Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.

16

Arabian Journal of Medical Sciences

http://www.ajms.tk

Ovarian activity in relation to recovery, quality and maturation of oocytes in

buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Yasmeen Magdy a*, Mohammed Attia a, Hatem Bahgat a, Ahmed Kassab a, Mohammed A. El Magd b

a
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
b
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt

Article Info Abstract

Keywords: Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential activity of right and left ovaries through investigation
Egyptian buffalo, of morphometric parameters, recovery, quality, and maturation of oocytes in Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
Ovary, Materials and methods: A total number of 230 ovaries were collected and divided according to the presence of
Morphometry, corpus luteum (CL) into: (CL bearing and non-CL bearing right and left ovaries). The morphometric parameters
Oocyte,
(weight, length, width and thickness) of ovaries were measured then the aspirated oocytes were matured in vitro.
IVM
Results: The obtained results showed significant increases in number of follicles and oocytes recovered from the
Received Nov 23, right ovary as compared to the left ovary. Moreover, ultra-structural (using transmission electron microscope)
Revised Dec 6, investigation of mature oocytes showed migration of lipid droplets toward the oolemma and away from
Published Dec 7, 2018 the nucleus, long numerous microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria. Conclusion: The results of this study
*Corresponding author: suggest that right buffalo ovary is more active than the left ovary giving high yield of follicles and oocytes.
dr.vet_yma@yahoo.com

1. Introduction
The urgent need for improving the reproductive performance of
buffalo necessitates a better understanding of relationship between
ovarian activity and oocyte recovery and maturation (Barkawi
et al., 2007). For any successful in vitro embryo culture program,
aspiration of the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from the mature
follicles, culturing, and maturing them are primary requirements
(Abadjieva et al., 2015). The optimal rates of embryo production in
vitro can be attained by selecting ovaries and follicles, which provide
oocytes to undergo maturation, successful fertilization, and in vitro
development (Rahman et al., 2007). The high average number of high
quality oocytes recovered from ovaries can be effectively used for
in vitro fertilization (IVF) (Salim, 2004). Oocytes recovered from
large antral follicles have the ability to develop into the blastocysts
stage compared to small and medium size follicles (Salim, 2004).
The morphology of the cumulus investment is commonly used as
selection criteria prior to in vitro maturation ( IVM) (Rahman et al.,
2007). Denuded oocytes without cumulus cells are usually rejected
because of their low developmental potential during IVF (Rahman
et al., 2008b).
Inequality in function of the left and right ovaries and uterine
horns in numerous mammalian species has been reported. Multiple
factors may cause this asymmetric function, including superior
activity of one of the ovaries which may be related to difference in
ovulation response between the left and right ovaries or difference in
the developmental potential of oocytes originating from these ovaries
(Karamishabankareh et al., 2015). The right ovary in humans (Fukuda
et al., 2000) and in cattle (Gere et al., 2010) produces more ovulated
oocytes (Fukuda et al., 2000). In rats, the right ovary is larger than the
left (Mittwoch and Kirk, 1975) and in hamsters, mice, and rats, the
right ovary contains more CLs (Fritzsche et al., 2000), while there is
no difference in ovulation response between the left and right ovaries
in rabbits (Ju et al., 2001). In farm species, Arthur, (1958) described
ovarian activity in the mare and noted a greater proportion of CLs
present on the left ovary compared to the right ovary.
It is therefore possible that variation in ovarian activity is
species specific and the actual cause for this variation has not been
elucidated yet. Unlike other domestic animals, little information is
known regarding the differences in activity between the right and
the left ovaries in Egyptian buffalo. Hence, the present study was
conducted to evaluate the potential activity of right and left ovaries
through investigation of morphometric parameters (weight, length,
width and thickness) in relation to in vitro recovery, quality, and
maturation of oocytes.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ovaries source and grouping
Apparently 230 (115 right and 115 left) normal ovaries were
obtained from 115 adult buffaloes of unknown reproductive history
slaughtered in local abattoirs in Egypt throughout the period from
April 2017 to November 2017. In the laboratory, the collected
ovaries were divided according to the presence or absence of CL
into CL-bearing (n = 68) and CL non-bearing (n = 162) groups.
2.2. Morphometric measurements
The length, width, and thickness in (cm) of the right, left, CL
bearing, and non-bearing ovaries were measured with a measuring
scale. The ovaries were collected and weighed and the values
recorded. The thickness was determined as previously described
(Alosta et al., 1998). All antral follicles from each ovary were
counted and classified according to their diameter into small (less
than 2 mm), medium (2-4 mm) and large follicles (more than 4 mm).
2.3. Oocyte recovery and selection
The collected ovaries were transported to the lab in worm normal
saline containing 100 µg /ml streptomycin and 100 IU/ml penicillin.
Ovaries were rinsed by 70% ethyl alcohol, dried lightly with sterile
paper towels and subsequently, cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs)
were manually aspirated from follicles that have 2 to 8 mm diameter

