F (t1, t2) using the multiple scales method to

second order

January 9, 2019

The Kadanoff-Baym equation (KBe) for F making the order of Σρ and ΣF

explicit through λ out of the integral reads
Zt1 Zt2
(∂t21 2
+ ω )F (t1 , t2 ) = −λ du Σρ (t1 , u)F (u, t2 ) + λ du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ(u, t2 ) (1)
−∞ −∞

We expand F also in λ until second order:

F (t1 , t2 ) = F0 (t1 , t2 ) + λF1 (t1 , t2 ) + λ2 F2 (t1 , t2 ) (2)

Before substituting this expansion in the KBe for F , we want to introduce two
time scales. One at first order in the multiple scales method and the other at
second order. However, we do not want to introduce time scales related to t1
but related to t1 − t2 and t1 + t2 , which we call y and T , respectively. From
y = t1 − t2 and T = (t1 + t2 )/2, we get
∂y ∂T 1
∂t1 = ∂y + ∂T = ∂y + ∂T (3)
∂t1 ∂t1 2
1 1 1
∂t21 = (∂y + ∂T )(∂y + ∂T ) = ∂y2 + ∂y ∂T + ∂T2 (4)
2 2 4
For y, we introduce the scales

y = y (no need to give another name), (5)

z = λy (1storder), (6)

whereas for T we introduce

T = T, (7)
2
W = λ T (2ndorder). (8)

Therefore, now F = F (t1 , t2 , z, W ). In terms of the new scales,

∂y ∂z
∂y = ∂y + ∂z = ∂y + λ∂z (9)
∂y ∂y

1
 ∂T ∂W
∂T = ∂T + ∂W = ∂T + λ2 ∂W (10)
∂T ∂T
∂y2 = (∂y + λ∂z )(∂y + λ∂z ) = ∂y2 + 2λ∂y ∂z + λ2 ∂z2 (11)
2 2 3
∂y ∂T = (∂y + λ∂z )(∂T + λ ∂W ) = ∂y ∂T + λ∂T ∂z + λ ∂y ∂W + O(λ ) (12)
∂T2 = (∂T + λ2 ∂W )(∂T + λ2 ∂W ) = ∂T2 + 2λ2 ∂T ∂W + O(λ4 ). (13)
Substituting these results in ∂t21 , one obtains
1 2
∂t21 = ∂y2 + 2λ∂y ∂z + λ2 ∂z2 + ∂y ∂T + λ∂T ∂z + λ2 ∂y ∂W + ∂T + 2λ2 ∂T ∂W (14)


 4 
2 2 1 2 2 2 1
∂t1 = ∂y + ∂y ∂T + ∂T + λ (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) + λ ∂z + ∂y ∂W + ∂T ∂W (15)
.
4 2
In the above expression the first three terms are ∂t21 written in terms of y and
T . We have introduced the new scales, so we can return from y and T to the
original variables t1 and t2 . The KBe using the new scaled and the expansion
in F (and also in ρ) now reads
   
1
∂t21 + λ (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) + λ2 ∂z2 + ∂y ∂W + ∂T ∂W + ω 2 F0 (t1 , t2 ) + λF1 (t1 , t2 ) + λ2 F2 (t1 , t2 ) =
 
2
Zt1
du Σρ (t1 , u) F0 (u, t2 ) + λF1 (u, t2 ) + λ2 F2 (u, t2 )
 
−λ
−∞
Zt2
du ΣF (t1 , u) ρ0 (u, t2 ) + λρ1 (u, t2 ) + λ2 ρ2 (u, t2 )
 
+λ (16)
−∞

Preserving terms only to order O(λ2 ), we obtain

∂t21 + ω 2 F0 (t1 , t2 ) + λ (∂t21 + ω 2 )F1 (t1 , t2 ) + (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) F0 (t1 , t2 )

 
   
1
λ2 (∂t21 + ω 2 )F2 (t1 , t2 ) + (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) F1 (t1 , t2 ) + ∂z2 + ∂y ∂W + ∂T ∂W F0 (t1 , t2 ) =
2
Zt1 Zt 1

−λ du Σρ (t1 , u)F0 (u, t2 ) − λ2 du Σρ (t1 , u)F1 (u, t2 )

−∞ −∞
Zt2 Zt2
2
+λ du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ0 (u, t2 ) + λ du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ1 (u, t2 ) + O(λ3 ) (17)
−∞ −∞

Collecting terms at the same order in λ, we get the following equations:

∂t21 + ω 2 F0 (t1 , t2 ) = 0


(18)
(∂t21 2
+ ω )F1 (t1 , t2 ) = − (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) F0 (t1 , t2 )
Zt1 Zt2
− du Σρ (t1 , u)F0 (u, t2 ) + du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ0 (u, t2 ) (19)
−∞ −∞

2
  
1
(∂t21 + ω 2 )F2 (t1 , t2 ) = − (2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z ) F1 (t1 , t2 ) − ∂z2 + ∂y ∂W + ∂T ∂W F0 (t1 , t2 )
2
Zt 1 Zt2

− du Σρ (t1 , u)F1 (u, t2 ) + du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ1 (u, t2 ). (20)

−∞ −∞

There are still some derivatives ∂y and ∂T which can be converted in derivatives
with respect to t1 and t2 , where t1 = T + y/2 and t2 = T − y/2. From

∂t1 ∂t2 1 1
∂y = ∂t + ∂t = ∂t1 − ∂t2 (21)
∂y 1 ∂y 2 2 2
∂t1 ∂t2
∂T = ∂t1 + ∂t = ∂t1 + ∂t2 (22)
∂T ∂T 2
Then

2∂y ∂z + ∂T ∂z = 2∂t1 ∂z (23)

1 1 1 1
∂z2 + ∂y ∂W + ∂T ∂W 2
= ∂z + ∂t1 ∂W − ∂t2 ∂W + (∂t1 + ∂t2 )∂W
2 2 2 2
= ∂z2 + ∂t1 ∂W (24)

Finally,

∂t21 + ω 2 F0 (t1 , t2 )


= 0 (25)
(∂t21 2
+ ω )F1 (t1 , t2 ) = −2∂t1 ∂z F0 (t1 , t2 )
Zt1 Zt2
− du Σρ (t1 , u)F0 (u, t2 ) + du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ0 (u, t2 ) (26)
−∞ −∞

(∂t21 2
∂z2


+ ω )F2 (t1 , t2 ) = −2∂t1 ∂z F1 (t1 , t2 ) − + ∂t1 ∂W F0 (t1 , t2 )
Zt1 Zt2
− du Σρ (t1 , u)F1 (u, t2 ) + du ΣF (t1 , u)ρ1 (u, t2 ) (27).
−∞ −∞