activities in each and every given volume in space

must be such that the basic laws and the pertinent
subsidiary laws are satisfied.
Hizmete Ozel
Systems and Control Volumes
In the first case, the laws are applied to systems, &
in the second case to control volumes.
System is an identified quantity of matter. A system

may change in shape, position & thermal condition but
must always contain the same mass.
Ex: one may choose the steam in an engine cylinder to
be the system. As the piston moves, the volume of
the system changes but there is no change in the
quantity and the identity of mass.
system
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Control Volume is a definite volume designated in space.
The boundary of this volume is called as the control
surface. The amount and identity of matter in the
control volume may change with time, but the shape of
control volume is fixed.
Ex: in order to study flow through a nozzle, one could
choose a control volume such as the interior of the
nozzle as shown in the figure below:
Control
surface
Control Interface b/w the CV
volume and its surrounding is
called the control surface
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The Laws of Mechanics:
All the laws of mechanics are written for a SYSTEM
dM system
Conservation of mass 0
dt
(Continuity Equation)
Conservation of linear momentum dV d mV 

(Newton’s 2nd law of motion)  F  ma  m dt  dt
(Momentum Equation)
Conservation of energy
(The 1st law of
dQ
dt  dW
dt  dE
dt
thermodynamics)
(Energy Equation)
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Reynolds Tranport Theorem (RTT)
There is a direct analogy between the transformation from

Lagrangian to Eulerian descriptions (for differential analysis using
infinitesimally small fluid elements) and the transformation from
systems to control volumes (for integral analysis using large, finite
flow fields).
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No mass can cross a system boundary.
A control volume is a region in space chosen for study. Mass

can cross a control surface.
The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of mass,
energy, and momentum) apply directly to systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control volume

analysis is preferred over system analysis (for the same
reason that the Eulerian description is usually preferred
over the Lagrangian description).
Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws

from a system to a control volume. This is accomplished
with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).
Hizmete Ozel
Our interest is most often focused on a device, or a
region of space, into which fluid enters and leaves 
control volume
The laws of The laws of

Reynolds Transport
mechanics written mechanics for a
for a SYSTEM Theorem CONTROL VOLUME
Hizmete Ozel
Control Volume Analysis:
A nozzle
1-Fixed Control Volume V1

CV
V2
CS
CS A ship
V
2-Moving Control Volume
CV
A cylinder-piston
3-Deformable Control V
CV CS
Volume
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Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
@ Let the total amount of property in a system be B.

B is known as an extensive property.
@ Then its intensive counterpart, b, the amount of

property per unit mass, is defined as dB
b
dm
In other words B  M bdm   bd
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CV(t), SYS(t)
and CV(t+t)
v n I II n v
SYS(t+t)
BII (B out of CV during t)

BI (B into CV during t)
Consider the time rate of change of B for the system
DBsys  Bsys t  t   Bsys t 

 lim  
Dt t 0  t 
Hizmete Ozel
CV(t), SYS(t)
and CV(t+t)
v n I II n v
SYS(t+t)
BII (B out of CV during t)

BI (B into CV during t)
Since Bsys t   Bcv t 

and Bsys ( t  t )  B cv ( t  t )  B I ( t  t )  B II ( t  t )
DBsys  Bcv t  t   BI ( t  t )  BII ( t  t )  Bcv t 

 lim  
Dt t 0  t
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which can be re-arranged as
DBsys  Bcv t  t   Bcv t 

 lim  
Dt t  0  t
 BI ( t  t )   BII ( t  t ) 
 lim   lim
 t 0  
t  0  t t
Hizmete Ozel
Assume flow in x-direction only
BII   bd   bxdA x

x u
II II
CS2
II
dAx
 BII    II bxdA x  dx
lim    lim     II b dA x  cs 2 budA x
t  0  t  t  0 t
  dt
Hizmete Ozel
In general (for a 3-D flow)
x u
 BII  CS2
lim    cs 2 bV  ndA
t  0  t 
dAx
Rate of outflux of B through

CS2 (the right face) of CV
Similarly for the inflow
 BI 
lim     cs1 bV  ndA
t  0  t 
Rate of influx of B through CS1

(the left face) of CV
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Combining the two flux terms
 BII   BI 
lim    lim    cs bV  ndA
t  0  t  t  0  t 
The net rate of flux of B

through the whole CS of
the CV
Substitute the net flux term back into the time rate
of change of B for the system.

