Part 7

Natural gas transportation over long distances could be done efficiently if gas is shipped either as
liquefied natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG).

If the ship cargo capacity is 2500 m3, determine which mode of transportation could
accommodate more natural gas each trip?

Assume the following storage conditions: 1 bar and -162oC for LNG and 125 bar and room
temperature for CNG. To do the calculations, use the compressibility factor that could be
downloaded from the internet (Savidge: compressibility of natural gas).

Compare your results with the values calculated using the generalized correlation for z proposed
by Pitzer, employing the acentric factor. Assume natural gas to be pure methane and report the
difference in percent values.

Explain the difference between two parameter and three parameter generalized correlation.

a. Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

 𝑃 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0,9869 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14,5 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
 𝑇 = −162𝑜 𝐶 = 111 𝐾 = −259,6𝑜 𝐹
b. Compressed natural gas (CNG)
 𝑃 = 125 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 123,365 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1812,96 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
 𝑇(𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒) = 25𝑜 𝐶 = 298 𝐾 = 77𝑜 𝐹

Sifat gas metana dapat dilihat pada Table B.1: Properties of Pure Species; Smith: Introduction of
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 6th Edition:

 𝑃𝐶 = 45,99 𝑏𝑎𝑟
 𝑍𝐶 = 0,286
 𝑇𝐶 = 190,6 𝐾
 𝜔 = 0,012
𝑐𝑚3 𝐿
 𝑉𝐶 = 98,6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 98,6 𝑥 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 a. Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Sumber : Savidge, Jeffrey L. 2000. COMPRESSIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS.

Dari grafik diatas, dilakukan interpolasi pada keadaan tekanan 1813 psia, dan suhu 77oF
Diperoleh 𝒁 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟑

𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑍𝑅𝑇 (0,83) (0,082 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾 ) (298 𝐾) 𝐿
𝑉= = = 0,1644
𝑃 123,365 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
2500 𝑥 10 𝐿
𝑛= = 15206,81 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
0,1644
𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
𝑔𝑟
𝑚 = 15206,81 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 16 = 243302 𝑥 103 𝑔𝑟 = 243302 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
 b. Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Sumber: Smith: Introduction of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 6th Edition

Sedangkan untuk gas alam berfasa cair, gunakan grafik diatas.

Tentukan nilai Tr and Pr pada 1 bar, 111K:
𝑃 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = = = 0,0217
𝑃𝑐 45,99 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 111 𝐾
𝑇𝑟 = = = 0,5824
𝑇𝑐 190,6 𝐾

Kemudian melakukan interpolasi dan diperoleh 𝜌𝑟 = 2,75

−3 𝐿
𝑉𝑐 98,6 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿
𝑉= = = 0,0358
𝜌𝑟 2,75 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
2500 𝑥 10 𝐿
𝑛= = 69726,2 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
0,0358
𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
𝑔𝑟
𝑚 = 69726,2 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 16 = 1115619 𝑥 103 𝑔𝑟 = 1.115.619 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Maka LNG mampu membawa gas lebih banyak dari pada CNG dengan ukuran tangki
yang sama
Compare your results with the values calculated using the generalized correlation for z
proposed by Pitzer, employing the acentric factor. Assume natural gas to be pure methane
and report the difference in percent values.

a. Compressed natural gas (CNG)

𝑃 125 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = = = 2,7170
𝑃𝑐 45,99 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 298 𝐾
𝑇𝑟 = = = 1,5635
𝑇𝑐 190,6 𝐾
Kemudian cari nilai 𝑍 0 dan Z1 pada tabel di buku Smith: Introduction of Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics 6th Edition. Kemudian lakukan interpolasi. Diperoleh 𝑍 0 = 0,8304 and 𝑍1 =
0,2218
𝑍 = 𝑍 0 + 𝜔𝑍1
𝑍 = 0,8304 + (0,012)(0,2218)
𝒁 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟏

𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑍𝑅𝑇 (0,8331) (0,082 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾 ) (298 𝐾) 𝐿
𝑉= = = 0,1650
𝑃 123,365 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2500 𝑥 103 𝐿
𝑛= = 15151,50 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
0,1650
𝑚𝑜𝑙
3
𝑔𝑟
𝑚 = 15151,50 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 16 = 242424 𝑥 103 𝑔𝑟 = 242424 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙

b. Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

𝑃 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = = = 0,0217
𝑃𝑐 45,99 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇 111 𝐾
𝑇𝑟 = = = 0,5824
𝑇𝑐 190,6 𝐾

Gunakan Rackett Equation at the reduced temperature

0,2857 𝐿 0,2857 𝐿
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑍𝑐 (1−𝑇𝑟 ) ) (0,286)(1−0,5824)
= (0,0986 = 0,037
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2500 𝑘𝐿
𝑛= = 67245,77 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
0,037
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔𝑟
𝑚 = 67.245,77 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 16 = 1075932 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
 1. Savidge’s Method:
𝐶𝑁𝐺 = 243.302 𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑁𝐺 = 1.115.619 𝑘𝑔
2. Pitzer’s Method:
𝐶𝑁𝐺 = 242.424 𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑁𝐺 = 1.075.932 𝑘𝑔

|243.302 − 242.424|
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑁𝐺. = 𝑥 100% = 0,36%
243.302
|1.115.619 − 1.075.932|
%𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑁𝐺. = 𝑥 100% = 3,56%
1.115.619

Explain why the Savadge and the Pitzer approaches are refered as the two parameter and
three generalized correlation, respectively.

Although use of the two parameter theorem provides far better results in general,
significant deviations from experiment still exist for all but simple fluids argon, krypton, and
xenon. So, there is a third corresponding-states parameter, characteristic of molecular structure,
the acentric factor, introduced by K.S.Pitzer and coworkers.