Anciden and emergansi

Exsample ancident

1. Fractures

fractures are discontinuity of bone and are determined according to type and extent

A. The causes of fractures can include:

 Traumatic incidents such as sports injuries, vehicle accidents and falls
 Conditions such as osteoporosis and certain types of cancer that cause broken bones
are easier, which means that even mild and falling trauma can become serious.

B. Symptoms of fracture

Fractures differ from other injuries for a skeleton such as dislocation, although in some cases
it will be difficult to distinguish them. Sometimes, a person may have more than one type of
injury. If in doubt, treat injuries as if they were broken bones. Symptoms of a fracture depend
on a particular bone and the severity of the injury, but can include:

 sick
 swelling
 bruises
 deformities
 Inability to use limbs.

C. Type of fracture

Various types of fractures include:

 Closed (simple) broken - fracture does not penetrate the skin

 Open fracture - a broken bone protruding through the skin, or a wound leading to the
fracture site. External infections and bleeding are more likely
 Greenstick fractures - something small, slim cracks in bone. This can occur in
children, because their bones are more flexible than the bones of adults
 Soft fractures - the most common form is having a leg bone injury, often in the legs or
lower legs as a result of repeated stresses from activities such as jogging or walking
 Complex fractures - structures surrounding broken bones. There may be damage to
the veins, arteries or nerves, and there may also be injury to the bone lining
(periosteum)
 Comminuted fractures - bones break into small pieces. This type of complicated
fracture tends to cure more slowly
 Avulsion fractures - muscles resting on bones with tendons, type of connective tissue.
Strong muscle contraction can grab the free tendons and pull out pieces of bone. This
type of fracture is more common in the knee and shoulder joints
 Compression fractures - occur when two bones are forced against one another. The
bones of the spine, called vertebrae, can have this type of fracture. Parents, especially
those with osteoporosis, are at a higher risk.

D. If you encounter the above symptoms, the emergency handling that can be done is:
 Helper and victim do not panic.
 Make sure the patient breathes, gets enough air space (Not crowded with people)
 Position sleep on your back.
 Cut or remove the victim's clothes on the broken part, which covers / disrupts the
helper's view.
 Do splinting if not bleeding, to prevent movement or shifting of the ends of the bones
were broken, reducing new injuries around the broken bone, giving a break broken
parts of the body, reduce pain.
 If there is bleeding like an open fracture, press hard on the blood vessel that is
bleeding by using a sterile dressing / gauze. Give a lump under the splint to raise the
body part so that the lump and bleeding are reduced.
 If you see a bone protruding from the skin, cover it with a sterile gauze and apply a
splint.
 Body members should remain / not change in position when a fracture occurs.
 Bring to the nearest hospital.

E. How to install a splash:

 Pulling the extremities that are more end of fractures, for example the wrist or ankle
slowly and gently but strong enough.
 Position the extremitas near the normal position.
 Place a flat board underneath along the extremities (covering 2 joints in the fracture
concerned).
 Use Roll gauze or elastic verban to fix the extremities that are broken with the board
tightly enough but not too tight. Enough to support the broken bone so there is no
movement.
2. Snakebite

There are hundreds of snake species throughout the world but only a few are venomous.
But even though its presence near us will make a shock and panic, and it is very difficult
to identify which snake is venomous or not!

Here are some important tips that can be shared with your family to protect them from
snakebites:

• Be aware of the dangers posed by snakes and take steps to prevent them.
• As far as you can, 'Protect' your home and garden against snakes.
• Knowing the symptoms of snake bites and proper treatment.

A. Types of poisonous snakes

The danger of bites and the poison of snakes is different for each species. First aid
recommended for snake bites will also vary according to the type of species.
 Treatment for snake bites is defined according to whether the poison is cytotoxic,
haemotoxic or neurotoxic. A wrong help will not only have little or no help but can
even be dangerous
a. Cytotoxic
 A process that is toxic to cells and suppresses cell function or causes cell death.
 Species: Adders and Vipers.
 Generally there are two bite marks on the place that are bitten.
 Bite causes immediate pain, swelling immediately, and bruising.
 Symptoms include nausea and dizziness.
 Actions that can be taken: Immobilize branches but do not limit blood flow.