 lim     b V  ndA
Dt t 0  t cs
Hizmete Ozel

 lim    cs bV  ndA
Dt t 0  t 
Note that the first term on the right hand side
represents the time rate of change of B inside the CV
DBsys Bcv
  cs bV  ndA
Dt t
Hizmete Ozel
Using a slightly different form of Bcv in the CV, the
RTT is obtained
DBsys 
= cv bd + cs bV  ndA
Dt t
Time rate of Time rate of The net flux of B

change of B for change of B through the CS of
the system inside the CV CV
Hizmete Ozel
DBsys 
 cv bd  cs b V  ndA
Dt t
@If the CV is moving with a velocity V s, the relative velocity
V r  V  Vs replaces the velocity in the flux term:
DBsys 
 cv bd  cs b V r  ndA
Dt t
Hizmete Ozel
@ If the CV is fixed,  
cv bd  cv (b)d
t t
DBsys 
 cv (b)d  cs b V  ndA
Dt t
@ If the flow is steady,
DBsys
 cs b V  ndA
Dt
Hizmete Ozel
Interpretation of the RTT:

Time rate of change of the property B of the system is
equal to (Term 1) + (Term 2)
Term 1: the time rate of change of B of the control
volume
Term 2: the net flux of B out of the control volume by
mass crossing the control surface
DBsys 
  bd   bV  ndA
Dt t CV cs
Hizmete Ozel
INTEGRAL CONSERVATION
EQUATIONS
@ Combining the laws of mechanics and the

RTT, the integral or CONTROL VOLUME
forms of the laws of fluid mechanics are
obtained.
@ The dummy variable B becomes,
respectively, mass (m), linear momentum
(mV), and energy (E).
Hizmete Ozel
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Let B=m, Then b=1 and RTT reduces into
DM sys 
 cv d  cs V  n dA  0
Dt t
@The continuity equation is

cv d  cs V  n dA  0
t
Hizmete Ozel
@ For a steady flow,
cs V  n dA  0

@ For an incompressible fluid (i.e.  = constant)
cs V  n dA  0

and
cs V  n dA  0
Hizmete Ozel
Consider an arbitrary control surface, CS1
CV n
V
cs1 V  n dA  Q1
CS1 where Q1 is the volume flux through
CS1 and called Discharge
In pipe and channel sections

Q1
average velocity is defined.
V1 
A1
Hizmete Ozel
In steady flow when there are a number of CS with
cross-sectional average values of density and velocity,
the continuity may be expressed as
 i Vi Ai in   i Vi Ai out

where
i Vi Ai  iQi  m
i
is known as the mass flux.
Hizmete Ozel
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Newton’s second law of motion
D V D( m V )
 Fexternal  ma  m 
Dt Dt
where
 Fexternal  FB  FS  FB  Ft  Fn
with FB being the body force (e.g. the weight)
Ft being the tangential force (i.e. force due to shear)
Fn being the normal force (i.e. force due to pressure)
Hizmete Ozel
Let B  mV then bV and RTT reduces into
D( m V ) 
  Fext  cv Vd  cs VV  n dA
Dt t
Momentum equation

FS  FB  cv Vd  cs VV  n dA
t
Hizmete Ozel
IMPORTANT NOTES
•To calculate the net pressure force on the CS consider only gage
pressures acting on the outlet(s) and inlet(s).
•The coefficient 
is known as the momentum correction coefficient, and accounts
for non-uniform distribution of velocity across the flow section.

2 Note that r
1 u
  cs   dA  1
A V
u=u (r) V
cs VV  n dA  cs u dA  AV
2 2
Hizmete Ozel
•for a fixed CV

FS  FB  cv Vd  cs VV  n dA
t
•for a steady flow
FS  FB  cs VV  n dA
that is, in a steady flow, the net flux of momentum through the CS is
equal to the net force acting on the CV.
•When the cross-sectional averages of density and velocity are used

through the CSs
 F   m
 i Vi out   m
 i Vi in
Hizmete Ozel
In integral form

cs
 ext   
 n dA    int  n dA    f ext
cs cv
 d  

cv t
V  d  cs V  V  ndA
 int ernal   P I  
 
cs
 cs cs cv
 
ext  n dA    P I  n dA     n dA    f ext d  

cv t
V  d  cs V  V  ndA
In differential form
Valid for micro scale

  ( external   int ernal )   f e  V      (  V  V )
t
Hizmete Ozel
Euler Eqn
Assumptions:
•Viscous forces are very small compared to Inertia forces
•Flow is dominated by inertia forces

t

  ( external  P I   )   f e  V      (  V  V )
t
• If the external surface forces do not exist and flow is
incompressible =>

