Communicative Strategies- attempts by participants in a 5.

Building on what others have said- during a

communication activity to express his/her ideas in a discussion a speaker may express his/her ideas
way that minimizes a breakdown in communication. well by using the words stated by other
participants for it build a connection between
Communication Strategies A.K.A Topic management them.
1. Nomination- topic must be identified or
nominated for the audience to tune in to the Speaking for Practical Purposes (read pp70-74
topic, recall background info, and prepare them for samples)
to listen to what is to be said about the topic.
2. Restriction- to make it specific enough to be 1. asking for directions
manageable; so that it can be properly 2. giving directions
discussed fully. 3. making/receiving a social call
3. Turn-taking- changing from one speaker to 4. making/receiving a business call
another without disrupting the communication 5. relaying messages
process. 6. making,accepting,rejecting offers
7. asking for help
-know when to take your turn and 8. making suggestions
be sensitive to signals. 9. agreeing/disagreeing
10. giving constructive feedback
4. Topic control- focus on the topic without
straying into other discussions. Guidelines for Practical Communication
5. Topic shifting-must be done smoothly by using
known expressions; should prepare the 1. Always be polite.
audience for the change of the topic 2. Seek clarifications for anything you don’t
6. Repair- speaker must clarify something if completely understand.
he/she is misunderstood may rephrase or 3. Listen attentively to what others are saying
provide any examples or pronounce words 4. Pay attention to non-verbal clues
clearly 5. Use communication strategies
7. Termination- speech must end properly by
restating the main idea or summarize the Developing the Skills of Conversation
discussion.
1. Sensitivity to other participant’s desire to speak
Preventing Communication Breakdown through 2. Engaging others to speak
Communication Support Strategies 3. Sensitivity to other’s desire not to speak
4. Showing a willingness to listen
1. Asking for Clarification- clarify what people are 5. Remembering what others have already said
trying to express. Ask based on the formality of
the situation, differences in rank, level of Guidelines for Speaking Socially
intimacy.
2. Repetition- repeat what he/she said if he/she 1. Be polite – give constructive/positive feedback
misunderstood 2. Be humble – don’t solely talk about yourself
3. Rephrasing- repeat the sae essage using 3. Avoid questions or comments that may
different words/expressions. Ex: idioms embarrass the listeners
4. Using non-verbal language-used when at least 4. Understand that some questions/ comments
one is not proficient in the language or when require a level of closeness
the environment is noisy. 5. Do not talk negatively about others – a.k.a
“backbiting”
6. Be patient – even if they don’t behave well

Oral Report – a type of presentation that offers a group
of audience with new info, ideas, insights about a topic
Guidelines in making Oral Reports
1. Preparation
a. Knowledge of the topic – don’t
procrastinate; study and research
immediately. The more you know, the
more confident you are
b. Type of Audience – where they came
from, who they are, their language,
number of people in the room
Note: involve your audience by telling
the significance of your topic, showing a
relevant experience and asking
engaging questions
 Signposts – spoken/ verbal
statements employed when
speaking in public to captivate
the audience
Example: “In the first place”,
“The first argument is”
2. Organization of Content
a. Introduction – greet your audience; tell
the significance of the topic or the
thesis statement
b. Body
c. Conclusion – restate your thesis
statement and remind them the major
ideas
3. Visuals – such as photots, film clips, graphs,
diagrams and charts
4. Practice – especially for first timers
Writing and Delivering a Speech
Writing a Speech
 Topic, purpose, message, audience
Guidelines in Writing a Good Speech
a. Purpose or Reason – why will you give a talk?
b. Central message- this is what your audience
should be taking home with them after listening
to you
c. Audience – you should ask whom you will be
speaking to and what exactly they can learn
from you
Structure/Organization of Speech
A. Introduction- the most important part in your
speech. It sets the general mood and dictate
how the rest of the speech will go.
1. Salutation
2. Attention getter
3. Give your thesis
4. Preview the points you are going to discuss
B. Body- contains the most part of your speech. It
is important to sign post your points or
arguments clearly and support them
C. Conclusion- in case your audience will forget
what you have discussed this is the chance to
remind them of your overall message and the
most important points or arguments you have
told them
1. Synthesize or summarize your main points
2. Remind the importance of your speech
3. Leave your audience with positive
memories or learning experiences
4. Close with a final thought or a call of action
if necessary
Delivering a Speech
Modulation- how the speaker controls his/her voice
and the rhythm employed in uttering the words of the
speech.
Articulation- proper and appropriate pronunciation of
words, phrases and sentences
Stage Presence- include wearing the appropriate
clothing for your message, audience occasion and other
contextual elements. It is better to be overdressed than
underdressed.
- Formal clothing sends the message of being
serious
- Informal clothing connotes intimacy and
closeness

Movements and location

- Standing behind a large podium connotes being
detached and distant from your audience
- While moving away from the podium toward
the audience produces a sense of closeness and
intimacy

Developing rapport with an audience

-establishing a relationship that does not
interfere with the speaker’s message

Establishing credibility
-good reputation; the one introducing the
speaker gives facts about the speaker that
highlights his credentials, the speaker talks
about the effort he/she took in learning about
the topic

Affirming the Audience

-acknowledging their importance and value,
thank them for coming, showing interest in
your talk or recognizing their effort to attend
the event. Recognize their knowledge of the
topic and compliment their desire to learn
about the topic

Showing humility
-a speaker who has distinguished him/herself in
a particular field yet remains humble will earn
the admiration of people. Recognize that you
still have a lot to learn and recognize the
contribution of others in your learning