b. Haemotoxic
 The process that kills red blood cells and prevents clots results in internal and external
bleeding.
 Species: Boomslangs and Vine
 Sometimes like a puncture wound can be seen in the bite.
 Bites are generally not very painful but within one hour excessive bleeding can be
very dangerous.
 Symptoms include severe headaches, nausea and vomiting.
 Measures that can be taken: Limit blood flow and lymphatics. It is important not to
cause bruises that can cause bleeding under the skin.

c. Neurotoxic
 Process that damages or kills nerves or neural networks.
 Species: mamba and cobra
 Generally two stab wounds in the bite.
 Bites can feel more like a sting with little or no bruising and swelling.
 Symptoms include feeling confused, dizzy, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and
breathing.
 Measures that can be taken: limit blood flow between bites and heart. provide CPR
until medical assistance is available.
B. Who Can and Not Do in Handling Snake Bites

Symptoms are usually seen immediately after being bitten by a snake, therefore it is very
important to observe the condition of the victim.

If there are no symptoms that occur within half an hour after being bitten then it can be
concluded that the snake is not a poisonous snake. Maybe the snake doesn't succeed in
injecting poison into our body or the snake is very old and only has little or no poison left.

a. Do it
 Try to identify whether the bite is a poisonous snake bite by observing the
appearance of a snake (such as the shape of a snake's head, color and size) and its
attack method.
 Loosen the victim's clothes and move them to a shady place.
 Keep the victim's condition calm; movement will only increase blood flow and also
transport toxins to the heart more quickly.
 Do not prevent blood flow unless you believe the teeth are from snakes that carry
neurotoxic toxins.
 Clean and keep the wound carefully so as not to create pressure and cause bruising.
 Be prepared to manage CPR if necessary.
 Immediately take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.

b. Do not do

When there are differences of opinion about what we should do for snake bite consensus,
but the most important thing is DO NOT:

 Makes the victim stressful.

 Cut the bite or try to suck the poison.
 Give any victim to eat or drink, especially alcohol.
 Using crystalline potassium permanganate in bite wounds.
 Use soapy water around the bite wound.
 Leave the victim alone.
 Use ice on wounds.
 3. Traffic accident
Traffic accidents are events in which a motor vehicle collides with another object and causes
damage. Sometimes this accident can result in human or animal injury or death. Traffic
accidents killed about 1.2 million people every year

A. Factors that affect accidents

There are three main factors that cause accidents to occur, the first is the human factor, the
second is the vehicle factor and the last is the road factor. The combination of these three
factors could occur, between humans and vehicles, for example, to walk beyond the
established speed limit and then break the tire causing the vehicle to have an accident.
Besides that there are still environmental factors, weather that can also contribute to
accidents.
a. Human factor
Human factors are the most dominant factor in accidents. Almost all incidents of accidents
are preceded by violations of traffic signs. Violations can occur due to deliberate violation,
ignorance of the meaning of the rules that apply or not see the conditions imposed or also
pretend not to know. In addition humans as road users often neglect even reckless in driving a
vehicle, not a few traffic accidents caused by carrying the vehicle in a drunken state, sleepy,
and easily provoked by the actions of other road users who might be able to provoke passion
for the race.
b. Vehicle factor
The most frequent vehicle factor is the negligence of maintenance carried out on the vehicle.
Examples of such as brake no longer, the steering wheel is jammed, etc.
To reduce the factor of vehicle maintenance and repair of the vehicle is needed, in addition to
that there is an obligation to conduct motor vehicle testing regularly.
Road and other factors
Road factors related to speed, road plans, road geometries, safety fences in mountainous
areas, whether there is a median of roads, visibility and road surface conditions. Damaged /
hollow roads are very dangerous for road users, especially for bicycle and flying bicycle
users

c. Weather Factors
Rainy days also affect vehicle performance such as the braking distance to be farther, the
road becomes slipperier, visibility is also affected because the glass eraser cannot work
perfectly or heavy rain causes visibility to be shorter. Smoke and fog can also interfere with
visibility, especially in mountainous areas

4. How to handel an anccident

 Don't Panic
 Keep or avoid the victim from the next accident.
 Pay attention to the victim's breathing and heart rate
 Bleeding.
 Pay attention to signs of shock.
 Don't move the victim in a hurry.
 Immediately transport victims to the center of treatment.

5. How to handel an emergensy