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 Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.16

using a 10 ml syringe attached with 18 gauge hypodermic needles. Table.1. Comparative dimensions of right and left ovary of Egyptian
After aspiration, the contents of the syringe were slowly evacuated buffaloes.
into a sterilized 50 ml tubes containing 0.5 to 1.0 ml of aspiration
media consisting of PBS with 3% (v/v) inactivated calf serum. The Dimensions Right ovary Left ovary P value
oocytes were allowed to settle to the bottom of the tube for at least 15 n=115 n=115
min. The precipitated oocytes were taken using a sterilized Pasteur Weight(g) 4.0 ±0.05 4.1 ±0.08 0.267
pipette and poured into sterile Petri dishes for subsequent searching Length(cm) 3.15±0.13 3.14±0.14 0.961
of COCs and transferred into a dish of 400 µl fresh pre-warmed Width(cm) 2.01±0.1 2.1±0.1 0.602
washing medium (TL HEPES supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum
and 50 µg/ml gentamycin).The collected oocytes were evaluated Thickness(cm) 0.92 ±0.06 0.96 ±0.04 0.665
using stereomicroscope and classified according to their compaction,
Data were presented as mean± standard error of mean (SEM).
number of cumulus cell layers and homogencity of ooplasm as
previously described (El-Magd et al., 2019). The recovery rate was Table.2. Comparative dimensions of CL and non-CL bearing ovaries.
calculated by dividing the total number of recovered oocytes by the
total number of the ovaries and multiplying the results in 100. Dimensions CL bearing Non CL-bearing P value
ovaries (68) ovaries (162)
2.4. In vitro maturation of oocytes
Weight(g) 4.13 ±0.05 a 3.87±0.08 b 0.004
The COCs were picked out using micro pipette and washed three Length(cm) 3.29 ±0.1 a 2.99±0.07 b 0.006
times in drops of Hepes-TCM medium. The COCs were transferred
Width(cm) 2.16±0.1 a
1.78±0.09 b
0.0002
in groups of (25-50) cells into 20 μl maturation medium (TCM-199,
1 µl ml/ml β estradiol and 10% fetal calf serum) for each well in four Thickness(cm) 1.00 ±0.03 a
0.86 ±0.04 b
0.0003
well dishes (Nunclon™, Roskilde, Denmark) containing 380 µl of
IVM medium, covered with 400 µl sterile mineral oil and incubated Data were presented as mean± standard error of mean (SEM). Means
for 22-24 h at 38.5ºC with humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and with different letters in each row are significantly different (P ≤0.05).
relative humidity 95% (Vajta et al., 1996). IVM medium contained The total number of follicles collected from 230 ovaries was 1340
tissue culture medium 199-bicarbonate (TCM-199), 1 µl ml/ml β and the overall mean number of follicles per ovary was 5.2±0.4. A
estradiol and 10% fetal calf serum. total number of 697 follicles of mean 5.2 ± 0.4 per ovary were found
2.5. Detection of nuclear maturation by orcein red staining on the right ovaries and 643 follicles of mean 4.8 ± 0.1 per ovary
were found on the left ovaries. No significant difference in numbers
After maturation, oocytes were put in 1% sodium citrate for 5-10 of small and medium sized follicles were noticed between right and
min and then fixed in ethanol and glacial acetic (3:1) and stained by left ovaries, however, number of large follicles was significantly
1% orcein according to Khalil et al., (2014). increased in the right ovary than the left ovary (Table 3).
2.6. Evaluation of maturation
Table.3. Follicular development in right and left ovary in Egyptian
Maturation was assessed by determination of cumulus cells mass buffaloes.
expansion and number of oocytes in metaphase II stage of meiotic
division. Maturation rate was calculated dividing the total number of Parameters Right ovary Left ovary P value
the matured oocytes by the total number of the cultured oocytes and
multiplying the results in 100. Total number of 697 643
follicles
2.7. Transmission Microscope examination Number of fol- 5.2 ± 0.4 4.8 ± 0.1 0.33
Oocytes were fixed in a mixture of 2.5 % paraformaldehyde licle per ovary
and 2.5 % glutaraldehyde solution for 4 h at 4°C then processed Small follicle 2.6± 0.05 a 2.61 ± 0.07 a 0.84
for examination by transmission electron microscope (TEM) as (348) (349)
previously described (Magdy et al., 2015). Medium follicle 1.6 ± 0.05 a 1.5 ±0.09 a 0.95
(214) (201)
2.8. Statistical analysis Large follicle 1.0 ±0.08 a 0.69 ± 0.04 b 0.008
(135) (92)
All data were expressed as means ± standard error of mean
(SEM). The statistical significance was evaluated by Student t test Data were presented as mean± standard error of mean (SEM). Means
using SPSS 18.0 software. Values were considered statistically with different letters in each column are significantly different (P
significant when p ≤ 0.05. ≤0.05).
3. Results Non-CL bearing ovaries had a significantly higher number of
3.1. Morphometric measurements total follicles and medium and large follicles than those of CL bearing
ovaries (Table 4). In contrast, no significant difference in number of
No significant difference in weight, length, width and thickness
small follicles was noticed between CL-bearing and non-CL bearing
was noticed between right and left ovaries (Table 1). Among the
ovaries (Table 4).
collected 230 ovaries only 68 ovaries (29.5%) had CL, 36 (52.9%) in
left, 32 right (47.1%), while the remaining ovaries (162) had no CL. 3.2. Oocyte recovery and selection
The weight, length, width and thickness of ovaries carrying CL were
A total number of 540 COCs were collected by aspiration from
significantly higher than those in non CL-bearing group (Table 2).
the 230 ovaries with a rate of 2.3 COCs per ovary. These COCs were
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 Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.16