  ( external  P I )   f e  V      (  V  V )
t
 P   f e    (  V  V )
Hizmete Ozel
Stokes Eqn
Assumptions:
•Inertia forces are very small compared to viscous forces
•Flow is dominated by viscous forces, Reynolds number < 1

t

  ( external  P I   )   f e  V  
t
• If the external surface forces do not exist and flow is
incompressible =>

  ( external  P I   )   f e  V  
t
 P    ( V )   f e  0
Hizmete Ozel
Darcy Eqn
Valid for porous media in macro scale
Assumptions:
•Inertia forces are very small compared to viscous forces
•Reynolds number <1
K
V (P   g )

Extended Darcy Eqn for Multi Phase Flow in Porous Media

Valid for porous media in macro scale, where more than 1 fluid is flowing
at the same time.
Ex: oil and water phases
kr
V  K (P   g ); where  is phase

Hizmete Ozel
Conservation of Energy
(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
The first law of thermodynamics accounts for energy
entering, leaving & accumulating in either a system or
a control volume.
Energy
Stored Energy, E Energy in transition,
Kinetic Energy, EK Internal Energy, UE Heat, Q Work, W

Potential Energy, EP
Hizmete Ozel
Stored Energy, E  the energy primarily associated with a given
mass.
The types of stored energy of an element of mass, M are:
Kinetic Energy, EK  the energy associated with the motion of
V
the mass. M
1
E K = mV 2 , V = ui + v j + wk z
2
Datum
Potential Energy, EP  the energy associated with the position

of the mass.
EP  mgz
Internal Energy, UE  molecular and atomic energy associated

with the internal fields of the mass.
Hizmete Ozel
Energy in transition: It is the energy which is going from one
system to another.
The types of energy in transition are:
Heat, Q: is the energy in transition from one mass to
another as a result of a temperature difference.
Work, W: is the energy in transition to or from a system
which occurs when external forces, acting on the system
move through a distance.
Energy can be changed from one form to another. Changes

in the form of energy are called energy conversions.
The most common energy conversion is the conversion

between potential & kinetic energy.
Hizmete Ozel
Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Atatürk Dam
Karakaya
Dam
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Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Hizmete Ozel
Example: Hydropower Plant
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System Analysis
Consider an arbitrary system. By definition, it may move &
deform but may not transfer mass across its boundary.
System, M W
Q
Let
Q = the net heat added to the system
W = the net work done by the system on the
surroundings during the time interval t.
Hizmete Ozel
If E is total stored energy of the system at time t,
Conservation of Energy states that for process occuring
during time interval t=t2-t1:
Q - W  E  E 2 - E1
Q - W  EK  E P U E 2 - EK  E P U E 1
Or in differential form:
dE  dQ  dW 1st Law of Thermodynamics
We can write Q=Q(t) and W=W(t).
Hizmete Ozel
The First Law of Thermodynamics
 DE  dQ dW
   
 Dt  system dt dt
E : Total stored energy in the system

Q : Heat added to the system
W : Work done by the system
For the control volume analysis, we can apply the Reynolds

Transport Theorem to get:
dBsys
  bd   b V  n dA
dt t cv cs
Hizmete Ozel
Reynolds Transport Theorem
dBsys 
  bd   b V  n dA
dt t cv cs
1
B  E  mV 2  mgz U E = kinetic e. + potential e. + internal e.
2
 e  V 2  gz u e where ue is the internal energy
dE 1
b
dm 2 per unit mass.
energy per unit mass

 DE 
  e d   e V  n  dA
dQ dW d
   
 Dt  system dt dt dt cv cs
rate of energy transfer rate of work done

across the CS due to a by the CV
temperature difference
Hizmete Ozel
 DE 
  e d   e V  n  dA
dQ dW d
   
 Dt  system dt dt dt cv cs
dW    
 W  W shaft  W pressure  W shear
dt

W pressure   pV  n dA
The active CS are selected normal to the flow
CS

W shear     V dA  0 direction & along the inactive CS (the solid
CS
boundaries) velocity is zero. Thus   V
V2 
e  gz  u
2
 shaft    ed    e  p V  n dA

 W
Q
t cv cs
 
Hizmete Ozel
 p V2 
 W
Q  shaft  cs  gz    û V  n dA for steady flow
  2 
Integrating over the CS with one intel (CS1) & one outlet (CS2):
 p V
2