divided into 4 grades: grade A [compact multilayered cumulus cells layers of cumulus cells (X 100). Blue arrows in C; D refer to the
(CCs) invested oocyte and evenly granulated ooplasm]; grade B (2 oocyte and black arrows refer to the cumulus cells. (E) Grade C
layers of non- denuded CCs); grade C (partly denuded COCs), and immature COC with partial denuding (arrow) (X 100). (F) Grade D
grade D (completely denuded, no cumulus cells attached) (Fig. 1). completely denuded (no cumulus cells attached) (X 100).
Number and percentage of different grades of COCs recovered from
ovaries of Egyptian buffaloes were shown in Table 5. Table (5): Number and percentage of different grades of oocytes re-
covered from ovaries.
Table.4. Follicular development in CL and non-CL bearing ovaries.
Quality of Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D
Parameters CL bearing Non CL-bearing P value COCs
ovaries ovaries Number of 303 165 44 33
Total number of 576 764 collected
follicles COCs
Number of fol- 4.3 ± 0.2 a 5.7 ± 0.1 b 0.001 Percentage 56% 30% 8% 6%
licle per ovary (%)
Small follicle 2.3± 0.98 a 2.45 ± 0.68 a 0.18 3.3. In vitro maturation of oocyte
(308) (328)
Medium follicle 1.0 ± 0.10 b 1.75 ±0.12 a 0.005 Maturation of oocyte was assessed by expansion of the cumulus
(134) (234) cells and number of oocytes in metaphase II (nuclear maturation).
Large follicle 1.0 ±0.07 b 1.5± 0.09 a 0.003 Expansion of the cumulus cells was classified into 3 degrees; full
(134) (201) expansion where cumulus cells greatly expanded around oocyte,
moderate expansion where cumulus cells slightly expanded around
Data were presented as mean± standard error of mean (SEM). Means oocyte, and no expansion (Fig. 2A). Nuclear maturation was done
with different letters in each row are significantly different (P ≤0.05). using 1% orcein stain to detect oocytes in different mieotic phases.
Metaphase-II stage oocytes were characterized by large group of
chromosomes formed an equatorial plate with vacuolated ooplasm
while telophase I stage oocytes were characterized by complete
separation of the two sets of chromosomes (Fig.2B, C. Metaphase-II
and telophase I oocytes were matured oocytes. The number of COCs
matured up to metaphase-II stage was 102 with a rate of 20.5%.

Fig.1. Photomicrographs using inverted microscope show different
grades of freshly collected immature COCs from Egyptian buffalo
ovaries. (A) Freshly collected immature COCs (X 4). (B) Freshly
collected immature compact COCs (X 20). (C) Grade A COC which
had compact multilayered cumulus cells investment and evenly
granulated ooplasm (X 100). (D) Grade B COC which had only 2
15
Fig.2. Photomicrographs of mature oocytes. (A) Different expansion
degrees of cumulus cells; no expansion (tailed arrow), moderate
expansion (arrow), full expansion (arrowhead). (B and C) Nuclear
maturation of oocyte showing nucleus at telophase I and metaphase
II, respectively (X400).
 Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.16

No significant difference in number of aspirated COCs was observed

between the right and left ovaries (Table 6). The good quality (grade A
and B) COCs recovery rate was significantly higher in right ovaries
than the left ovaries. However, no significant difference in recovery rate
of poor quality COCs (grade C and D) was seen between the right and
left ovaries (Table 6).

Table (6): Comparison between oocytes production from the right and
left ovary.

Parameters Right ovary Left ovary P value

Total number of 296 254

COCs
Recovery rate 2.6 ±0.08 a 2.4±0.04 b 0.006
Total number of 170 133
grade A and B
Recovery rate 1.5±0.05a 1.26±0.07b 0.004
Total number of 80 76
grade C
Recovery rate 0.7±0.02 0.72±0.09 0.92
Total number of 45 44
grade D
Recovery rate 0.4 ±0.08 0.42 ± 0.04 0.87

Data were presented as mean± standard error of mean (SEM). Means

with different letters in each column are significantly different (P ≤0.05).