Q  shaft   gz1   1
 W 1 1
 û m1
  2
1 
 
 p V
2

  gz 2    2
2 2
 û 2 m2
  2 
Energy correction coefficients, 1 u
3
      dA
A CS  V 
to take into account the spatial
variation of point velecity
Hizmete Ozel
 p V
2

  
Q  Wshaft   gz1   1
1 1
 û1 m 1
  2 
 p V
2


  gz 2    2
2 2
 û 2 m2
  2 
   
For this CV , m1  m2  m and dividing the equation with g m
    

p V 2
p V W shaft  u 2  u1  Q/ m 
2
z1  1   z2  2 
1
 
2

 2g  2g g m 
g
 
elevation pressure velocity hL = head loss

head head head Hshaft=Hpump or Hturbine
Pp Pt
Hp  Ht 
total head, H Q  Q
where  is the pump or turbine efficiency.
Hizmete Ozel
Bernoulli Equation
H1  H p  H t  hL  H 2 1 and 2 are two points on a streamline
NOTE: The above form of the energy equation can be derived by integration of the
governing differential equations along a streamline with certain assumptions and called
Generalized (or modified) BERNOULLI equation. In this case the section numbers 1
and 2 refer to two points on a streamline.
When there is no pump, no turbine and no head loss
H1  H 2 Bernoulli Equation
p1V12 p2 V22
z1    z2  
 2g  2g
Hizmete Ozel
EGL AND HGL
Example showing the effect of losses and work done on
EGL and HGL
V22
2g
hL,2
Turbine’s Ht
Pump’s Hp
V12 hL,3 Open to
TURBINE atmosphere
2g
EGL
hL,1 Q V32
PIPE 3
PIPE 2 2g
EGL
PUMP
PIPE 1 HGL HGL
Energy and hydraulic grade lines on a hypothetical pipeline system

Hizmete Ozel
Hizmete Ozel

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PetE 211

BASIC PRINCIPLES &

1. Basic Laws: The laws that must be satisfied by any material

2. Subsidiary Laws: are the laws that apply to specific types of

1. The activities of each and every given mass must be

2. The activities in each and every given volume in space

System is an identified quantity of matter. A system

Conservation of linear momentum dV d mV 

There is a direct analogy between the transformation from

A control volume is a region in space chosen for study. Mass

However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control volume

Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws

The laws of The laws of

1-Fixed Control Volume V1

@ Let the total amount of property in a system be B.

@ Then its intensive counterpart, b, the amount of

In other words B  M bdm   bd

BII (B out of CV during t)

Consider the time rate of change of B for the system

DBsys  Bsys t  t   Bsys t 

BII (B out of CV during t)

Since Bsys t   Bcv t 

DBsys  Bcv t  t   BI ( t  t )  BII ( t  t )  Bcv t 

which can be re-arranged as

DBsys  Bcv t  t   Bcv t 

BII   bd   bxdA x

Rate of outflux of B through

Similarly for the inflow

Rate of influx of B through CS1

The net rate of flux of B

DBsys  Bcv t  t   Bcv t 

DBsys  Bcv t  t   Bcv t 

Time rate of Time rate of The net flux of B

V r  V  Vs replaces the velocity in the flux term:

Interpretation of the RTT:

@ Combining the laws of mechanics and the

Let B=m, Then b=1 and RTT reduces into

cs V  n dA  0

cs V  n dA  0

In pipe and channel sections

 i Vi Ai in   i Vi Ai out

Newton’s second law of motion

Ft being the tangential force (i.e. force due to shear)

Fn being the normal force (i.e. force due to pressure)

Let B  mV then bV and RTT reduces into

pressures acting on the outlet(s) and inlet(s).

for non-uniform distribution of velocity across the flow section.

FS  FB  cs VV  n dA

•When the cross-sectional averages of density and velocity are used

Valid for micro scale

Extended Darcy Eqn for Multi Phase Flow in Porous Media

Stored Energy, E Energy in transition,

Kinetic Energy, EK Internal Energy, UE Heat, Q Work, W

Potential Energy, EP  the energy associated with the position

Internal Energy, UE  molecular and atomic energy associated

Energy can be changed from one form to another. Changes

The most common energy conversion is the conversion

dE  dQ  dW 1st Law of Thermodynamics

We can write Q=Q(t) and W=W(t).

E : Total stored energy in the system

For the control volume analysis, we can apply the Reynolds

energy per unit mass

rate of energy transfer rate of work done

 shaft    ed    e  p V  n dA