3.4. Transmission electron microscopy
Ultrastructure of the immature oocyte showed high lipid content
away from oolemma with cortical granules were evenly distributed
throughout the oocyte (Fig.3). Rounded and oval mitochondria
were located near nucleus. Some vesicles were scattered throughout
ooplasm. The oolemma had thick, short and few microvilli (Fig.3). The
mature oocytes also had large lipid droplets away from nucleus and near
oolemma (Fig. 4A). Cortical granules were present in form of clusters
in the ooplasm (Fig. 4B). The microvilli were numerous, thin and long
extended in perivitelline space (Fig. 4C). Changes in mitochondrial
morphology (pleomorphic mitochondria, with oval, round, and droplet
shapes) distribution (became more clustered) were characteristic
features for the mature oocyte (Fig. 4D).
4. Discussion
The main finding of the present study was that the right ovary
of Egyptian buffalo was more active than the left ovary. This final
conclusion was based on the presence of larger number of follicles and
oocytes especially those with good quality in the right ovary than in
the left ovary. Although, Sofia et al., (2012) showed that left and right
ovaries are embryologically and histologically similar, differences do
exist between their venous drainage, anatomical relations, and cyclical
physiological control. The actual mechanism for this variation is
unknown. Previous studies have denoted a significant role for vagus
nerve. Pharmacologic or surgical vagal denervation can differentially
affect follicles number in the left and right ovaries in rats (Burden et
al., 1986; Morales-Ledesma et al., 2010). Another possibility is the
existence of some kind of variation in vascularization between the
two ovaries. Accordingly, McDonald (1980) suggests that the rumen
decreases blood supply to the left side, thereby influencing the amount
of gonadotropins reaching the left ovary.
16
Fig.3. Transmission electronic micrographs showing ultrastructure of
immature oocyte of Egyptian buffalo. (A) Characteristic lipid droplet
(L) and mitochondria (arrow) of immature oocyte (Scale bar = 1.0µm).
(B) Different forms of mitochondria rounded mitochondria (arrow) and
oval mitochondria (om) with scattered cortical granules (arrowhead) of
immature oocyte. Abbreviations: N= nucleus; V= vesicles (Scale bar =
2.0 µm). (C) Thick and short microvilli (Mv) of immature oocyte (Scale
bar = 2.0 µm). (D) Characteristic lipid droplet (L) scattered throughout
immature oocyte near nucleus (N) away from oolemma (Scale bar =
2.0µm).
Consistent with other studies on foreign buffalo breeds (Bansal
2002; Leal et al. 2013; Razzaque et al 2008; Vale and Ribeiro 2005),
we also found no significant change in the morphometric measurements
(weight, length, width and thickness) between right and left ovaries
in Egyptian buffaloes. On the other hand, these morphometric
measurements were significantly higher in CL bearing ovaries than
non-CL bearing ovaries. In agreement, Khammas et al. (2010) also
reported similar results in that regard. These changes may be attributed
to thicker, larger and heavier CLs in these ovaries.
The activity of ovary depends mainly on the number of follicles
rather than the number of CL (Scaramuzzi, and Downing 1997; Alosta
et al. 1998). CL was clearly demonstrated to have a negative influence
on the number of surface follicles in cattle (Das et al. 1996), buffalo
(Amer et al., 2008; Makwana et al., 2012), sheep (Alsafy and EL-
Shahat, 2011), and camel (Ghoneim 2001). This means that the ovary
carrying more CL and lower follicles (especially large ones) is less
active and vice versa (Scaramuzzi, and Downing 1997; Alosta et al.
1998). In support to this notion, we found a large number of CL but
with a small number of large follicles on the left ovary than in the right
one. Thus, it is not surprisingly to find that the right ovary is more active
than the left one in buffalo. Conversely, Abdoon and Kandil (2001)
 Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.16
in buffalo and Leal et al. (2013) in cow proved that CL significantly
increased the number of ovarian follicles. These controversial results
may be attributed to difference to breed or genotyping difference in
ovarian function between the Mediterranean and Swamp buffaloes.
Fig.4. Transmission electronic micrographs showing ultrastructure of
mature oocytes. (A) Characteristic lipid droplet (L) away from nucleus
but near oolemma of mature oocyte, scale bar = 1.0 µm, V= vesicle. (B)
Cortical granules (arrowhead) clustered in ooplasm with mitochondria
(arrow), scale bar = 1.0 µm. (C) Thin, numerous and long microvilli
(arrow) of mature oocyte, scale bar = 1.0µm, L= Lipid droplet. (D)
Pleomorphic mitochondria as rounded mitochondria (RM), oval
mitochondria (OM) and droplet mitochondria (star), scale bar = 1.0 µm.
The quantity and the quality of oocytes retrieved per ovary are
important criteria upon which the oocytes can be chosen for IVM and
IVF. Although, abattoir derived ovaries provide a cheap and abundant
source of oocytes, a serious problem associated with IVF is the very
poor recovery of total and good quality immature oocytes from
slaughter house ovaries. Our results indicated that the recovery rate of
oocytes was 2.6 per ovary which is lower than that of cattle. Similar
lower oocytes recovery rate (2.5-2.7) was also reported in buffalo
(Barakawi et al. 2007). Low oocyte yield in buffalo may be due to:
(1) a considerably lower number of primordial follicle reserve 12000-
19000 in buffalo (Samad and Nasseri 1979), compared with 150000 in
cattle (Erickson 1966); (2) low number of antral follicles at all stages
of the estrous cycle (Manik et al 1998); (3) a high incidence of deep
follicular atresia (Palta et al. 1998) from slaughter-house ovaries; and
(4) slaughtering of buffaloes in a sub-fertile, unproductive state, with
aged and detrimental body condition (Nandi et al., 2002). However,
other studies reported either lower recovery rate (1.11-0.42) (Das et al.
1996; Datta and Goswami 1998; Singh and Majumdar 1992) or higher
recovery rate (3.33-8) (Khan et al. 1997) in buffalo. The variations in
the oocyte recovery may be comes from the difference in age, health,
nutritional and genetic status of the female buffalo donors (Mahmoud
2001).
17
Our study revealed that oocyte recovery rate was significantly
higher in right ovary than the left one. In accordance with these results
Aryan (2011) in mare, AlSafy and El-Shahat (2011) in sheep and
Kouamo et al. (2014) in cow reported higher COCs number in right
ovaries as compared to the left ovaries. Conversely, Khandoker et al.
(2011) in buffalo and Asad et al. (2016) in goat found higher numbers
of COCs collected from buffalo ovaries in left than right ovary. These
contradictory results may be attributed to variation in species and
breeds. Moreover the percentage of COCs grade A and grade B was
(86 %) higher in right ovary than left ovary. Samad and Raza, (1999)
reported a lower rate of COCs grade A and grade B (47.2 %) in buffalo.
However, the numbers of grade C and D COCs were equivalent between
right and left ovaries
The total percentage of oocytes which reached metaphase (MII) was
(20.5 %) which was lower (29.4- 92.1 %) than that reported in buffalo
by others studies (Barakawi et al. 2007; Chohan and Hunter 2003;
Datta and Goswami 1998; Gabr et al.2015; Ocampo et al. 2001). Lower
maturation rate in our study may be attributed to high temperature in
summer season at the time of study which affects the developmental
potential of oocytes. Positive relation of COCs expansion with maturity
of oocytes that reached MII stage agrees with the findings of Otoi et al.
(1997) in bovine and Barakat et al. (2012) in buffalo which considered
as a good evidence for oocyte maturation.
The ultrastructure of mature and immature oocytes of Egyptian
buffalo revealed presence of high lipid content in form of large lipid
droplets away from oolemma. Similarly the lipid droplets were
peripherally located in the oocytes of buffalo Barakat et al. (2012), cow
Hyttel et al. (1986a), and sheep Maximo et al. (2012). In contrast, Hochi
et al. (1996) found clusters of lipid droplets in the central region of horse
oocyte rather than the periphery of the ooplasm. TEM examination
also revealed central aggregation of round and oval mitochondria near
nucleus. Similarly, Barakat et al. (2012) and Mondadori et al. (2010)
reported that the mitochondria were located close to the center of
buffalo oocyte. In contrast, Maximo et al. (2012) showed peripheral
localization of mitochondria in immature oocyte of sheep. Regarding
the shape of mitochondria we found round and oval. In contrary Fleming
& Saake (1972) and Senger & Saake (1970) in bovine, and Cran et al.
(1980) in sheep found only hooded shape mitochondria. Taken together,
distribution and shape of mitochondria may be species specific.
Our results revealed presence of evenly distributed cortical granules
throughout the mature oocyte with thick, short and few microvilli
on the oocyte surface. Similarly, Hyttel et al. (1986a) reported that
cortical granules were evenly distributed throughout the bovine oocyte.
However, Barakat et al. (2012) reported that cortical granules present
in the deep cortex of ooplasm and large numbers of microvilli were
found extended from the plasma membrane in buffalo. Mondadori et
al. (2010) found that the cortical granules are located on the ooplasm
periphery. Cran et al. (1985) reported that in pig cortical granules were
confined to the first 4 µm of cortical cytoplasm throughout maturation.
Maximo et al. (2012) noticed presence of a large number of bent oocyte
microvilli in sheep. Barakat et al. (2012) and Cran & Cheng (1985)
stated that in vitro matured oocytes showed clusters of cortical granules
found in aggregates throughout the peripheral ooplasm just beneath the
oolemma in Egyptian buffalo and pig respectively.
For practical limitation further researches must be done on ovarian
activity through studying developmental potential of right and left
oocytes in different embryonic stages besides surgical denervation of
both right and left ovaries to investigate ovarian activity in ruminant.
 Magdy et al., 2018, AJMS 2(1):13-19 DOI:10.5455/ajms.16
Conclusion
This study suggests significant increases in number of follicles and
oocytes recovered from the right ovary as compared to the left ovary.
Moreover, ultra-structural (using transmission electron microscope)
investigation of mature oocytes showed migration of lipid droplets
toward the oolemma and away from the nucleus, long numerous
microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria.
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